Giovanni Gentile

Italian pedagogue, philosopher, and politician (1875–1944)

For the composer, see Giovanni Gentile (composer). For the 16th-century Italian humanist, see Giovanni Valentino Gentile.

Giovanni Gentile

Gentile in the 1930s

President of the Royal Academy of Italy
In office
25 July 1943 – 15 April 1944
Monarch| Victor Emmanuel III
Preceded by| Luigi Federzoni
Succeeded by| Giotto Dainelli Dolfi
Minister of Public Education
In office
31 October 1922 – 1 July 1924
Prime Minister| Benito Mussolini
Preceded by| Antonino Anile [it]
Succeeded by| Alessandro Casati
Member of the Senate of the Kingdom
In office
5 November 1922 – 5 August 1943
Appointed by| Victor Emmanuel III
Personal details
Born| (1875-05-30)30 May 1875
Castelvetrano, Kingdom of Italy
Died| 15 April 1944(1944-04-15) (aged 68)
Florence, Kingdom of Italy
Manner of death| Assassination by gunshot
Resting place| Santa Croce,
Florence, Italy
Political party| National Fascist Party
(1923–1943)
Spouse|

Erminia Nudi

(m. 1901)​

Children| 6, including Federico
Alma mater| Scuola Normale Superiore[1]
University of Florence[1]
Signature|
Philosophical work
Era| 20th-century philosophy
Region| Western philosophy
School| Neo-Hegelianism
Main interests| Metaphysics, dialectics, pedagogy
Notable works|

* Gentile Reform
* The Doctrine of Fascism
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals

Notable ideas| Actual idealism, fascism, immanentism (method of immanence)[2]

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Hegelianism
Works

* The Phenomenology of Spirit
* The Science of Logic
* Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences
* Elements of the Philosophy of Right
* Lectures on the Philosophy of History
* Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion
* Lectures on the History of Philosophy
* Lectures on Aesthetics

Schools

* Absolute idealism
* British idealism
* German idealism

Associations and Societies

* Hegel-Archiv
* Internationale Hegel-Gesellschaft
* Internationale Hegel-Vereinigung
* Hegel Society of America
* Hegel Society of Great Britain
* Centre de recherche et de documentation sur Hegel

Journals

* Hegel-Studien
* Hegel-Jahrbuch
* Hegel Bulletin
* The Owl of Minerva
* Studia Hegeliana
* Revista Eletrônica Estudos Hegelianos

Related topics

* Right Hegelians
* Young Hegelians

* v
* t
* e

Giovanni Gentile (/dʒɛnˈtiːleɪ/ jen-TEE-lay, Italian: [dʒoˈvanni dʒenˈtiːle]; 30 May 1875 – 15 April 1944) was an Italian pedagogue, philosopher, and politician.

He, alongside Benedetto Croce, was one of the major exponents of Italian idealism in Italian philosophy, and also devised his own system of thought, which he called "actual idealism" or "actualism", which has been described as "the subjective extreme of the idealist tradition".

Described by himself and by Benito Mussolini as the "philosopher of fascism", he was influential in providing an intellectual foundation for Italian fascism, notably through writing the 1925 Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals, and part of the 1932 "The Doctrine of Fascism" with Mussolini. As Minister for Public Education, he introduced in 1923 the so-called Gentile Reform, the first major piece of legislation passed by the Fascist government, which would last in some capacity until 1962. He also helped found the Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia with Giovanni Treccani, and was its first editor.

Though his political influence waned as Mussolini sought the alliance of the Catholic Church in the late 1920s, which conflicted with Gentile's secularism, he remained a faithful Fascist, even after the 1943 armistice with the Allies, and followed Mussolini into the Italian Social Republic. He was shot dead in 1944 by partisans of the Italian resistance.

