Gibraltar

British Overseas Territory in Europe

For other uses, see Gibraltar (disambiguation).

British Overseas Territory in United Kingdom

Gibraltar

British Overseas Territory

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto:

Montis Insignia Calpe (Latin)
"Badge of the Rock of Gibraltar"[1]

Anthem: "God Save the King"

Song: "Gibraltar Anthem"

Location of Gibraltar in Europe (United Kingdom in light green)

Map of Gibraltar

Sovereign state|  United Kingdom
Capture from Spain| 4 August 1704
Cession to Great Britain| 11 April 1713
National Day| 10 September 1967
Accession to EEC| 1 January 1973
Withdrawal from the EU| 31 January 2020
Official languages| English
Vernacular language| Llanito
Significant language| Spanish
Demonym(s)|

* Gibraltarian
* Llanito (colloquial)

Government| Devolved representative dependency

• Monarch

| Charles III

• Governor

| Ben Bathurst

• Chief Minister

| Fabian Picardo

• Mayor

| Carmen Gómez[2]
Legislature| Parliament
Government of the United Kingdom

• Minister

| Stephen Doughty
Area

• Total

| 6.8[3] km2 (2.6 sq mi)

• Water (%)

| 0
Highest elevation

| 426 m (1,398 ft)
Population

• 2020 estimate

| 34,003[3] (220th)

• 2022 census

| 32,688

• Density

| 5,000/km2 (12,949.9/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)| 2013 estimate

• Total

| £1.64 billion (not ranked)

• Per capita

| £50,941 (not ranked)
GDP (nominal)| 2024 estimate

• Total

| £2.911 billion[3]

• Per capita

| £85,614[3]
HDI (2018)| 0.961[4]
very high · 3rd
Currency| Pound sterling
Gibraltar pound (£) (GIP)
Time zone| UTC+01:00 (CET)

• Summer (DST)

| UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Driving side| Right
Calling code| +350
Postcode|

GX11 1AA

ISO 3166 code| GI
Internet TLD| .gi
Website| www.gibraltar.gov.gi
An aerial view Gibraltar from the air, looking north-west

Gibraltar (/dʒɪˈbrɔːltər/ ⓘ jih-BRAWL-tər, Spanish: [xiβɾalˈtaɾ]) is a British Overseas Territory[a] and city[6] located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean (Strait of Gibraltar).[7][8] It has an area of 6.8 km2 (2.6 sq mi)[3] and is bordered to the north by Spain (Campo de Gibraltar). The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar, at the foot of which is a densely populated town area. Gibraltar is home to around 34,000 people, primarily Gibraltarians.[9]

Gibraltar was founded as a permanent watchtower by the Almohads in 1160. It switched control between the Nasrids, Castilians and Marinids in the Late Middle Ages, acquiring larger strategic clout upon the destruction of nearby Algeciras c. 1375. It became again part of the Crown of Castile in 1462. In 1704, Anglo-Dutch forces captured Gibraltar from Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession, and it was ceded to Great Britain in perpetuity under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It became an important base for the Royal Navy, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars and World War II, as it controlled the narrow entrance and exit to the Mediterranean Sea, the Strait of Gibraltar, with half the world's seaborne trade passing through it.[10][11][12]

The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations as Spain asserts a claim to the territory.[13][14] Gibraltarians overwhelmingly rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum, and for shared sovereignty in a 2002 referendum.[15][16] Nevertheless, Gibraltar maintains close economic and cultural links with Spain, with many Gibraltarians speaking Spanish as well as a local dialect known as Llanito.[17][18][19]

Gibraltar's economy rests on financial services, e-gaming, tourism and the port.[20] With one of the world's lowest unemployment rates, the largest part of the labour force are resident in Spain or non-Gibraltarians, especially in the private sector. Since Brexit, Gibraltar is not a member of the European Union, but negotiations are under way to have it participate in the Schengen Agreement to facilitate border movements between Gibraltar and Spain.[21] In June 2025, the United Kingdom, Spain and the European Union reached a preliminary political agreement to eliminate all physical border and customs inspections between Gibraltar and Spain. According to the agreement, the Policía Nacional will carry out Schengen passport checks at Gibraltar's port and airport together with Gibraltar authorities, while the land border will be completely open to both people and goods. The agreement further provides for joint Gibraltarian–Spanish collaboration on customs, indirect taxes such as tobacco and anti-money laundering efforts, including commitments to fair competition in taxation, state aid and labour. It also affirms that British sovereignty remains legally intact despite de facto Spanish administration of Gibraltar's borders.[22][23][24] A final treaty for ratification is pending further negotiations.[25]

## Name

[edit]

The name is derived from Arabic: جبل طارق, romanized: Jabal Ṭāriq, lit. 'Mount of Tariq' (named after the 8th-century North African military leader Tariq ibn Ziyad, who began the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula via the Strait of Gibraltar in 711).[26]

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Gibraltar

View of the northern face of the Moorish Castle's Tower of Homage

### Prehistory and ancient history

[edit]

Evidence of Neanderthal habitation in Gibraltar from around 50,000 years ago has been discovered at Gorham's Cave.[27] The caves of Gibraltar continued to be used by Homo sapiens after the final extinction of the Neanderthals. Stone tools, ancient hearths and animal bones dating from around 40,000 years ago to about 5,000 years ago have been found in deposits left in Gorham's Cave.[28]

Numerous potsherds dating from the Neolithic period have been found in Gibraltar's caves, mostly of types typical of the Almerian culture found elsewhere in Andalusia, especially around the town of Almería, from which it takes its name.[29] There is little evidence of habitation in the Bronze Age when people had largely stopped living in caves.[30]

During ancient times, Gibraltar was regarded by the peoples of the Mediterranean as a place of religious and symbolic importance. The Phoenicians were present for several centuries since around 950 BC, apparently using Gorham's Cave as a shrine to the genius loci,[31] as did the Carthaginians and Romans after them. Gibraltar was known as Mons Calpe, a name perhaps of Phoenician origin.[16] Mons Calpe was considered by the ancient Greeks and Romans as one of the Pillars of Hercules, after the Greek legend of the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar by Heracles. There is no known archaeological evidence of permanent settlements from the ancient period.[32] They settled at the head of the bay in what is today known as the Campo (hinterland) of Gibraltar.[33] The town of Carteia, near the location of the modern Spanish town of San Roque, was founded by the Phoenicians around 950 BC on the site of an early settlement of the native Turdetani people.[34]

### Middle Ages

[edit]

The area of Gibraltar later formed part of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania for almost 300 years, from 418 until 720 AD.[35]

Following a raid in 710, a predominantly Berber army under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed from North Africa in April 711 and landed somewhere in the vicinity of Gibraltar (though most likely not in the bay or at the Rock itself).[36][37] Tariq's expedition led to the Islamic conquest of most of the Iberian peninsula.[38][39] Mons Calpe was renamed Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), "the Mount of Tariq", subsequently corrupted into Gibraltar.[16][40]

In 1160 the Almohad Sultan Abd al-Mu'min ordered that a permanent settlement, including a castle, be built. It received the name of Medinat al-Fath (City of the Victory).[41] The Tower of Homage of the Moorish Castle remains standing today.

From 1274 onwards, the town was fought over and captured by the Nasrids of Granada (in 1237 and 1374), the Marinids of Fez (in 1274 and 1333) and the kings of Castile (in 1309). Upon the Nasrid destruction and abandonment of Algeciras c. 1375 and Nasrids' procurement of Gibraltar away from Marinids in 1375, the Nasrids favoured Gibraltar (a worse natural harbor than Algeciras but featuring better defence capabilities) as a military and urban outpost in the Strait, although Gibraltar did not ever reach a large population during this period.[42]

### Modern era

[edit]

Baedeker map of Gibraltar, 1901

In 1462, Gibraltar was captured by Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia, from the Emirate of Granada.[43]

After the conquest, Henry IV of Castile assumed the additional title of King of Gibraltar, establishing it as part of the comarca of the Campo Llano de Gibraltar.[44] Six years later, Gibraltar was restored to the Duke of Medina Sidonia, who sold it in 1474 to a group of 4,350 conversos (Christian converts from Judaism) from Cordova and Seville and in exchange for maintaining the garrison of the town for two years, after which time they were expelled, returning to their home towns or moving on to other parts of Spain.[45] In 1501, Gibraltar passed back to the Spanish Crown, and Isabella I of Castile issued a Royal Warrant granting Gibraltar the coat of arms that it still uses.[citation needed]

In 1540 Gibraltar was captured and ransacked by Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa.[46][47] The raid of the small town eliminated nearly an entire generation of Gibraltarians.[46]

In 1704, during the War of the Spanish Succession, a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet, representing the Grand Alliance, captured the town of Gibraltar on behalf of the Archduke Charles of Austria in his campaign to become King of Spain. Subsequently, most of the population left the town, with many settling nearby.[48] As the Alliance's campaign faltered, the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht was negotiated, which ceded control of Gibraltar to Britain to secure Britain's withdrawal from the war. Unsuccessful attempts by Spanish monarchs to regain Gibraltar were made, with the siege of 1727, and again with the Great Siege of Gibraltar (1779 to 1783), during the American War of Independence.[citation needed]

After the destructive Great Siege, the town was almost entirely rebuilt.[49] Giovanni Maria Boschetti, who arrived in Gibraltar in 1784 as a 25-year-old from Milan, where he is thought to have been a stonemason or engineer, built the Victualling Yard (completed in 1812) and many other buildings. Boschetti is regarded as having been responsible for setting the old town's style, described by Claire Montado, chief executive of the Gibraltar Heritage Trust, as "military-ordnance-style arched doorways, Italianate stucco relief, Genoese shutters, English Regency ironwork balconies, Spanish stained glass and Georgian sash and casement windows."[49]

During the Napoleonic Wars, Gibraltar became a key base for the Royal Navy and played an important role leading up to the Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805). Designated one of four Imperial fortresses (along with Halifax, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, and Malta),[50] its strategic location made it a key base during the Crimean War of 1854–1856. In the 18th century, the peacetime military garrison fluctuated in numbers from a minimum of 1,100 to a maximum of 5,000. The first half of the 19th century saw a significant increase of population to more than 17,000 in 1860, as people from Britain and all around the Mediterranean - Italian, Portuguese, Maltese, Jewish and French - took up residence in the town.[51]

Its strategic value increased with the opening of the Suez Canal, as it lay on the sea route between the UK and the British Empire east of Suez. In the later 19th century, major investments were made to improve the fortifications and the port.[52]

### Contemporary history

[edit]

See also: Military history of Gibraltar during World War II and Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar

Shown here during the Second World War, a Douglas Dakota of BOAC is silhouetted at Gibraltar by the batteries of searchlights on the Rock, as crews prepare it for a night flight to the United Kingdom.