## Biography

[edit]

### Early life and career

[edit]

Gentile was born in Castelvetrano, Italy. He was inspired by Risorgimento-era Italian intellectuals such as Mazzini, Rosmini, Gioberti, and Spaventa from whom he borrowed the idea of autoctisi, "self-construction", but also strongly influenced and mentored by the German idealist and materialist schools of thought – namely Karl Marx, Hegel, and Fichte, with whom he shared the ideal of creating a Wissenschaftslehre (Doctrine of Science), a theory for a structure of knowledge that makes no assumptions. Friedrich Nietzsche, too, influenced him, as seen in an analogy between Nietzsche's Übermensch and Gentile's Uomo Fascista.[3] In religion he presented himself as a Catholic (of sorts), and emphasised actual idealism's Christian heritage; Antonio G. Pesce insists that 'there is in fact no doubt that Gentile was a Catholic', but he occasionally identified himself as an atheist, albeit one who was still culturally a Catholic.[4][5]

He won a fierce competition to become one of four exceptional students of the prestigious Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, where he enrolled in the Faculty of Humanities.

In 1898 he graduated in Letters and Philosophy with a dissertation titled Rosmini e Gioberti, that he realized under the supervision of Donato Jaja, a disciple of Bertrando Spaventa.[6]

During his academic career, Gentile served in a number of positions, including:

* Professor of the History of Philosophy at the University of Palermo (27 March 1910);
* Professor of Theoretical Philosophy at the University of Pisa (9 August 1914);
* Professor of the History of Philosophy at the University of Rome (11 November 1917), and later as Professor of Theoretical Philosophy (1926);
* Commissioner of the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (1928–32), and later as its Director (1932–43); and
* Vice President of Bocconi University in Milan (1934–44).

A long-time collaborator of Benedetto Croce, the two first became friends in 1896 and remained close until 1925, when Croce sided against fascism and Gentile for it with their Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals and Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals respectively.[7][8]

### First World War

[edit]

Gentile was largely uninvolved with politics prior to the outbreak of World War One; he saw himself as a conservative liberal in the vein of Cavour, but mostly concerned himself with writing on the matters of education.[9] Like many Italians, however, the war marked the start of more active involvement in politics, and publicly declared himself for Italy's intervention in the war after the disastrous Battle of Caporetto in 1917, though was privately one from the outbreak of the war.[10] He saw the war as the emergence of a new Italy, which had to fight and destroy the "easy-going, idle Italy", "known for its faint-hearted nature, its individualism, its poor sense of taste and its tendency to withdraw into private egoism"; it was a chance to complete the Risorgimento and uphold its ideals.[11]

Despite his ardent support of the war, he remained staunch in his criticism of the extreme nationalists such as Enrico Corradini and the Italian Nationalist Association for their rejection of liberalism.[12] By the end of the war in 1918, he was attacking much of the Italian political sphere: the Socialists and the Catholics of the future Popular Party for their opposition to the national state; the Vatican as a hostile independent power opposed to the existence of Italy; and the liberal trasformismo of Giovanni Giolitti and the Italian Parliament, marred by endless squabbling, and now an outdated relic in the face of the "new Italy" birthed by the experience of war.[13]

Gentile was indignant at the rejection of Italy's claims, set out in the 1915 Treaty of London, at the Paris Peace Conference. Not only did it fail to respect the hard-fought gains of the "new Italy", but it encouraged fatalism, liberal back-biting, and the questioning of the ideals of intervention in the first place—that is, of the spiritual invigoration that Gentile saw as the most significant consequence of the war.[14] As such, he would support the ultranationalist poet Gabriele D'Annunzio's 1919 occupation of Fiume,[15] which was an important precursor to Fascism.[16] Nonetheless, he continued to believe in liberal democracy and praised the new Prime Minister, Francesco Saverio Nitti, for his commitment to national economic recovery.[17] As the post-war period wore on, Gentile saw no sign of the spiritual revolution within Italian liberal society that he had hoped for, and became increasingly disillusioned; he disengaged with active politics in 1920 and would not return to it until Benito Mussolini's 1922 seizure of power in the March on Rome,[18] by which point fascist doctrine was largely complete.[19]

### Involvement with Fascism

[edit]

#### Minister of Public Education, 1922–1924

[edit]

Further information: Gentile Reform

In 1922, on the recommendation of Benedetto Croce, who had refused the role himself, Gentile was named Minister for Public Education for the government of Benito Mussolini.[20] The cabinet, though strongly right-wing, was broadly non-partisan;[21] Gentile's inclusion, alongside several other notable non-fascists, was taken as a sign of reconciliation and the promised return to law-and-order.[22] He officially joined the National Fascist Party in 1923.[23]

In his capacity as Minister for Public Education, he instituted the 1923 Gentile Reform, which was the first major reform of the education system since the Unification of Italy and the Casati Law [it][24][25] Despite lacking any substantial education policy prior to coming to power, it was the first significant piece of legislation of the Fascist regime; Mussolini described it as the "most Fascist reform".[26]

Based on philosophically idealist and conservative elitist ideas, it was designed to help form the new elite of Fascist society[27] and to reduce the number of intellectual graduates saturating the job market.[28]

An additional purpose of the reform was to improve the regime's relationship with the Catholic Church. It made religious instruction mandatory in junior schools, gave equal distinction to private (notably Catholic) and state schools, and allowed both to sit the same qualification exams for entrance into higher education; these were important elements of the programme of the Catholic Popular party, and did much to shore up Catholic opinion of the Fascist regime—a long-standing problem for Italian governments due to the Roman Question—as part of a wider programme of concessions by Mussolini to the Vatican.[25][29] However, it did not go far enough to completely please the Church. Complaints remained over the fact that religious teaching was neither given by priests nor extended beyond the junior schools.[25][30]

Included in this reform was an attempt to limit the number of women teachers in schools, part of Italian Fascism's wider campaign against feminism, suggesting that:

> Women do not have, nor will they ever have, either the moral or mental vigor to teach in those schools which formed the ruling class of the country.[31]

The reform also mandated that Italian was the only language to be used in public schools, severely impacting the autonomy of non-Italian speaking minorities—known as allogeni—particularly in the regions of Alto-Adige and the Julian March, recently annexed in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye following the First World War.[32]

Under Gentile's reform, the secondary school system was substantially reorganised. The technical schools (scuola technica), relied on by the middle class for educational attainment and in which pupil numbers had increased rapidly since 1900, were abolished. In their place were "complementary schools" (scuola complementare), general education schools which did not allow access to universities or further qualifications.[33] Entry into particular fields, such as science and engineering, were restricted to other specialised secondary schools. The curriculum was also rearranged, emphasising the humanities and especially philosophy; teaching of Latin was also more widely introduced.[34]

Pupil numbers were successfully reduced under Gentile's new system. Secondary school student numbers dropped from 337,000 to 237,000 between 1923 and 1926–27, and university students by 13,000, from 53,000 in 1919–20 to 40,000 in 1928–29. Enrollment in the technical schools, and the complementary schools that replaced them, dropped by half from 1922–23 to 1923–24.[35]

The reform, which had produced a system far more complicated than before, proved unpopular. After Gentile left his position in 1924, it would be gradually dismantled by his successors;[30] the "complementary schools" were abolished in 1930, and in 1939 then-Minister for Education Giuseppe Bottai made further sweeping changes to the education system.[36]

He resigned his position in 1924 during the Matteotti Crisis. Christopher Seton-Watson suggested it was in protest of the murder of Giacomo Matteotti;[37] Gabriele Turi disputes this, writing instead that the purpose of his resignation was to reinforce the Fascist regime and relieve Mussolini's cabinet of his own unpopular presence.[38]

#### After the Matteotti Crisis

[edit]

In 1925, Gentile headed two constitutional commissions that helped establish the corporate state of Fascism as part of the Exceptional Fascist Laws [it], and was a member of the Fascist Grand Council from 1925 to 1929.[39]

Giovanni Gentile and Benito Mussolini examining the first volumes of the Enciclopedia Italiana

Giovanni Gentile was described by Mussolini, and by himself, as "the philosopher of Fascism"; he was the ghostwriter of the first part of the essay "The Doctrine of Fascism" (1932), attributed to Mussolini.[40] It was first published in 1932, in the Italian Encyclopedia, wherein he described the traits characteristic of Italian Fascism at the time: compulsory state corporatism, Philosopher Kings, the abolition of the parliamentary system, and autarky. He also wrote the Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals which was signed by a number of writers and intellectuals, including Luigi Pirandello, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and Giuseppe Ungaretti.