During the Second World War, most of Gibraltar's civilian population was evacuated, mainly to London, but also to parts of Morocco and Madeira and to Gibraltar Camp in Jamaica. The Rock was strengthened as a fortress. On 18 July 1940, the Vichy French air force attacked Gibraltar in retaliation for the British bombing of the Vichy navy. The naval base and the ships based there played a key role in the provisioning and supply of the island of Malta during its long siege. As well as frequent short runs, known as "Club Runs", towards Malta to fly off aircraft reinforcements (initially Hurricanes, but later, notably from the USN aircraft carrier Wasp, Spitfires), the critical Operation Pedestal convoy was run from Gibraltar in August 1942. This resupplied the island at a critical time in the face of concentrated air attacks from German and Italian forces. Spanish dictator Francisco Franco's reluctance to allow the German Army onto Spanish soil frustrated a German plan to capture the Rock, codenamed Operation Felix.[citation needed]

Buildings of the former HM Dockyard, Gibraltar, dating from the 1895 expansion

In the 1950s, Franco renewed Spain's claim to sovereignty over Gibraltar and restricted movement between Gibraltar and Spain. Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain under British sovereignty in the 1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, which led to the passing of the Gibraltar Constitution Order in 1969. In response, Spain completely closed the border with Gibraltar and severed all communication links.[53] The border with Spain was partially reopened in 1982 and fully reopened in 1985 before Spain's accession to the European Community.[citation needed]

In the early 2000s, Britain and Spain were in negotiations over a potential agreement that would see them sharing sovereignty over Gibraltar. The government of Gibraltar organised a referendum on the plan, and 99% of the population voted to reject it.[54][55] In 2008, the British government committed to respecting the Gibraltarians' wishes.[56] A new Constitution Order was approved in referendum in 2006. A process of tripartite negotiations started in 2006 between Spain, Gibraltar and the UK, ending some restrictions and dealing with disputes in some specific areas such as air movements, customs procedures, telecommunications, pensions and cultural exchange.[57]

In the British referendum on membership of the European Union 96% of Gibraltarians voted to remain on an 84% turnout.[58] Spain renewed calls for joint Spanish–British control of the peninsula;[59] these were strongly rebuffed by Gibraltar's Chief Minister.[60] On 18 October 2018, however, Spain seemed to have reached an agreement with the United Kingdom in relation to its objections to Gibraltar leaving the EU with the UK, with Spain's prime minister Pedro Sánchez stating, "Gibraltar will no longer be a problem in arriving at a Brexit deal."[61]

On 31 January 2020, the UK left the European Union, and Gibraltar consequently did the same. During the transition phase set out in the Brexit withdrawal agreement, Gibraltar's relationship with the EU remained unchanged until the end of 2020, when it was replaced by the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. On 31 December 2020, the UK and Spain agreed in principle on a framework for Gibraltar to participate in the Schengen Area[21] to avoid a hard border with Spain after years of negotiations.[62][63][64] On 11 June 2025, a deal was signed which established an open border and joint passport controls at Gibraltar International Airport, measures designed to facilitate easier travel and daily crossings. Despite these arrangements, the UK reaffirmed that Gibraltar remains British sovereign territory, preserving the existing status despite practical changes on the ground.[22][23]

In 2022, Gibraltar launched a bid for city status as part of the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours. The bid was refused, but when researchers looked through the National Archives, they found that it had already been recognised as a city by Queen Victoria in 1842.[65] The status came into force on 29 August 2022.[65]

## Governance

[edit]

Main article: Politics of Gibraltar

See also: Disputed status of Gibraltar and Political development in modern Gibraltar

Main Street entrance to the Governor's Residence, The Convent John Mackintosh Square entrance to the Gibraltar Parliament

Under its current constitution, Gibraltar has almost complete internal self-governance through a parliament[66][67][68] elected for a term of up to four years. The unicameral parliament presently consists of 17 elected members, and the Speaker who is not elected but appointed by a resolution of the parliament.[69] The government consists of 10 elected members. The head of state is the British monarch King Charles III, who is represented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government.[70][71][72]

The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Liberal Party of Gibraltar (LPG) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). The PDP was a new party, formed in 2006 and fielded candidates in the 2007 election, but none were elected. The head of government is the Chief Minister (as of December 2011[update], Fabian Picardo). All local political parties oppose any transfer of sovereignty to Spain, instead supporting self-determination. The main UK opposition parties also support this policy, and it is British government policy not to engage in talks about the sovereignty of Gibraltar without the consent of the people of Gibraltar.[73]

Gibraltar was part of the European Union, having joined through the European Communities Act 1972 (UK), which gave effect to the Treaty of Accession 1972, as a dependent territory of the United Kingdom under what was then article 227(4) of the Treaty Establishing the European Community covering special member state territories, with exemption from some areas such as the European Union Customs Union, Common Agricultural Policy and the Schengen Area. It is the only British Overseas Territory which was part of the European Union. After a 10-year campaign for the right to vote in European elections, from 2004 to 2019 the people of Gibraltar participated in elections for the European Parliament as part of the South West England constituency.[74] On 23 June 2016 Gibraltar voted along with the United Kingdom in the EU referendum; 96% of its population voted to remain, but the overall United Kingdom result gave a 51.9% majority to leaving the EU.[75] Nevertheless, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez stated on 18 October 2018 that the Gibraltar protocol had been "resolved" and that Spain will hold no objection when Gibraltar leaves the EU with Britain.[76][77]

Gibraltar was nominated to be included on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories by the United Kingdom when the list was created in 1946[78] and has been listed ever since.[79] The government of Gibraltar has actively worked to have Gibraltar removed from the list,[80] and in 2008 the British government declared Gibraltar's continued presence on the list an anachronism.[81]

Gibraltar is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right and is represented by the United Kingdom but was granted Associate Membership of the Commonwealth Foundation in 2004. Gibraltar has competed in the Commonwealth Games since 1958.[citation needed]

Party  | Members of Parliament

|

| Socialist Labour | 7
| Social Democrats | 8
| Liberal | 2
Total  | 17

### Citizenship

[edit]

Further information: British passport (Gibraltar)

As a result of the British Nationality Act 1981, Gibraltarians were made British Overseas Territories citizens by default, but could apply for registration as a British citizen ("an entitlement that cannot be refused") under section 5 of the Act. Under the subsequent British Overseas Territories Act 2002, all British Overseas Territories citizens became British citizens on 21 May 2002.[citation needed]

## International relations

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (April 2025)

|

Gibraltar is not a sovereign state but a dependent territory of the United Kingdom, with its formal international relations managed by the UK Government. Since Brexit, Gibraltar is no longer part of the European Union (EU) but participates in the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. On 31 December 2020, the UK and Spain agreed in principle on a framework for the EU and the UK to negotiate an agreement allowing Gibraltar to participate in the Schengen Area[21] to avoid a hard border with Spain. Although these arrangements did not enter into force,[21][62] both sides aimed to minimise delays at the border in the meantime.[63][82][83] However, talks stalled for several years due to Spain's insistence that its Policía Nacional control entry into the Schengen area, while the UK demanded that the European Union agency Frontex perform this role.

In June 2025, a preliminary political agreement was reached between the United Kingdom, Spain and the European Union to remove all physical border and customs checks between Gibraltar and Spain. Under the agreement, The Policía Nacional will conduct Schengen passport controls at Gibraltar's port and airport alongside Gibraltar authorities, and the land border will be fully open for people and goods. The agreement also establishes joint Gibraltarian–Spanish cooperation on customs, indirect taxation including tobacco and anti-money laundering, with commitments to fair competition in taxation, state aid and labour. It explicitly states that British sovereignty remains legally unaffected despite de facto Spanish control over Gibraltar's borders.[22][23][84]

## Geography

[edit]

See also: Rock of Gibraltar, Bay of Gibraltar, Strait of Gibraltar, and Gibraltar Artificial Reef

View of the Rock of Gibraltar from the Mediterranean Steps Enlargeable, detailed map of Gibraltar

Gibraltar's territory covers 6.8 km2 (2.6 sqmi)[3] and shares a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) land border with Spain. The town of La Línea de la Concepción, a municipality of the province of Cádiz, lies on the Spanish side of the border. The Spanish hinterland forms the comarca of Campo de Gibraltar (literally "Countryside of Gibraltar"). The shoreline measures 12 km (7.5 mi) in length. There are two coasts ("Sides") of Gibraltar: the East Side, which contains the settlements of Sandy Bay and Catalan Bay; and the Westside, where the vast majority of the population lives. Gibraltar has no administrative divisions but is divided into seven Major Residential Areas.

Having negligible natural resources and few natural freshwater resources, limited to natural wells in the north, until recently Gibraltar used large concrete or natural rock water catchments to collect rainwater. Fresh water from the boreholes is nowadays supplemented by two desalination plants: a reverse osmosis plant, constructed in a tunnel within the rock, and a multi-stage flash distillation plant at North Mole.[85]

Gibraltar's terrain consists of the 426 m-high (1,398 ft) Rock of Gibraltar[86] made of Jurassic limestone, and the narrow coastal lowland surrounding it. It contains many tunnelled roads, most of which are still operated by the military and closed to the general public.

Morocco (top far left across Strait); Spain: Algeciras (top centre across Bay of Gibraltar) and La Linea (right); Gibraltar cruise port and airport runway (right foreground); from the Rock

### Climate

[edit]

Main article: Climate of Gibraltar

Gibraltar has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa),[87][88] with mild, rainy winters and summers that are very warm to hot and humid, but with very little rainfall. As is the case for nearby Algeciras and Tarifa, summers are significantly cooler and annual temperature more constant than other cities on the southern coast of the Iberian peninsula because of its position on the Strait of Gibraltar. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. Its average annual temperature is 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) as a daily high and 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) as the overnight low. In the coldest month, January, the high temperature averages 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) and the overnight low averages 11.2 °C (52.2 °F) and the average sea temperature is 16 °C (61 °F). In the warmest month, August, the daily high temperature averages 28.4 °C (83.1 °F), the overnight low averages 21.2 °C (70.2 °F), and the average sea temperature is 22 °C (72 °F).[89] [90]

Climate data for Gibraltar International Airport (GIB) weather station (ICAO indicator:[b] LXGB, WMO identifier:[c] 08495), 5m amsl,[d] 1991−2020 normals (except dewpoints and humidity), 1985–2015 dewpoints and humidity, extremes 1958−present