Gentile's political influence in the regime waned in the late 1920s. He lost favour for remarking that fascism was a minority movement and was further sidelined following the Lateran Treaty, with his anti-clericalism no longer appropriate if the regime was to maintain the support of the Catholic Church.[41] Gentile remained loyal to Mussolini, however, and continued to support him even after the fall of the Fascist government in 1943, following him in the establishment of the Republic of Salò, a puppet state of Nazi Germany, and accepted an appointment in its government despite having criticized its anti-Jewish laws. Gentile was the last president of the Royal Academy of Italy (1943–1944).[42]

## Death

[edit]

Bruno Fanciullacci, Gentile's assassin

On 30 March 1944, Gentile received death threats blaming him for the execution of the Martyrs of Campo di Marte by Republic of Salò troops and accusing him of promoting fascism.[43] Only two weeks later on 15 April 1944, Bruno Fanciullacci and Antonio Ignesti, both of whom belonged to the communist partisan organization Gruppi di Azione Patriottica (GAP), approached Gentile in his parked car, hiding pistols behind a book. When Gentile lowered the car window to speak to them, he was immediately hit with several bullets to the chest and heart, killing him. Fanciullacci was killed several months later as he tried to escape capture.[38][44]

Gentile's assassination divided the anti-fascist front. It was disapproved of by the Tuscan branch of the CLN with the sole exception of the Italian Communist Party, which approved the assassination and claimed responsibility for it.[45]

Villa di Montalto in Florence, location of Giovanni Gentile's assassination. Fascist and Communist graffiti honouring and denouncing Gentile, respectively, is visible.

Gentile was buried in the church of Santa Croce in Florence.[46]

## Philosophy

[edit]

Main article: Actual Idealism

Patrick Romanell, philosopher and translator of the work of Benedetto Croce, wrote that Gentile "holds the honor of having been the most rigorous neo-Hegelian in the entire history of Western philosophy and the dishonor of having been the official philosopher of Fascism in Italy."[47] Gentile's philosophical basis for fascism was rooted in his understanding of ontology and epistemology, in which he found vindication for the rejection of individualism and acceptance of collectivism, with the state as the ultimate location of authority and loyalty outside of which individuality had no meaning (and which in turn helped justify the totalitarian dimension of fascism).[48]

The conceptual relationship between Gentile's actual idealism and his conception of fascism is not self-evident. The supposed relationship does not appear to be based on logical deducibility. That is, actual idealism does not entail a fascist ideology in any rigorous sense.[original research?] Gentile enjoyed fruitful intellectual relations with Croce from 1899 – and particularly during their joint editorship of La Critica from 1903 to 1922 – but broke philosophically and politically from Croce in the early 1920s over Gentile's embrace of fascism. (Croce assesses their philosophical disagreement in Una discussione tra filosofi amici in Conversazioni Critiche, II.)

Ultimately, Gentile foresaw a social order wherein opposites of all kinds were not to be considered as existing independently from each other; that 'publicness' and 'privateness' as broad interpretations were currently false as imposed by all former kinds of government, including capitalism and communism; and that only the reciprocal totalitarian state of corporatism, a fascist state, could defeat these problems which are made from reifying as an external reality that which is in fact, to Gentile, only a reality in thinking. Whereas it was common in the philosophy of the time to see the conditional subject as abstract and the object as concrete, Gentile postulated (after Hegel) the opposite, that the subject is concrete and the object a mere abstraction (or rather, that what was conventionally dubbed "subject" is in fact only conditional object, and that the true subject is the act of being or essence of the object).

Gentile was, because of his actualist system, a notable philosophical presence across Europe during his time. At its base, Gentile's brand of idealism asserted the primacy of the "pure act" of thinking. This act is foundational to all human experience – it creates the phenomenal world – and involves a process of "reflective awareness" (in Italian, "l'atto del pensiero, pensiero pensante") that is constitutive of the Absolute and revealed in education.[49] Gentile's emphasis on seeing Mind as the Absolute signalled his "revival of the idealist doctrine of the autonomy of the mind."[50] It also connected his philosophical work to his vocation as a teacher. In actual idealism, then, pedagogy is transcendental and provides the process by which the Absolute is revealed.[42] His idea of a transcending truth above positivism garnered particular attention by emphasizing that all modes of sensation only take the form of ideas within one's mind; in other words, they are mental constructs. To Gentile, for example, even the correlation of the function and location of the physical brain with the functions of the physical body was merely a consistent creation of the mind, and not of the brain (itself a creation of the mind). Observations like this have led some commentators to view Gentile's philosophy as a kind of "absolute solipsism," expressing the idea "that only the spirit or mind is real".[51]

Actual idealism also touches on ideas of concern to theology. An example of actual idealism in theology is the idea that although man may have invented the concept of God, it does not make God any less real in any possible sense, so long as God is not presupposed to exist as abstraction, and except in case qualities about what existence actually entails (i.e. being invented apart from the thinking that makes it) are presupposed. Benedetto Croce objected that Gentile's "pure act" is nothing other than Schopenhauer's will.[52]

Therefore, Gentile proposed a form of what he called "absolute Immanentism" in which the divine was the present conception of reality in the totality of one's individual thinking as an evolving, growing and dynamic process. Many times accused of solipsism, Gentile maintained his philosophy to be a Humanism that sensed the possibility of nothing beyond what was colligate in perception; the self's human thinking, in order to communicate as immanence is to be human like oneself, made a cohesive empathy of the self-same, without an external division, and therefore not modelled as objects to one's own thinking. Whereas solipsism would feel trapped in the realization of its solitude, actualism rejects such privation and is an expression of the only freedom which is possible within objective contingencies, where the transcendental Self does not even exist as an object, and the dialectical co-substantiation of others necessary to understand the empirical self is felt as true others when found to be the nonrelativistic subjectivity of that whole self and essentially unified with the spirit of such higher self in actu, where others can be truly known, rather than thought as windowless monads.

### Phases of his thought

[edit]

A number of developments in Gentile's thought and career helped to define his philosophy, including:

* the definition of Actual Idealism in his work Theory of the Pure Act (1903);
* his support for the invasion of Libya (1911) and the entry of Italy into World War I (1915);
* his dispute with Benedetto Croce over the historic inevitability of Fascism;[53]
* his role as minister of education (1922–24);
* his belief that Fascism could be made subservient to his philosophical thought, along with his gathering of influence through the work of students like Armando Carlini (leader of the so-called "right Gentilians") and Ugo Spirito (who applied Gentile's philosophy to social problems and helped codify Fascist political theory); and
* his work on the Enciclopedia Italiana (1925–43; first edition finished in 1936).

### Gentile's definition of and vision for Fascism

[edit]

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* e

Gentile considered Fascism the fulfilment of the Risorgimento ideals,[54] particularly those represented by Giuseppe Mazzini[55] and the Historical Right party.[56]

Gentile sought to make his philosophy the basis for Fascism.[57] However, with Gentile and with Fascism, the "problem of the party" existed by virtue of the fact that the Fascist "party", as such, arose organically rather than from a tract or pre-established socio-political doctrine. This complicated the matter for Gentile as it left no consensus to any way of thinking among Fascists, but ironically this aspect was to Gentile's view of how a state or party doctrine should live out its existence: with natural organic growth and dialectical opposition intact. The fact that Mussolini gave credence to Gentile's viewpoints via Gentile's authorship helped with an official consideration, even though the "problem of the party" continued to exist for Mussolini as well.

Gentile placed himself within the Hegelian tradition but also sought to distance himself from those views he considered erroneous. He criticized Hegel's dialectic (of Idea-Nature-Spirit), and instead proposed that everything is Spirit, with the dialectic residing in the pure act of thinking. Gentile believed Marx's conception of the dialectic to be the fundamental flaw of his application to system making. To the neo-Hegelian Gentile, Marx had made the dialectic into an external object and therefore had abstracted it by making it part of a material process of historical development. The dialectic to Gentile could only be something of human precepts, something that is an active part of human thinking. It was, to Gentile, a concrete subject and not abstract object. This Gentile expounded on how humans think in forms wherein one side of a dual opposite could not be thought of without its complement.