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 24.1
(75.4)  | 30.3
(86.5)  | 32.0
(89.6)  | 33.2
(91.8)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 40.6
(105.1)  | 40.2
(104.4)  | 34.5
(94.1)  | 33.7
(92.7)  | 29.6
(85.3)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 16.3
(61.3)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 18.3
(64.9)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 22.6
(72.7)  | 25.6
(78.1)  | 28.1
(82.6)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 25.9
(78.6)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 21.7
(71.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 13.8
(56.8)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 15.6
(60.1)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 19.3
(66.7)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 22.8
(73.0)  | 19.9
(67.8)  | 16.6
(61.9)  | 14.7
(58.5)  | 18.8
(65.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 11.2
(52.2)  | 11.5
(52.7)  | 12.7
(54.9)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 18.5
(65.3)  | 20.5
(68.9)  | 21.2
(70.2)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 17.3
(63.1)  | 14.1
(57.4)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 15.8
(60.4)
Record low °C (°F)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | 0.6
(33.1)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 14.4
(57.9)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 12.3
(54.1)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 5.7
(42.3)  | 0.8
(33.4)  | 0.0
(32.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 97.5
(3.84)  | 93.6
(3.69)  | 83.4
(3.28)  | 68.8
(2.71)  | 26.9
(1.06)  | 8.5
(0.33)  | 0.7
(0.03)  | 1.1
(0.04)  | 25.6
(1.01)  | 84.9
(3.34)  | 99.1
(3.90)  | 150.7
(5.93)  | 740.8
(29.16)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.20  | 6.36  | 6.64  | 6.51  | 3.74  | 0.94  | 0.23  | 0.20  | 2.66  | 6.25  | 7.34  | 7.94  | 56.01
Average relative humidity (%)  | 75  | 75  | 74  | 72  | 71  | 70  | 71  | 72  | 76  | 79  | 77  | 77  | 74
Average dew point °C (°F)  | 9
(48)  | 9
(48)  | 11
(52)  | 11
(52)  | 13
(55)  | 16
(61)  | 18
(64)  | 19
(66)  | 18
(64)  | 16
(61)  | 12
(54)  | 11
(52)  | 14
(56)
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 147  | 143  | 204  | 233  | 289  | 319  | 326  | 309  | 240  | 197  | 135  | 134  | 2,676
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst (February, July and August record lows only)[91]
Source 2: Meteoclimat (normals except dewpoints and humidity)[92]

Source 3: Meteoclimat (records except February, July and August record lows)[93]

Source 4: Time and Date (dew points and humidity)[94]

### Flora and fauna

[edit]

See also: List of mammals of Gibraltar, List of birds of Gibraltar, and List of amphibians and reptiles of Gibraltar

Gibraltar candytuft growing at the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens A common dolphin in the Bay of Gibraltar

Over 500 different species of flowering plants grow on the Rock. Gibraltar is the only place in Europe where Gibraltar candytuft (Iberis gibraltarica) is found growing in the wild; the plant is otherwise native to North Africa. It is the symbol of the Upper Rock nature reserve. Olive and pine trees are among the most common of those growing around the Rock.[citation needed]

Most of the Rock's upper area is covered by a nature reserve which is home to around 230 Barbary macaques, the famous "apes" of Gibraltar, which are actually monkeys. These are the only wild apes or monkeys found in Europe.[95] This species, known scientifically as Macaca sylvanus, is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List and is declining. Three-quarters of the world population live in the Middle Atlas mountains of Morocco. Recent genetic studies and historical documents point to their presence on the Rock before British control, having possibly been introduced during the Islamic period. A superstition analogous to that of the ravens at the Tower of London states that if the apes ever leave, so will the British. In 1944, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was so concerned about the dwindling population of apes that he sent a message to the Colonial Secretary requesting that something be done about the situation.[96]

Other mammals found in Gibraltar include rabbits, foxes and bats. Dolphins and whales are frequently seen in the Bay of Gibraltar. Migrating birds are very common and Gibraltar is home to the only Barbary partridges found on the European continent.[citation needed]

In 1991, Graham Watson, Gibraltar's MEP, highlighted conservationists' fears that urban development, tourism and invasive plant species were threatening Gibraltar's own plants as well as birds and bat species.[97]

### Environment

[edit]

The Rock of Gibraltar (2010)

In May 2016, a report by the World Health Organization showed that Gibraltar had the worst air quality in any British territory. The report concentrated on PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants in the air.[98]

## Economy

[edit]

Main article: Economy of Gibraltar

The semi-wild Barbary macaques are an integral feature in Gibraltar's tourism.

Gibraltar's economy is dominated by four main sectors: financial services, online gambling, shipping, and tourism, which includes duty-free retail sales to visitors.[99] The British military traditionally dominated Gibraltar's economy, with the naval dockyard providing the bulk of economic activity. This, however, has diminished over the last 20 years and is estimated to account for only seven per cent of the local economy, compared to over 60 per cent in 1984. The territory also has a small manufacturing sector, representing a bit less than two per cent of the economy.

Gibraltar's labour market employs around thirty thousand workers, 80% in the private sector and 20% in the public sector. The unemployment rate is extremely low, at around one per cent.[citation needed]

More than half (53 per cent) of the labour force are resident in Spain or are non Gibraltarians. According to the Government of Gibraltar's statistics, around 45 per cent of the total employee jobs, and 58% of the private sector jobs, are held by frontier workers (employees who are normally resident in Spain but are employed in Gibraltar). Around 63 per cent of the frontier workers are Spanish nationals. More than half (55 per cent) of the private sector employee jobs are held by persons who are not Gibraltarians or Other British nationalities. The public sector, on the other hand, employs mainly Gibraltarians and other British (90 per cent).[100] As a consequence, according to Fabian Picardo, Chief Minister of Gibraltar, during Brexit negotiations, a frontier which lacked the necessary fluidity for people to be able to access their places of work would put directly at risk nearly half of the jobs of the Gibraltar workforce.[101][102]

In the early 2000s, many bookmakers and online gaming operators moved to Gibraltar to benefit from operating in a regulated jurisdiction with a favourable corporate tax regime. This corporate tax regime for non-resident controlled companies was phased out by January 2011 and replaced by a still favourable fixed corporate tax rate of ten per cent.[103]

Tourism is also a significant industry. Gibraltar is a popular port for cruise ships and attracts day visitors from resorts in Spain. The Rock is a popular tourist attraction, particularly among British tourists and residents in the southern coast of Spain. It is also a popular shopping destination, and all goods and services are VAT free, but may be subject to Gibraltar taxes. Many of the large British high street chains have branches or franchises in Gibraltar including Morrisons, Marks & Spencer and Mothercare. Branches and franchises of international retailers such as Tommy Hilfiger and Sunglass Hut are also present in Gibraltar, as is the Spanish clothing company Mango.[citation needed]

Queensway Quay Marina, a residential district

A number of British and international banks have operations based in Gibraltar. Jyske Bank claims to be the oldest bank in the country, based on Jyske's acquisition in 1987 of Banco Galliano, which began operations in Gibraltar in 1855. An ancestor of Barclays, the Anglo-Egyptian Bank, entered in 1888, and Credit Foncier (now Crédit Agricole) entered in 1920.[citation needed]

There is some manufacturing activity, representing around 2% of the total employment. One company (Bassadone Automotive Group) supplies ambulances and other project vehicles converted locally from SUV vehicles to the United Nations and other agencies, employing some 320 staff across its range of activities.[104]

In 1967, Gibraltar enacted the Companies (Taxation and Concessions) Ordinance (now an Act), which provided for special tax treatment for international business.[105] This was one of the factors leading to the growth of professional services such as private banking and captive insurance management. Gibraltar has several attractive attributes as a financial centre, including a common law legal system and access to the EU single market in financial services. Gibraltar is considered a high class jurisdiction and is listed on the "white list" by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) due to its highly regulated financial and e-gaming sectors, sharing the same status as the UK, USA and Germany.[20] It is internationally collaborative, including in the exchange of information on tax matters.[20]

The Gibraltar Stock Exchange was established in 2014.

In January 2018, Gibraltar introduced a regulatory framework for Distributed Ledger Technology, with the aim of pursuing a “more flexible, adaptive approach... in the case of novel business activities, products, and business models”.[106][107] The Financial Services Commission (FSC),[108] which was established by an ordinance in 1989 (now an Act) that took effect in 1991, regulates the finance sector.[109] In 1997, the Department of Trade and Industry established its Gibraltar Finance Centre (GFC) Division to facilitate the development the financial sector development. As of 2012[update], Gibraltar has 0.103 Big Four accounting firm offices per 1,000 population, the second highest in the world after the British Virgin Islands, and 0.6 banks per 1,000 people, the fifth most banks per capita in the world.[110] As of 2017[update], there is very significant uncertainty on continuing access to the EU single market after the forthcoming Brexit.[111]

The currency of Gibraltar is the Gibraltar pound, issued by the Government of Gibraltar under the terms of the 1934 Currency Notes Act. These banknotes are legal tender in Gibraltar alongside Bank of England banknotes.[112][113] In a currency board arrangement, these notes are issued against reserves of sterling.[113][114][115] Clearing and settlement of funds is conducted in sterling.[116] Coins in circulation follow British denominations but have separate designs. Unofficially, most retail outlets in Gibraltar accept the euro, though some payphones and the Royal Gibraltar Post Office, along with all other government offices, do not.[117]

## Demographics

[edit]

Main article: Demographics of Gibraltar

The Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned was built in 1462 and is the territory's oldest Catholic church. The Gibraltar Hindu Temple opened in 2000. The Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque was a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.

Gibraltar is one of the most densely populated territories in the world, with a usually-resident population in 2012 of 32,194[118] equivalent to approximately 4,959/km2 (12,840/sq mi). The growing demand for space is being increasingly met by land reclamation; reclaimed land makes up approximately one-tenth of the territory's total area, but houses over 40% of its population (2012 Census).

### Ethnic groups

[edit]

See also: Gibraltarian people

According to the 2012 Gibraltar census, 25,444 people (79.0%) were eligible for "Gibraltarian" status. Of the rest, 4249 (13.2%) were "other British", 675 (2.1%) were Spanish, 522 (1.6%) were Moroccan and 785 (2.4%) had other EU nationalities. There were 519 people (1.6%) with other nationalities.[119]

Usually-resident population and persons present in Gibraltar  Resident Census  | 1981[3] | 1991[3] | 2001[3] | 2012[3]

|
|
|
|

Gibraltarian | 74.9% | 75.0% | 83.2% | 79.0%
UK and other British | 14.0% | 14.3% | 9.6% | 13.2%
Moroccan | 8.1% | 6.7% | 3.5% | 1.6%
Other nationalities (*) | 3.1% | 4.0% | 3.7% | 6.2%
Spanish | – | – | 1.19%[120] | 2.1%
Other EU | – | – | 1.0%[120] | 1.6%

(*) Includes all nationalities different from Gibraltarian, UK and other British and Moroccan.