"Upward" wouldn't be known without "downward" and "heat" couldn't be known without "cold", while each are opposites they are co-dependent for either one's realization: these were creations that existed as dialectic only in human thinking and couldn't be confirmed outside of which, and especially could not be said to exist in a condition external to human thought like independent matter and a world outside of personal subjectivity or as an empirical reality when not conceived in unity and from the standpoint of the human mind.

To Gentile, Marx's externalizing of the dialectic was essentially a fetishistic mysticism. Though when viewed externally thus, it followed that Marx could then make claims to the effect of what state or condition the dialectic objectively existed in history, a posteriori of where any individual's opinion was while comporting oneself to the totalized whole of society. i.e. people themselves could by such a view be ideologically 'backwards' and left behind from the current state of the dialectic and not themselves be part of what is actively creating the dialectic as-it-is.

Gentile thought this was absurd, and that there was no 'positive' independently existing dialectical object. Rather, the dialectic was natural to the state, as it is. Meaning that the interests composing the state are composing the dialectic by their living organic process of holding oppositional views within that state, and unified therein. It is the mean condition of those interests as ever they exist. Even criminality is unified as a necessary dialectic to be subsumed into the state and a creation and natural outlet of the dialectic of the positive state as ever it is.

This view (influenced by the Hegelian theory of the state) justified the corporative system, wherein the individualized and particular interests of all divergent groups were to be personably incorporated into the state ("Stato etico"), each to be considered a bureaucratic branch of the state itself and given official leverage. Gentile, rather than believing the private to be swallowed synthetically within the public as Marx would have it in his objective dialectic, believed that public and private were a priori identified with each other in an active and subjective dialectic: one could not be subsumed fully into the other as they already are beforehand the same. In such a manner each is the other after their own fashion and from their respective, relative, and reciprocal, position. Yet both constitute the state itself and neither are free from it, nothing ever being truly free from it, the state (as in Hegel) existing as an eternal condition and not an objective, abstract collection of atomistic values and facts of the particulars about what is positively governing the people at any given time.

## Works

[edit]

* On the Comedies of Antonfranceso Grazzi, "Il Lasca" (1896)
* A Criticism of Historical Materialism (1897)
* Rosmini and Gioberti (1898)
* The Philosophy of Marx (1899)
* The Concept of History (1899)
* The teaching of philosophy in high schools (1900)
* The scientific concept of pedagogy (1900)
* On the Life and Writings of B. Spaventa (1900)
* Hegelian Controversy (1902)
* Secondary school unit and freedom of studies (1902)
* Philosophy and Empiricism (1902)
* The Rebirth of Idealism (1903)
* From Genovesi to Galluppi (1903)
* Studies on the Roman Stoicism of the 1st century BC (1904)
* High School Reforms (1905)
* The Son of G. B. Vico (1905)
* The Reform of the Middle School (1906)
* The various editions of T. Campanella 's De sensu rerum (1906)
* Giordano Bruno in the History of Culture (1907)
* The first process of heresy of T. Campanella (1907)
* Vincenzo Gioberti in the first centenary of his birth (1907)
* The Concept of the History of Philosophy (1908)
* School and Philosophy (1908)
* Modernism and the Relationship between Religion and Philosophy (1909)
* Bernardino Telesio (1911)
* The Theory of Mind as Pure Act (1912)
* The Philosophical Library of Palermo (1912)
* On Current Idealism: Memories and Confessions (1913)
* The Problems of Schooling and Italian Thought (1913)
* Reform of Hegelian Dialectics (1913)
* Summary of Pedagogy as a Philosophical Science (1913)
* The wrongs and the rights of positivism (1914)
* The Philosophy of War (1914)
* Pascuale Galluppi, a Jacobine? (1914)
* Writings of life and ideas by V. Gioberti (1915)
* Donato Jaja (1915)
* The Bible of the Letters in Print by V. Gioberti (1915)
* Vichian Studies (1915)
* Pure experience and historical reality (1915)
* For the Reform of Philosophical Insights (1916)
* The concept of man in the Renaissance (1916)
* The Foundations of the Philosophy of Law (1916)
* General theory of the spirit as pure act (1916)
* The origins of contemporary philosophy in Italy (1917)
* System of logic as theory of knowledge (1917)
* The historical character of Italian philosophy (1918)
* Is there an Italian school? (1918)
* Marxism of Benedict Croce (1918)
* The sunset of Sicilian culture (1919)
* Mazzini (1919)
* The political realism of V. Gioberti (1919)
* War and Faith (1919)
* After the Victory (1920)
* The post-war school problem (1920)
* Reform of Education (1920)
* Discourses of Religion (1920)
* Giordano Bruno and the Thought of the Renaissance (1920)
* Art and Religion (1920)
* Bertrando Spaventa (1920)
* Defense of Philosophy (1920)
* History of the Piedmontese culture of the 2nd half of the 16th century (1921)
* Fragments of Aesthetics and Literature (1921)
* Glimmers of the New Italy (1921)
* Education and the secular school (1921)
* Critical Essays (1921)
* The Philosophy of Dante (1921)
* The modern concept of science and the university problem (1921)
* G. Capponi and the Tuscan culture of the 20th century (1922)
* Studies on the Renaissance (1923)
* Dante and Manzoni, an essay on Art and Religion (1923)
* The Prophets of the Italian Risorgimento (1923)
* On the Logic of the Concrete (1924)
* Preliminaries in the Study of the Child (1924)
* School Reform (1924)
* Fascism and Sicily (1924)
* Fascism to the Government of the School (1924)
* What is fascism (1925) -- Translated into English from the Italian (Che cosa è il fascismo). Sunny Lou Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1-95539-236-5, 2023)
* The New Middle School (1925)
* Current Warnings (1926)
* Fragments of History of Philosophy (1926)
* Critical Essays (1926)
* The Legacy of Vittorio Alfieri (1926)
* Fascist Culture (1926)
* The religious problem in Italy (1927)
* Italian thought of the nineteenth century (1928)
* Fascism and Culture (1928)
* The Philosophy of Fascism (1928)
* The Great Council's Law (1928)
* Manzoni and Leopardi (1929)
* Origins and Doctrine of Fascism (1929)
* The philosophy of art (1931)
* The Reform of the School in Italy (1932)
* Introduction to Philosophy (1933)
* The Woman and the Child (1934)
* Origins and Doctrine of Fascism (1934)
* Economics and Ethics (1934)
* Leonardo da Vinci (Gentile was one of the contributors, 1935)

### Collected works

[edit]

#### Systematic works

[edit]

* I–II. Summary of pedagogy as a philosophical science (Vol. I: General pedagogy; Vol. II: Teaching).
* III. The general theory of the spirit as pure act.
* IV. The foundations of the philosophy of law.
* V–VI. The System of Logic as Theory of Knowledge (Vol. 2).
* VII. Reform of education.
* VIII. The philosophy of art.
* IX. Genesis and structure of society.

#### Historical works

[edit]

* X. History of philosophy. From the origins to Plato.
* XI. History of Italian philosophy (up to Lorenzo Valla).
* XII. The Problems of Schooling and Italian Thinking.
* XIII. Studies on Dante.
* XIV The Italian thought of the Renaissance.
* XV. Studies on the Renaissance.
* XVI. Vichian Studies.
* XVII. The legacy of Vittorio Alfieri.
* XVIII–XIX. History of Italian philosophy from Genovesi to Galluppi (vol.2).
* XXI. Albori of the new Italy (vol.2).
* XXII. Vincenzo Cook. Studies and notes.
* XXIII. Gino Capponi and Tuscan culture in the decimony of the century.
* XXIV. Manzoni and Leopardi.
* XXV. Rosmini and Gioberti.
* XXVI. The prophets of the Italian Risorgimento.
* XXVII. Reform of Hegelian Dialectics.
* XXVIII. Marx's philosophy.
* XXIX. Bertrando Spaventa.
* XXX. The sunset of the Sicilian culture.
* XXXI-XXXIV. The origins of contemporary philosophy in Italy. (Vol. I: Platonists, Vol II: Positivists, Vol III and IV: Neo-Kantians and Hegelians).
* XXXV. Modernism and the relationship between religion and philosophy.