### Language

[edit]

Main article: Languages of Gibraltar

The official language of Gibraltar is English and is used by the government and in schools. Most locals are bilingual, also speaking Spanish. However, because of the varied mix of ethnic groups which reside there, other languages are also spoken on the Rock. Berber and Arabic are spoken by the Moroccan community, as are Hindi and Sindhi by the Indian community. Maltese is spoken by some families of Maltese descent.[121]

Gibraltarians often converse in Llanito (pronounced [ʎaˈnito]), a vernacular unique to Gibraltar. It is based on Andalusian Spanish with a strong mixture of British English and elements from languages such as Maltese, Portuguese, Genoese Italian and Haketia (a Judaeo-Spanish dialect). Llanito also often involves code-switching to English and Spanish.[citation needed]

The English language is becoming increasingly dominant in Gibraltar, with the younger generation speaking little or no Llanito despite learning Spanish in school.[122][123]

Gibraltarians often call themselves Llanitos.[124]

### Religion

[edit]

Percentage of population by religion[3]

|  |  | Percentage
Roman Catholic |

| 72.1%
Church of England  |

| 7.7%
None |

| 7.1%
Other Christian |

| 3.8%
Muslim |

| 3.6%
Jewish |

| 2.4%
Hindu |

| 2.0%
Other/not stated |

| 1.3%

According to the 2012 census, approximately 72.1% of Gibraltarians are Roman Catholics.[125] The 16th-century Saint Mary the Crowned is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar, and also the oldest Catholic church in the territory. Other Christian denominations include the Church of England (7.7%), whose Cathedral of the Holy Trinity is the cathedral of the Anglican Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe; the Gibraltar Methodist Church,[126] Church of Scotland, various Pentecostal and independent churches mostly influenced by the House Church and Charismatic movements, as well as a Plymouth Brethren congregation. Several of these congregations are represented by the Gibraltar Evangelical Alliance.

Cathedral of the Holy Trinity

There is also a ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and two congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses.

7.1% advised that they have no religion.

The third religion in size is Islam (3.6% of the population). There is also an established Hindu population (2%), members of the Baháʼí Faith and a long-established Jewish community, which, at 763 persons, accounts for 2.4% of the population.[125] There are four functioning Orthodox synagogues in Gibraltar and several kosher establishments.

## Education

[edit]

Main article: Education in Gibraltar

Education in Gibraltar generally follows the English model, operating within a three tier system. Schools in Gibraltar use the Key Stage modular approach to teach the National Curriculum. Gibraltar has 15 state schools, two private schools and a college of further education, Gibraltar College. Government secondary schools are Bayside Comprehensive School and Westside School, both of which are coeducational, and Prior Park School Gibraltar is an independent co-ed secondary school.[127]

On 31 March 2015, the government of Gibraltar announced the adoption of the University of Gibraltar Act and the University of Gibraltar opened in September 2015.[128][129] Previously, there were no facilities in Gibraltar for full-time higher education, and consequently, all Gibraltarian students studied elsewhere at degree level or its equivalent and also for certain non-degree courses.[130]

## Health care

[edit]

All Gibraltarians are entitled to health care in public wards and clinics at St Bernard's Hospital and primary health care centre. All other British citizens are also entitled to free-of-charge treatment on the Rock on presentation of a valid British passport during stays of up to 30 days. Dental treatment and prescribed medicines are free of charge for Gibraltarian students, pensioners and disabled individuals.[131]

The Gibraltar Health Authority, established under the Medical (Gibraltar Health Authority) Act of 1987[132] is funded through the Gibraltar Group Practice Medical Scheme. It employs around 900 people, handling 37,000 A&E attendances, 40,000 outpatient appointments, and 90,000 GP visits a year. Some specialist care is provided by visiting consultants and in UK and Spanish hospitals. First-line medical and nursing services are provided at the Primary Care Centre, which has 16 GPs, with more specialised services available at St Bernard's Hospital, a 210-bed civilian hospital opened in 2005. Psychiatric care is provided by Ocean Views.[citation needed]

As of 2012 the authority was responsible for the health of some 27,000 individuals. The GHA and Social Welfare System are closely based upon their British counterparts, namely the National Health Service.[133] As of 2003 the organisation was funded through roughly £19 million ($27 million) of social insurance stamp contributions through the Gibraltar Group Practice Medical Scheme.[134]

In September 2014 Egton Medical Information Systems won a contract, worth up to £11.25m over 10 years, to deliver an electronic patient record for the health service of Gibraltar including a patient administration system, an emergency department system, e-prescribing and other software from Ascribe, which Emis bought in September 2013.[135] The A&E unit at St Bernard's Hospital went live on 24 June 2015 using Emis' Symphony and it is planned that primary and community services and the acute hospital will start to use the Ascribe CaMIS patient administration system.[136]

A Community Mental Health Team was established in 2017, and in 2018 the Gibraltar Health Authority School of Health Studies introduced a Mental Health Nursing degree to tackle difficulties in recruiting mental health nurses.[137]

## Culture

[edit]

Main article: Culture of Gibraltar

Tercentenary celebrations in Gibraltar

The culture of Gibraltar reflects Gibraltarians' diverse origins. While there are Spanish (mostly from nearby Andalusia) and British influences, the ethnic origins of most Gibraltarians are not confined to these ethnicities. Other ethnicities include Genoese, Maltese, Portuguese, and German. A few other Gibraltar residents are Jewish of Sephardic origin, Moroccan, or Indians. British influence remains strong, with English being the language of government, commerce, education and the media.

Gibraltar's first sovereignty referendum is celebrated annually on Gibraltar National Day (10 September). It is a public holiday, during which most Gibraltarians dress in their national colours of red and white. Until 2016, the tradition had been to also release 30,000 similarly coloured balloons, which represented the people of Gibraltar. However, this tradition has now been ended because of the threat that it poses to wildlife, particularly marine.[138] The 300th anniversary of Gibraltar's capture was celebrated in 2004 on Tercentenary Day (4 August), when in recognition of and with thanks for its long association with Gibraltar, the Royal Navy was given the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar and a human chain of Gibraltarians dressed in red, white and blue, linked hands to encircle the Rock. On 4 June 2012, the Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla, inspired by the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, celebrated sixty years of the Queen's reign.[139]

The Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation operates a television and radio station on UHF, VHF and medium-wave. The radio service is also internet-streamed. Special events and the daily news bulletin are streamed in video. The other local radio service is operated by the British Forces Broadcasting Service which also provides a limited cable television network to HM Forces. The largest and most frequently published newspaper is the Gibraltar Chronicle, Gibraltar's oldest established daily newspaper and the world's second-oldest English language newspaper to have been in print continuously[140] with daily editions six days a week. Panorama is published on weekdays, and 7 Days, The New People, and Gibsport are weekly.

Thousands of Gibraltarians dress in their national colours of red and white during the 2013 Gibraltar National Day celebrations.

Native Gibraltarians have produced some literature of note. The first in fiction was probably Héctor Licudi's 1929 novel Barbarita, written in Spanish,[141] chronicling the largely autobiographical adventures of a young Gibraltarian man. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, several anthologies of poetry were published by Leopoldo Sanguinetti, Albert Joseph Patron and Alberto Pizzarello. The 1960s were largely dominated by the theatrical works of Elio Cruz and his two highly acclaimed Spanish language plays La Lola se va pá Londre and Connie con cama camera en el comedor.[citation needed] In the 1990s, the Gibraltarian man-of-letters Mario Arroyo published Profiles (1994), a series of bilingual meditations on love, loneliness and death. Trino Cruz is a bilingual poet originally writing English but now mainly in Spanish, who also translates Maghreb poetry.[142][143][144] Of late there have been works by the essayist Mary Chiappe, such as her volume of essays Cabbages and Kings (2006) and by M. G. Sanchez, author of the books Rock Black: Ten Gibraltarian Stories (2008) and Diary of a Victorian Colonial (2009). Mary Chiappe and Sam Benady have also published a series of detective books centred on the character of the nineteenth-century Gibraltarian sleuth Bresciano.

Musicians from Gibraltar include Charles Ramirez, the first guitarist invited to play with the Royal College of Music Orchestra,[145] successful rock bands like Breed 77, Melon Diesel and Taxi, while Gibraltarian bassist Glen Diani played for Irish/British nu metal group One Minute Silence. Albert Hammond had top 10 hits in the UK and US and has written many songs for international artists such as Whitney Houston, Tina Turner and Julio Iglesias.[146]

Gibraltarian cuisine is the result of a long relationship between the Andalusian Spaniards and the British, as well as the many foreigners who made Gibraltar their home over the past three centuries. The culinary influences include those from Malta, Genoa, Portugal, Andalusia and Britain. This marriage of tastes has given Gibraltar an eclectic mix of Mediterranean and British cuisine, such as calentita, a baked bread-like dish made with chickpea flour, water, olive oil, salt and pepper.

## Cultural references

[edit]

* The outbreak of yellow fever in 1804 is the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's 1836 poetical illustration  "Gibraltar. Scene During the Plague". to an engraving of a painting by Charles Bentley (Gibraltar from Algexiras).[147] She published two further poetical illustrations on Gibraltar the following year,  "Gibraltar—from the Sea".[148] and  "Gibraltar, From the Queen of Spain's Chair".,[149] both of which are again to engravings of paintings by Charles Bentley. All these can be found in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Books.
* The first track in Beirut's 2015 album No No No is named "Gibraltar", and the music video is set in a dystopian version of the territory.[150]
* Mark Twain describes a stop at Gibraltar and comments on it in The Innocents Abroad, an account of his pilgrimage to the holy land.[151]
* As Molly Bloom is a native Gibraltarian, references to Gibraltar appear throughout James Joyce's Ulysses (1922). A sculpture of Molly Bloom as imagined by local artist Jon Searle is on display in the Alameda Gardens.[152]
* John Masters' book The Rock is a collection of short stories set in Gibraltar: ranging from a story set in prehistoric times to one suggesting a possible future for the Rock.[citation needed]
* Raymond Benson's James Bond novel Doubleshot deals with a fictional plot to forcibly return Gibraltar to Spain. The climax takes place in Gibraltar.[citation needed]
* In 1782, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed a fragment for voice and piano to celebrate the Great Siege of Gibraltar titled Bardengesang auf Gibraltar: O Calpe! Dir donnert's am Fusse.[citation needed]
* The film The Silent Enemy was filmed on location in Gibraltar in 1958. It is a dramatisation of the period during the Second World War when Lionel "Buster" Crabb served as a mine and disposal officer in Gibraltar while frogmen of the Italian Navy's Tenth Light Flotilla were sinking vital shipping.
* The Beatles song The Ballad of John and Yoko (1969) features the line "You can get married in Gibraltar near Spain", in reference to musician John Lennon's famous marriage to artist Yoko Ono within the territory.[153]
* The game Overwatch contains a map named "Watchpoint: Gibraltar" which is set on the Rock of Gibraltar.
* The Kanye West featuring Jay-Z song Diamonds from Sierra Leone (Remix) features the line "How could you falter when you're the rock of Gibraltar?".

## Sport

[edit]

Main article: Sport in Gibraltar

The Gibraltar national football team lining up in their first official match, against Slovakia, in 2013

Football is a popular sport in Gibraltar. The Gibraltar Football Association applied for full membership of UEFA, but their bid was turned down in 2007 in a contentious decision.[154] Gibraltar was confirmed as UEFA's 54th member on 24 May 2013 as a result of Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) arbitration and played in Euro 2016 qualifications.[155][156] Their first match was a 0–0 draw against Slovakia. Gibraltar's national team won its first-ever match in UEFA competition on 13 October 2018, beating Armenia in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League D.[157]

Subsequently, Gibraltar applied for FIFA membership but this bid was also turned down. On 2 May 2016, the CAS upheld the appeal filed by the Gibraltar Football Association regarding its request to become a full-time member of FIFA. CAS ordered FIFA to stop blocking Gibraltar's application for membership and allow it "without delay".[158]

Rugby union is fairly popular and one of the fastest-growing team sports. Gibraltar Rugby Football Union applied for membership of Europe's governing body for rugby. Gibraltar is believed to be the birthplace of the rugby variant Tag Rugby.[159][e]

## Communications

[edit]

Main article: Communications in Gibraltar

A plaque in City Mill Lane marking the site of Gibraltar's first telephone exchange A Victorian post box of standard 1887 UK design in use in Gibraltar's Main Street (2008)

Gibraltar has a digital telephone exchange supported by a fibre optic and copper infrastructure; the telephone operator Gibtelecom also operates a GSM network. Internet connectivity is available across the fixed network. Gibraltar's top-level domain code is .gi.

International Direct Dialling (IDD) is provided, and Gibraltar was allocated the access code +350 by the International Telecommunication Union. This has been finally accepted by Spain since 10 February 2007, when the telecom dispute was resolved.

## Transport

[edit]

Main article: Transport in Gibraltar

The Gibraltar Cable Car runs from outside the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens to the top of the Rock, with an intermediate station at Apes' Den.

### Road

[edit]

Within Gibraltar, the main form of transport is the car. Motorcycles are also very popular and there is a good modern bus service. Unlike in the UK and other British territories, traffic drives on the right and speed limits are in km/h, as the territory shares a land border with Spain. The E15 route connecting with Spain, France, England and Scotland is accessible from the Spanish side using the CA-34 autovía.

Restrictions on transport introduced by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco closed the land frontier in 1969 and also prohibited any air or ferry connections. In 1982, the land border was reopened. As the result of an agreement signed in Córdoba on 18 September 2006 between Gibraltar, the United Kingdom and Spain,[160] the Spanish government agreed to relax border controls at the frontier that have plagued locals for decades; in return, Britain paid increased pensions to Spanish workers who lost their jobs when Franco closed the border.[161] Telecommunication restrictions were lifted in February 2007 and air links with Spain were restored in December 2006.[162][163]

Motorists and pedestrians crossing the border with Spain are occasionally subjected to very long delays.[164] Spain has occasionally closed the border during disputes or incidents involving the Gibraltar authorities, such as the Aurora cruise ship incident[165] and when fishermen from the Spanish fishing vessel Piraña were arrested for illegal fishing in Gibraltar waters.[166]

Proposals exist for a Strait of Gibraltar crossing by bridge or tunnel.

### Air

[edit]

Main article: Gibraltar International Airport

As of 2017[update], Gibraltar maintains regular flight connections with London (Heathrow & Gatwick), Manchester, Birmingham and Bristol in the UK.[167] This is via the Royal Air Force's military aerodrome in Gibraltar, which also serves as the territory's civilian airport.[168]

GB Airways operated a service between Gibraltar and London and other cities for many years. The airline initially flew under the name "Gibraltar Airways". In 1989, and in anticipation of service to cities outside the UK, Gibraltar Airways changed its name to GB Airways with the belief that a new name would incur fewer political problems. As a franchise, the airline operated flights in full British Airways livery. In 2007, GB Airways was purchased by easyJet,[169] which began operating flights under their name in April 2008 when British Airways re-introduced flights to Gibraltar under their name. EasyJet have since added Bristol and Manchester and also operated flights to Liverpool between 2011 and 2012. Until entering administration in October 2017, Monarch Airlines operated the largest number of flights between the United Kingdom and Gibraltar, with scheduled services between Gibraltar and Luton, London Gatwick, Birmingham and Manchester. The Spanish national airline, Iberia, operated a daily service to Madrid which ceased for lack of demand. In May 2009, Ándalus Líneas Aéreas opened a Spanish service,[170] which also ceased operations in March 2010.[171] An annual return charter flight to Malta is operated by Maltese national airline, Air Malta.

The main road that crosses Gibraltar Airport The new terminal at Gibraltar Airport

Gibraltar International Airport is unusual not only because of its proximity to the city centre resulting in the airport terminal being within walking distance of much of Gibraltar but also because the runway intersects Winston Churchill Avenue, formerly the main road into Spain, requiring movable barricades to close when aircraft land or depart. New roads and a tunnel, ending the need to stop road traffic when aircraft use the runway, were planned to coincide with the building of a new airport terminal building with an originally estimated completion date of 2009,[172][173] although delays pushed back its official opening until 31 March 2023.[174][175] The new road and tunnel is named Kingsway with the approval of Charles III[176] and passes under the terminal and the eastern edge of the runway before connecting with Devil's Tower Road. Runway access is now closed to everyday road traffic but is still available for exceptional, specific, or emergency use as well as pedestrians, cyclists and mobility scooters although an alternative subway is provided.[177]

The most popular alternative airport for Gibraltar is Málaga Airport in Spain, some 120 km (75 mi) to the east, which offers a wide range of destinations, second to Jerez Airport which is closer to Gibraltar. In addition, the Algeciras Heliport across the bay offers scheduled services to Ceuta.

### Sea

[edit]

Europa Point Lighthouse, located at the southernmost tip of the Gibraltar peninsula

Gibraltar Cruise Terminal receives a large number of visits from cruise ships. The Strait of Gibraltar is one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world.

Passenger and cargo ships anchor in the Gibraltar Harbour. Also, a ferry links Gibraltar with Tangier in Morocco. The ferry between Gibraltar and Algeciras, which had been halted in 1969 when Franco severed communications with Gibraltar, was reopened on 16 December 2009, served by the Spanish company Transcoma.[178] A vehicle ramp at the western end of the North Mole allows vehicles to be unloaded from a RORO ferry.[179]

Ferries by FRS running twice a week from Gibraltar to Tanger-Med port provide access to the Moroccan railway system.[180][181]

### Rail

[edit]

Nothing remains of the two former railway systems within Gibraltar.

On the Spanish side of the border, railway track extends to the outskirts of La Línea from an aborted rail expansion project in the 1970s.[182][183]

## Water supply and sanitation

[edit]

Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Gibraltar

Water supply and sanitation in Gibraltar have been major concerns for its inhabitants throughout its history. There are no rivers, streams, or large bodies of water on the peninsula. Gibraltar's water supply was formerly provided by a combination of an aqueduct, wells, and the use of cisterns, barrels and earthenware pots to capture rainwater. This became increasingly inadequate as Gibraltar's population grew in the 18th and 19th centuries and lethal diseases such as cholera and yellow fever began to spread. In the late 19th century, a Sanitary Commission instigated major improvements which saw the introduction of large-scale desalination and the use of giant water catchments covering over 2.5 million square feet (nearly 250,000 m2). Today Gibraltar's supply of drinking water comes entirely from desalination, with a separate supply of saltwater for sanitary purposes. Both supplies are delivered from huge underground reservoirs excavated under the Rock of Gibraltar.

## Police

[edit]

Further information: Royal Gibraltar Police and Gibraltar Defence Police

Royal Gibraltar Police car, 2012 Royal Gibraltar Police, Marine Section

The Royal Gibraltar Police (RGP), Gibraltar Defence Police (GDP) and His Majesty's Customs (Gibraltar) are Gibraltar's principal civilian law enforcement agencies. Outside the United Kingdom, the RGP is the oldest police force of the former British Empire, formed shortly after the creation of London's Metropolitan Police in 1829 when Gibraltar was declared a crown colony on 25 June 1830.[184]

In general, the Gibraltar force follows British police models in its dress and its mostly male constables and sergeants on foot patrol wear the traditional custodian helmet, the headgear of the British "bobby on the beat". The helmet is traditionally made of cork covered outside by felt or serge-like material that matches the tunic. The vehicles also appear virtually identical to typical UK police vehicles, but are left hand drive.

The force, whose name received the prefix "Royal" in 1992, numbers over 220 officers divided into a number of units.[citation needed] These include the CID, drug squad, special branch, firearms, scene of crime examiners, traffic, marine and operations units, sections or departments.

On 24 September 2015, the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar was conferred upon the RGP by the Mayor, Adolfo Canepa.

## Armed forces

[edit]

The defence of Gibraltar, as a British territory, is the responsibility of the national (i.e., British) government, with its tri-services British Forces Gibraltar:

* The Royal Gibraltar Regiment provides the army garrison with a detachment of the British Army, based at Devil's Tower Camp.[185] The regiment was originally a part-time reserve force until the British Army placed it on a permanent footing in 1990. The regiment includes full-time and part-time soldiers recruited from Gibraltar as well as British Army regulars posted from other regiments.
* The Royal Navy maintains a squadron of several patrol vessels and craft at the Rock. The squadron is responsible for the security and integrity of British Gibraltar Territorial Waters (BGTW). The shore establishment at Gibraltar is called HMS Rooke after Sir George Rooke, who captured the Rock for Archduke Charles (pretender to the Spanish throne) in 1704. The naval air base was named HMS Cormorant. Gibraltar's strategic position provides an important facility for the Royal Navy and Britain's allies. British and US nuclear submarines frequently visit the Z berths at Gibraltar.[186] A Z berth provides the facility for nuclear submarines to visit for operational or recreational purposes and for non-nuclear repairs. During the Falklands War, an Argentine plan to attack British shipping in the harbour using frogmen (Operation Algeciras) was foiled.[187] The naval base also played a part in supporting the task force sent by Britain to recover the Falklands.
* The Royal Air Force station at Gibraltar forms part of Headquarters British Forces Gibraltar. Although aircraft are no longer permanently stationed at RAF Gibraltar, a variety of RAF aircraft make regular visits and the airfield also houses a section from the Met Office. The Gibraltar Air Cadets is an active squadron.[188]

In January 2007, the Ministry of Defence announced that the private company Serco would provide services to the base. The announcement resulted in extensive negotiations with the relevant trade unions.[189][190]

Gibraltar has an important role in signals intelligence gathering, serving as a vital strategic part of the United Kingdom communications gathering and monitoring network in the Mediterranean and North Africa.[191][192]

The Royal Navy's base in Gibraltar

Historically, Gibraltar was one of four Imperial fortress colonies, along with Bermuda, Halifax, Nova Scotia and Malta.

## Sister cities

[edit]

Gibraltar has one sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International:

* Raleigh, United States[193]

## Freedom of the City

[edit]

The following people, military units, and Groups have received the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar.[194]

### Individuals

[edit]

* Gustavo Bacarisas: 3 October 1962.
* James John Joseph Giraldi: 12 August 1982.
* Sir Joshua Abraham Hassan: 11 December 1996.
* Sir Robert Peliza: 7 May 1998.
* Monsignor Bernard Patrick Devlin: 3 June 1999.
* 3rd Baron Merrivale: 18 October 2001.
* Lord Hoyle of Warrington: 9 September 2004.
* Nicholas Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell: 9 September 2004.
* Michael Ancram, 13th Marquess of Lothian: 1 February 2011.
* Andrew Stuart MacKinlay: 1 February 2011.
* Kaiane Aldorino: 15 September 2011.
* Lord Janner of Braunstone: 22 March 2012.
* Sir Graham Watson: 10 September 2014.
* Christian Hook: 2 June 2017.
* Sir Joseph John Bossano: 10 September 2019.
* Adolfo Canepa: 25 May 2021.[195]

### Military units

[edit]

* The Royal Gibraltar Regiment: 25 September 1971.
* The Corps of Royal Engineers: 6 March 1972.
* The Royal Regiment of Artillery: 29 April 1981.
* HMS Calpe, RN: 27 April 1991.
* The Royal Marines: 28 October 1996.
* The Royal Navy: 4 August 2004.
* The Royal Gibraltar Police: 26 September 2015.
* 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment: 26 November 2016.[196]
* RAF Gibraltar: 2 April 2018.[197]

### Organisations and groups

[edit]

* The Congregation of Christian Brothers: 2 July 1977.
* The All Party British Gibraltar Group in the Parliament of the United Kingdom: 23 October 1982.
* The Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary: 13 December 2005.
* The Scout Association (Gibraltar Branch): 2 October 2008.
* Girlguiding Gibraltar: 8 June 2010.
* Special Olympics Gibraltar: 24 October 2015.

## See also

[edit]

* Gibraltar portal

* 1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash
* Attorney General of Gibraltar
* Chief Justice of Gibraltar
* Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar
* List of Gibraltarians
* Outline of Gibraltar

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Gibraltar's status as a British territory is disputed by Spain, while the United Nations regards it as a Non-Self-Governing Territory.[5]
2. ^ An ICAO indicator is a unique identifying four-letter identifier, assigned to airports and airfields. As of September 2018, there were 22,503 ICAO indicator assignments in current use.
3. ^ A WMO identifier is a unique five-digit numeric code to identify a land weather station. As of September 2018 there were 18,762 WMO identifier assignments in current use.
4. ^ Above mean sea level.
5. ^ Despite several sites reporting that tag rugby was invented by Perry Haddock in Australia around 1990 (this is OzTag, a variant of Tag Rugby), Godwin's wrote about the topic seven years prior. Godwin does not mention when the sport began in Gibraltar, but he does explicitly use the term "Tag Rugby" to describe the game.

## References

[edit]

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164. ^ The Committee Office, House of Commons. "Frontier restrictions". Publications.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
165. ^ Scotsman.com News: Spanish seal border as virus ship docks Archived 28 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 16 October 2007
166. ^ "Fishermen block frontier". Panorama.gi. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
167. ^ Gibraltar International Airport. "Destinations". Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
168. ^ Ministry of Defence (13 May 2021). "British Forces Gibraltar explained". Voices Of The Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
169. ^ Government of Gibraltar. "Press Release: Government of Gibraltar Reaction to GB Sale" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
170. ^ "Regional Andalusia airline begins Gibraltar-Madrid airbridge". MercoPress. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
171. ^ "Andalus drops Gibraltar". Panorama.gi. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
172. ^ Government of Gibraltar. "Press Release: New Air Terminal, tunnel under the runway and new road leading to all parts of Gibraltar north of the runway" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2008. and images of the proposals: "Press Release: New Terminal Building" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
173. ^ "The Chief Minister presented the plans for an ambitious new terminal building for Gibraltar Airport". 7 Days Gibraltar. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
174. ^ "Kingsway Inaugurated – 187/2023". Government of Gibraltar. 30 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
175. ^ "Kingsway is now open & operational". Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
176. ^ Peralta, Gabriella (30 March 2023). "Over 14 years later, Kingsway Tunnel opens". Gibraltar Chronicle. Retrieved 24 April 2023. "that the airport and tunnel access roads [and the tunnel]...will be known as Kingsway...and that has been approved by His Majesty himself today"
177. ^ "Airport Tunnel to open on 31st March 2023 – 177/2023". Government of Gibraltar. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023. "The road from the new roundabout at Devil's Tower Road to the East Gate roundabout is approximately 1.2km in length, including approximately 350 metres of covered tunnel."
178. ^ New ferry 'repairs 40 year gap' says Spanish Diplomat Archived 18 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Gibraltar Chronicle, 17 December 2009
179. ^ "Gibraltar continues with Brexit contingency plans". PortSEurope. 29 October 2019. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
180. ^ "Morocco Travel Information – Information About Traveling in Morocco". Goafrica.about.com. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
181. ^ Smith, Mark. "How to Travel by Train London to Morocco". The Man in Seat Sixty-One. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
182. ^ "La Línea lleva más de ochenta años esperando que pase el primer..." europasur.es. 14 November 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
183. ^ Andalusia. "Google Maps coordinates". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
184. ^ Judiciary and Law - Police, Gibraltar Government Website "Judiciary & Law – Police". Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
185. ^ "HIVE Location overview – Gibraltar" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
186. ^ Doug Henderson, Minister of State for the Armed Forces (9 November 1998). "Gibraltar". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 73.
187. ^ Giles Tremlett (24 July 2004). "Falklands war almost spread to Gibraltar". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
188. ^ "Gibraltar Air Cadets fly over UK". Retrieved 11 February 2021.[permanent dead link]
189. ^ "May 30 – Unite Delighted With Pension Harmonisation Agreement At Inter". Your Gibraltar TV. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
190. ^ "Joint Statement by the Gibraltar Government, and the Trades Unions TGWU/ACTS and GGCA/Prospect" (PDF). 24 May 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
191. ^ "Submarine Cable Map". Submarinecablemap.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
192. ^ Richard J. Aldrich, GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency. Harper Press, 2010.
193. ^ Bourada, Lonny (1 December 2014). "Partner Cities | Sister Cities Gibraltar". SisterCities Gibralt: 199. doi:10.4000/archeomed.9077. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
194. ^ "Freemen of the City". mayor.gi. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
195. ^ "Adolfo Canepa receives the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar at open ceremony at the John Mackintosh Square". www.gbc.gi. 25 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
196. ^ "Freedom of the City for Royal Anglian Regiment". Gibraltar Chronicle. 29 November 2016. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
197. ^ "Freedom of the City for RAF Gibraltar to mark RAF100". Gibraltar Chronicle. April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9934-1. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
* Bond, Peter (2003). "Gibraltar's Finest Hour The Great Siege 1779–1783". 300 Years of British Gibraltar 1704–2004 (1st ed.). Gibraltar: Peter-Tan Publishing Co. pp. 28–29.
* Chartrand, René (July 2006). Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege. Patrice Courcelle (1st ed.). Gibraltar: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-977-6. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
* Drinkwater, John: A History of the Siege of Gibraltar, 1779–1783: With a Description and Account of That Garrison from the Earliest Periods London, 1862.
* Falkner, James: Fire Over the Rock: The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779–1783, Pen and Sword, 2009
* Harvey, Robert: A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence, London, 2001
* Rodger, N. A. M.: The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815, London, 2006
* Norwich, John Julius: The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean, Random House, 2006
* Sugden, John: Nelson: A Dream of Glory, London, 2004
* Syrett, David: Admiral Lord Howe: A Biography, London, 2006.
* Maria Monti, Ángel: Historia de Gibraltar: dedicada a SS. AA. RR., los serenisimos señores Infantes Duques de Montpensier, Imp. Juan Moyano, 1852
* Maria Montero, Francisco: Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo, Imprenta de la Revista Médica, 1860
* Uxó Palasí, José: Referencias en torno al bloqueo naval durante los asedios, Almoraima. n.º 34, 2007

## External links

[edit]

* Official website
* Gibraltar Fire & Rescue Service
* Description of Gibraltar as it was in the mid-19th century. Scherzer, Karl (1861). "Gibraltar: Stay from the 20th to the 30th of May, 1857". Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara. London: Saunders, Otley & Co.
* Old maps of Gibraltar from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, the National Library of Israel

Places adjacent to Gibraltar

|  Spain |  Spain | Mediterranean Sea

|
|

|  |
Spain
Bay of Gibraltar |

Gibraltar

| Mediterranean Sea
|  |
Strait of Gibraltar
Morocco | Strait of Gibraltar
Morocco | Mediterranean Sea

‹ The template below (Gibraltar topics) is being considered for merging with Culture of Gibraltar. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›

* v
* t
* e

Gibraltar topics

History

* Neanderthals in Gibraltar
* Timeline (sieges)
* Pillars of Hercules
* First Siege of Gibraltar
* Battle of Gibraltar
* Capture of Gibraltar
* George Rooke
* Treaty of Utrecht
* Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
* Great Siege
* George Augustus Eliott
* Gibraltar real (currency)
* World War II
* Nationality
* Genoese in Gibraltar
* Maltese in Gibraltar
* Explosion of the RFA Bedenham
* Operation Flavius (Death on the Rock)
* Aurora incident
* New Flame incident
* Fedra incident
* COVID-19

Geography

| General|

* Climate
* Geology
* Azores–Gibraltar transform fault
* Gibraltar Arc
* Iberian Peninsula

|

Environment|

* Birds
* Mammals
* Barbary macaques
* Reptiles and amphibians
* Candytuft (Iberis gibraltarica)
* Botanic Gardens
* Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)
* Wildlife Park

Places|

| Natural|

* Bay of Gibraltar
* Catalan Bay
* Eastern Beach
* Gorham's Cave
* Rock of Gibraltar
* St. Michael's Cave
* Sandy Bay
* Strait of Gibraltar
* Vanguard Cave
* Windmill Hill

|

Built|

* Bristol Hotel
* City Hall
* The Convent
* Garrison Library
* King George V Hospital
* Moorish Castle
* The Rock Hotel
* St. Bernard's Hospital

Politics and Government

| General|

* Constitution Order
* 1969
* 2006
* Law
* court system
* LGBT rights
* Passport
* Political development in modern Gibraltar

|

People|

* Chief Minister
* Governor
* Mayor

Political issues|

* Black Swan Project controversy
* Disputed status
* isthmus
* Elections
* 2007
* 2011
* 2015
* 2019
* 2023
* Parliament
* Speaker
* Political parties
* Sovereignty referendums
* 1967
* 2002
* EU referendum
* European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)

Military|

* British Forces Gibraltar
* Gibraltar Defence Police
* Gibraltar Squadron
* Napier of Magdala Battery
* RAF Gibraltar
* Royal Gibraltar Police
* Royal Gibraltar Regiment

Economy

| General|

* Banks
* Gibraltar pound
* coins
* Stock Exchange
* Taxation
* Tourism

|

Communications|

* .gi (Internet domain)
* Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation
* Gibraltar Chronicle
* Gibtelecom
* Panorama
* Regulatory Authority
* Royal Gibraltar Post Office
* postage stamps and history
* postal orders
* Study Circle
* Telephone numbers

Transport|

* Airport
* Cable car
* Gibraltar–Spain border
* Shipping in Gibraltar
* Vehicle registration plates

Culture

| General|

* Cuisine
* Education
* Bayside Comprehensive School
* Westside School
* University of Gibraltar
* Miss Gibraltar
* Music
* Llévame Donde Nací
* Gibraltar Fair
* National Day
* Public holidays
* Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar

|

Demographics|

* Gibraltarians
* list
* in the UK
* Gibraltarian status
* Languages
* English
* Llanito

Religion|

| Christianity|

* Anglicanism
* Diocese in Europe
* Bishop diocesan
* Bishop suffragan
* Cathedral of the Holy Trinity
* St. Andrew's Church (Church of Scotland)
* Methodism
* Roman Catholicism
* Diocese
* Bishop
* Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned
* Our Lady of Europe
* Shrine of Our Lady of Europe
* Trafalgar Cemetery

|

Other faiths|

* Hinduism
* Islam
* Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque
* Judaism
* Great Synagogue
* other synagogues

Sport|

| By sport|

* Basketball
* Cricket
* national team
* Cycling
* Field hockey
* national team
* Football
* Football Association
* national team
* Rugby union
* national team
* Campo Gibraltar RUFC

|

* Commonwealth Games
* Island Games
* Records in athletics
* Victoria Stadium

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Official flag
* other flags

* Category
* Commons
* Portal
* WikiProject

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Countries and dependencies of Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia2
* Austria
* Azerbaijan1
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus2
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia1
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland3
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kazakhstan1
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia1
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey1
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City4

States with limited
recognition

* Abkhazia2
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus2
* South Ossetia2
* Transnistria

Dependent
territories

| Denmark|

* Faroe Islands3
* autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark

|

United Kingdom|

* Akrotiri and Dhekelia2 (Sovereign Base Areas)
* Gibraltar (British Overseas Territory)

Crown Dependencies|

* Bailiwick of Guernsey
* Alderney
* Guernsey
* Sark
* Bailiwick of Jersey
* Isle of Man

Special areas
of internal
sovereignty

| Finland|

* Åland (autonomous region subject to the Åland convention of 1921)

|

Norway|

* Svalbard (unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty)

United Kingdom|

* England
* Scotland
* Wales
* Northern Ireland (country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement)

* 1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.
* 2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.
* 3 Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.
* 4 Governed by the Holy See which has sovereignty over Vatican City.

* Category
* Europe portal

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of Europe

Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.

Sovereign states|

* Amsterdam, Netherlands1
* Andorra la Vella, Andorra
* Ankara, Turkey2
* Astana, Kazakhstan2
* Athens, Greece
* Baku, Azerbaijan2
* Belgrade, Serbia
* Berlin, Germany
* Bern, Switzerland
* Bratislava, Slovakia
* Brussels, Belgium3
* Bucharest, Romania
* Budapest, Hungary
* Chișinău, Moldova
* Copenhagen, Denmark
* Dublin, Ireland
* Helsinki, Finland
* Kyiv, Ukraine
* Lisbon, Portugal
* Ljubljana, Slovenia
* London, United Kingdom
* Luxembourg, Luxembourg
* Madrid, Spain
* Minsk, Belarus
* Monaco4
* Moscow, Russia
* Nicosia, Cyprus2
* Oslo, Norway
* Paris, France
* Podgorica, Montenegro
* Prague, Czech Republic
* Reykjavík, Iceland
* Riga, Latvia
* Rome, Italy
* San Marino, San Marino
* Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Skopje, North Macedonia
* Sofia, Bulgaria
* Stockholm, Sweden
* Tallinn, Estonia
* Tbilisi, Georgia2
* Tirana, Albania
* Vaduz, Liechtenstein
* Valletta, Malta
* Vatican City4
* Vienna, Austria
* Vilnius, Lithuania
* Warsaw, Poland
* Yerevan, Armenia2
* Zagreb, Croatia

States with
limited recognition|

* North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus2
* Pristina, Kosovo
* Sokhumi, Abkhazia2
* Tiraspol, Transnistria
* Tskhinvali, South Ossetia2

Dependencies|

| United Kingdom|

| Constituent countries|

* London, England
* Edinburgh, Scotland
* Cardiff, Wales
* Belfast, Northern Ireland

|

Crown Dependencies and
Overseas Territories|

* Douglas, Isle of Man
* Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Gibraltar, Gibraltar
* St Helier, Jersey
* Saint Peter Port, Guernsey

Other|

* Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
* Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)

Federal states|

| Austria|

* Bregenz, Vorarlberg
* Eisenstadt, Burgenland
* Graz, Styria
* Innsbruck, Tyrol
* Klagenfurt, Carinthia
* Linz, Upper Austria
* Salzburg, Salzburg
* Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria
* Vienna, Vienna

|

Belgium|

| Communities|

* Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community
* Eupen, German-speaking Community

|

Regions|

* Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders
* Namur, Wallonia

Bosnia and Herzegovina|

* Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska
* Brčko, Brčko District
* Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Germany|

* Berlin, Berlin
* Bremen, Bremen
* Dresden, Saxony
* Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia
* Erfurt, Thuringia
* Hamburg, Hamburg
* Hanover, Lower Saxony
* Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein
* Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt
* Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate
* Munich, Bavaria
* Potsdam, Brandenburg
* Saarbrücken, Saarland
* Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg
* Wiesbaden, Hesse

Russia|

| Republics|

* Cheboksary, Chuvashia
* Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia
* Elista, Kalmykia
* Grozny, Chechnya
* Izhevsk, Udmurtia
* Kazan, Tatarstan
* Magas, Ingushetia
* Makhachkala, Dagestan
* Maykop, Adygea
* Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria
* Petrozavodsk, Karelia
* Saransk, Mordovia
* Simferopol, Crimea (disputed)
* Syktyvkar, Komi
* Ufa, Bashkortostan
* Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania
* Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El

|

Autonomous okrugs|

* Naryan-Mar, Nenets

Krais|

* Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai
* Perm, Perm Krai
* Stavropol, Stavropol Krai

Oblasts|

* Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
* Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast
* Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast
* Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast
* Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
* Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
* Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
* Kirov, Kirov Oblast
* Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
* Krasnogorsk and Moscow, Moscow Oblast (de facto)
* Kursk, Kursk Oblast
* Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
* Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast
* Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
* Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast
* Oryol, Oryol Oblast
* Penza, Penza Oblast
* Pskov, Pskov Oblast
* Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast
* Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
* Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast
* Samara, Samara Oblast
* Saratov, Saratov Oblast
* Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast
* Tambov, Tambov Oblast
* Tula, Tula Oblast
* Tver, Tver Oblast
* Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
* Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast
* Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast
* Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast
* Vologda, Vologda Oblast
* Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast
* Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast

Federal cities|

* Moscow
* Saint Petersburg
* Sevastopol (disputed)

Switzerland|

* Aarau, Aargau
* Altdorf, Uri
* Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden
* Basel, Basel-Stadt
* Bellinzona, Ticino
* Chur, Grisons
* Delémont, Jura
* Frauenfeld, Thurgau
* Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg
* Geneva, Canton of Geneva
* Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden
* Lausanne, Vaud
* Liestal, Basel-Landschaft
* Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne
* Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel
* Sarnen, Obwalden
* Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen
* Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz
* Sion, Valais
* Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn
* Stans, Nidwalden
* St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen
* Glarus, Canton of Glarus
* Zug, Canton of Zug
* Zurich, Canton of Zürich

Autonomous
entities|

| Italy|

| Autonomous regions|

* Cagliari, Sardinia
* Palermo, Sicily
* Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
* Aosta, Aosta Valley
* Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia

|

Portugal|

| Autonomous regions|

* Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, & Horta, Azores
* Funchal, Madeira

|

Spain|

* Barcelona, Catalonia
* Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
* Logroño, La Rioja
* Madrid, Community of Madrid
* Mérida, Extremadura
* Murcia, Region of Murcia
* Oviedo, Asturias
* Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands
* Pamplona, Navarre
* Santander, Cantabria
* Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
* Seville, Andalusia
* Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)
* Valencia, Valencian Community
* Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto)
* Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country (de facto)
* Zaragoza, Aragon

Other|

* Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France)
* Batumi, Adjara (Georgia)
* Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova)
* Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece)
* Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland)
* Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)
* Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia)
* Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine)

* 1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
* 2 Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed
* 3 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
* 4 A city-state

* v
* t
* e

Capital cities of British administrative divisions

Capital of the United Kingdom: London

| Constituent countries| Crown Dependencies| British Overseas Territories

|
|

* London, England
* Edinburgh, Scotland
* Cardiff, Wales
* Belfast, Northern Ireland

* St Helier, Jersey
* Saint Peter Port, Guernsey
* Douglas, Isle of Man

* Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* The Valley, Anguilla
* Hamilton, Bermuda
* Rothera, British Antarctic Territory
* Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory
* Road Town, British Virgin Islands
* George Town, Cayman Islands

* Stanley, Falkland Islands
* Gibraltar, Gibraltar
* Brades, Montserrat
* Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands
* Jamestown, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* King Edward Point, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Cockburn Town, Turks and Caicos Islands

* v
* t
* e

Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Algeria
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* France
* Greece
* Israel
* Italy
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Malta
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Morocco
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Syria
* Tunisia
* Turkey

States with limited recognition|

* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine

Dependencies and other territories|

* Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK)
* Gibraltar (UK)
* Ceuta and Melilla (Spain)

Marginal seas|

* Adriatic Sea
* Aegean Sea
* Alboran Sea
* Balearic Sea
* Ionian Sea
* Levantine Sea
* Libyan Sea
* Ligurian Sea
* Sea of Crete
* Sea of Marmara
* Sea of Sardinia
* Thracian Sea
* Tyrrhenian Sea

* v
* t
* e

Countries, territories and dependencies of the British Crown

Countries
of the United Kingdom|

* England
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* Wales

Crown Dependencies|

* Bailiwick of Guernsey
* Alderney
* Guernsey
* Sark
* Bailiwick of Jersey
* Isle of Man

Overseas territories|

* Akrotiri and Dhekelia1
* Anguilla
* Bermuda
* British Antarctic Territory2
* British Indian Ocean Territory
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Falkland Islands
* Gibraltar
* Montserrat
* Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* Ascension Island
* Saint Helena
* Tristan da Cunha
* Gough Island
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Turks and Caicos Islands

Former colonies|

* List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom

1 Sovereign Base Areas. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the Antarctic Treaty.

* v
* t
* e

Former British Empire and current British Overseas Territories

Legend
Former territory
Current territory
*Current Commonwealth realm
†Current member of the Commonwealth of Nations

Europe

* Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part of Cyprus)
* Corsica 1794–1796
* †Cyprus 1878–1960
* Gibraltar since 1713
* Heligoland 1807–1890
* Ionian Islands 1809–1864
* Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542
* Kingdom of Ireland 1542–1800 (integrated into the UK)
* Free State 1921–1931
* †Malta
* Protectorate 1800–1813
* Colony 1813–1964
* Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802

Africa

* Basutoland (†Lesotho) 1868–1966
* Bechuanaland (†Botswana) 1884–1966
* Cameroons13 1919–1961
* Cape Colony 1795–1803
* Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910
* Central Africa 1891–1907
* East Africa 1895–1920
* Egypt 1882–1922
* †The Gambia 1816–1965
* Gold Coast (†Ghana) 1874–1957
* †Kenya 1920–1963
* Lagos 1862–1906
* Madeira 1807–1808
* †Mauritius 1810–1968
* Natal 1856–1910
* Niger Coast 1884–1900
* †Nigeria 1914–1960
* Northern Nigeria 1900–1914
* Northern Rhodesia15 1924–1964
* Nyasaland 1891–1964
* Orange River 1900–1910
* †Seychelles 1903–1976
* †Sierra Leone 1792–1961
* Somaliland 1884–1960
* †South Africa 1910–1931
* South-West Africa12 1915–1931
* Southern Rhodesia14 1923–1965 and 1979–1980
* Southern Nigeria 1900–1914
* †Swaziland 1893–1968
* Sudan 1899–1956
* Tanganyika13 1922–1961
* Transvaal 1900–1910
* †Uganda 1890–1962
* Zanzibar 1890–1963
* Zululand 1887–1897

* 12Now †Namibia
* 13League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of †Cameroon and Nigeria, while Tanganyika is part of †Tanzania.
* 14Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
* 15Now †Zambia

Asia

* Aden Colony 1839–1967
* Afghanistan 1839–1842
* Protectorate 1879–1919
* Bencoolen 1685–1824
* Banka and Billiton 1812–1824
* Bengal 1757–1947
* Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949
* Borneo 1874–1963
* British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part of Mauritius and Seychelles)26
* Burma 1824–1948
* †Brunei 1888–1984
* †Ceylon 1795–1948
* †Cyprus 1878–1960
* Hong Kong 1841–1997
* †India18 1858–1947
* Java 1811–1816
* Kuwait 1918–1961
* Labuan 1848–1946
* Malaya 1819–1826
* Federated States 1895–1946
* Unfederated States 1885–1946
* Union 1946–1948
* Federation 1948–1957
* Malacca 1824–1946
* Crown Colony 1946–1957
* †Maldives 1796–1965
* Manila and Cavite 1762–1764
* Mesopotamia19 1920–1932
* Muscat and Oman 1891–1971
* North Borneo 1882–1963
* Crown Colony 1946–1963
* Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819
* Palestine19 1923–1948
* Penang 1786–1946
* Crown Colony 1946–1957
* Pulo Condore 1702–1705
* Sarawak 1841–1946
* Crown Colony 1946–1963
* †Singapore 1946–1963
* South Vietnam 1945–1946
* Straits Settlements 1826–1946
* Transjordan 1921–1946
* Trucial States 1892–1971
* Weihai 1898–1930

* 18Now †India, †Pakistan and †Bangladesh
* 19League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
* 26Legitimacy of territorial establishment disputed

North America

* Anguilla since 1650
* *Antigua 1632–1860
* *Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981
* †*Bahamas 1670–1973
* †Barbados 1624–1966
* Bay Islands 1643–1860
* †*Belize 1871–1981
* Bermuda since 1619
* British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880
* British Columbia 1858–1866
* 1866–1871
* Cape Breton Island 1754–1820
* †Dominica 1763–1978
* East Florida 1763–1783
* †*Grenada 1762–1974
* †*Canada
* Lower 1791–1841
* Upper 1791–1841
* Province 1841–1867
* Dominion 1867–1931
* Carolina 1663–1712
* Cayman Islands since 1670
* Columbia District/Oregon Country 1818–1846
* Connecticut 1636–1776
* Delaware 1701–1776
* East Jersey 1674–1702
* Georgia 1733–1776
* †*Jamaica 1655–1962
* Leeward Islands 1671–1816, 1833–1960
* Massachusetts Bay 1629–1691
* Province, 1691–1776
* Maryland 1632–1776
* Montserrat since 1632
* Mosquito Coast 1655–1860
* Nevis 1628–1983
* New Albion 1579
* New Brunswick 1784–1867
* New England 1686–1689
* New Hampshire 1680–1776
* New Haven 1637–1662
* New Jersey 1665–1674 and 1702–1776
* New York 1664–1776
* Newfoundland 1907–1949
* Newfoundland and Labrador 1583–1907
* North Carolina 1712–1776
* North-Western Territory 1859–1870
* Nova Scotia 1713–1867
* Paulet affair 1843
* Prince Edward Island 1763–1873
* Pennsylvania 1681–1776
* Plymouth 1620–1691
* Quebec 1763–1791* Queen Charlotte Islands 1853–1863
* Rhode Island 1636–1776
* Rupert's Land 1670–1870
* Saint Croix 1625–1650
* Saint Kitts 1623–1983
* †*Saint Kitts and Nevis 1882–1983
* †*Saint Lucia 1605–1979
* †*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1627–1979
* Saybrook 1635–1644
* South Carolina 1712–1776
* Stickeen 1862–1863
* †Trinidad and Tobago 1889–1962
* Turks and Caicos Islands since 1799
* Vancouver Island 1849–1866
* Virgin Islands since 1666
* Virginia 1607–1776
* West Florida 1763–1783
* West Indies Federation 1958–1962
* Associated States 1967–1983
* West Jersey 1674–1702
* Windward Islands 1833–1960

South America

* Providence Island 1631–1641
* Willoughbyland 1651–1667
* Saint Andrew and Providence Islands4 1670–1688
* †Guiana 1831–1966

* 4Now a department of Colombia

Oceania

* New South Wales 1788–1901
* Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1803–1901
* Auckland Islands20 1807–1863
* New Hebrides21 1824–1980
* Queensland 1824–1901
* Swan River/Western Australia 1829–1901
* South Australia 1836–1901
* Pitcairn Islands since 1838
* New Zealand 1841–1907
* North Australia 1846–1847
* Victoria 1851–1901
* †Fiji 1874–1970
* Western Pacific Territories 1877–1976
* Papua 1884–1902
* Rarotonga/Cook Islands20 1888–1901
* Union Islands20 1889–1948
* Gilbert and Ellice Islands22 1892–1979
* †*Solomon Islands 1893–1978
* †Tonga 1900–1970
* Niue20 1900–1974
* †*Australia 1901–1942
* †*New Zealand 1907–1947
* †Samoa 1914–1962
* †Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968

* 20Now part of the †Realm of New Zealand
* 21Now †Vanuatu
* 22Now †Kiribati and †*Tuvalu

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

* Saint Helena23 since 1658
* Ascension Island23 since 1815
* Tristan da Cunha23 since 1816
* Falkland Islands5 since 1833
* †Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
* †Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
* British Antarctic Territory24 since 1908
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands25 since 1908

* 5Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.
* 23Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
* 24Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the Antarctic Treaty.
* 25Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

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Territorial disputes involving the United Kingdom

* Gibraltar
* Falkland Islands
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* British Antarctic Territory
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Phoenician cities and colonies

Algeria|

Camarata
Cartennae (Tenes)
Hippo Regius
Icosium (Algiers)
Igilgili (Jijel)
Iol (Cherchell)
Iomnium (Tigzirt)
Cirta (Constantine)
Kissi (Djinet)
Macomades
Malaca
Rachgoun
Rusazus (Azeffoun)
Rusguniae (Tamentfoust)
Rusicade (Skikda)
Rusippisir (Taksebt)
Rusubbicari (Zemmouri El Bahri)
Rusuccuru (Dellys)
Sarai (Aïn Oulmene)
Thagora (Taoura)
Tipasa in Mauretania
Tipasa in Numidia
Timici

Cyprus|

Dhali
Kition (Larnaca)
Lapathus
Marion

Greece|

Callista (Santorini)
Paxi
Rhodes
Delos

Israel|

Tell Abu Hawam (Haifa)
Achzib
Akka (Acre)
Dora
Michal
Jaffa
Reshef
Shikmona (Haifa)
Strato's Tower (Caesarea)

Italy|

Bitan (Chia)
Cape Melqart (Cefalù)
Drepanum (Trapani)
Eryx (Erice)
Heraclea Minoa
Kapara (Soluntum)
Karaly (Cagliari)
Lilybaeum
Motya
Neapolis
Nora
Olbia
Pantelleria
Selinunte
Sulci (Sant'Antioco)
Tharros
Ṣiṣ (Palermo)

Lebanon|

Amia
Ampi
Arqa
Athar (Tripoli)
Baalbek
Birut (Beirut)
Botrys (Teros)
Gebal (Byblos)
Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)
Porphyreon (Jieh)
Sarepta
Sidon
Sur (Tyre), Ushu (Palaetyrus)
Umm al-Amad

Libya|

Lepcis (Khoms)
Oyat (Tripoli)
Tsabratan

Malta|

Maleth (Cospicua)
Ann (Mdina)
Gaulos (Gozo)
Għajn Qajjet
Mtarfa
Ras il-Wardija
Tas-Silġ

Morocco|

Azama (Azemmour)
Arambys (Mogador)
Caricus Murus
Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)
Likush (Larache)
Shalat (Chellah)
Tamusida
Tinga (Tangier)
Anfa (Casablanca)
Volubilis 1
Mogador
Rusadir
Oualidia
Zilil
Gadir
Sala
Thymiaterium
Rusibis

Portugal|

Portus Hannibalis
Portus Magonis (Portimão)
Olissipona (Lisbon)
Ossonoba (Faro)
Balsa (Tavira)

Spain|

Abdera (Adra)
Abyla (Ceuta)
Akra Leuka (Alicante)
Gadir (Cadiz)
Herna
Iboshim (Ibiza)
Mahón
Malake (Málaga)
Onoba
Carthage (Cartagena)
Rushadir (Melilla)
Saguntum
Sexi (Almunecar)
Tagilit (Tíjola)
Toscanos (Velez)
Tyreche

Syria|

Arwad
Marat (Amrit)
Balanaea (Baniyas)
Carne
Paltus
Safita
Shuksi
Sumur
Ugarit

Tunisia|

Aspis (Kelibia)
Bulla Regia
Carthage
Hadrumetum (Sousse)
Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)
Kerkouane
Lepcis (Monastir)
Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)
Meninx (Djerba)
Ruspe
Ruspina
Sicca (El Kef)
Tabarka
Tayinat (Thyna)
Thapsus
Thysdrus (El Djem)
Utica

Other|

Myriandus
Phoenicus
Gibraltar
Tahpanhes

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