#### Various works

[edit]

* XXXVI. Introduction to philosophy.
* XXXVII. Religious Speeches.
* XXXVIII. Defence of philosophy.
* XXXIX. Education and lay school.
* XL. The new middle school.
* XLI. School Reform in Italy.
* XLII. Preliminaries in the study of the child.
* XLIII. War and Faith.
* XLIV. After the win.
* XLV-XLVI. Politics and Culture (Vol. 2).

#### Letter collections

[edit]

* I–II. Letter from Gentile-Jaja (Vol. 2)
* III–VII. Letters to Benedetto Croce (Vol. 5)
* VIII. Letter from Gentile-D'Ancona
* IX. Letter from Gentile-Omodeo
* X. Letter from Gentile-Maturi
* XI. Letter from Gentile-Pintor
* XII. Letter from Gentile-Chiavacci
* XIII. Letter from Gentile-Calogero
* XIV. Letter from Gentile-Donati

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b Gregor, 2001, p. 1.
2. ^ Gentile's so-called method of immanence "attempted to avoid: (1) the postulate of an independently existing world or a Kantian Ding-an-sich (thing-in-itself), and (2) the tendency of neo-Hegelian philosophy to lose the particular self in an Absolute that amounts to a kind of mystical reality without distinctions" (M. E. Moss, Mussolini's Fascist Philosopher: Giovanni Gentile Reconsidered, Peter Lang, p. 7).
3. ^ Forster, Michael N.; Gjesdal, Kristin (5 February 2015). The Oxford Handbook of German Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-106552-1.
4. ^ James Wakefield, Giovanni Gentile and the State of Contemporary Constructivism: A Study of Actual Idealist Moral Theory, Andrews UK Limited, 2015, note 53.
5. ^ Giovanni Gentile, Le ragioni del mio ateismo e la storia del cristianesimo, Giornale critico della filosofia italiana, n. 3, 1922, pp. 325–28.
6. ^ Gentile, Giovanni (1899). Rosmini e Gioberti (in Italian). Vol. 1 vol. Pisa. pp. XII, 318. OCLC 551630913.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (WorldCat record)
7. ^ Gregor, A. James (2007). Giovanni Gentile: philosopher of fascism (4 ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. p. 1\. ISBN 978-0-7658-0593-5.
8. ^ Harris, H. S. (1960). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile. Urbana, London: University of Illinois Press. pp. 221–222\. ISBN 9780252745201. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
9. ^ Harris, H. S. (1960). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile. Urbana, London: University of Illinois Press. p. 131\. ISBN 9780252745201. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
10. ^ Harris, H. S. (1960). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile. Urbana, London: University of Illinois Press. pp. 131, 135. ISBN 9780252745201. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
11. ^ Gentile, Emilio (2009). La Grande Italia: the myth of the nation in the twentieth century. George L. Mosse series in modern European cultural and intellectual history. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 128–129\. ISBN 978-0-299-22810-1.
12. ^ Harris, H. S. (1960). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile. Urbana, London: University of Illinois Press. pp. 133–134\. ISBN 9780252745201. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
13. ^ Harris, H. S. (1960). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile. Urbana, London: University of Illinois Press. pp. 137–139\. ISBN 9780252745201. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
14. ^ Harris, H. S. (1960). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile. Urbana, London: University of Illinois Press. pp. 147–148\. ISBN 9780252745201. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
15. ^ Harris, H. S. (1960). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile. Urbana, London: University of Illinois Press. p. 148\. ISBN 9780252745201. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
16. ^ Ledeen, Michael Arthur (1977). The First Duce: D'Annunzio at Fiume. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. vii–viii. ISBN 978-0-8018-1860-8.
17. ^ Harris, H. S. (1960). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile. Urbana, London: University of Illinois Press. p. 149\. ISBN 9780252745201. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
18. ^ Harris, H. S. (1960). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile. Urbana, London: University of Illinois Press. pp. 153–154\. ISBN 9780252745201. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
19. ^ Sternhell, Zeev; Sznajder, Mario; Ashéri, Maia (1994). The Birth of Fascist Ideology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 229\. ISBN 978-0-691-04486-6.
20. ^ Mack Smith, Denis (1973). "Benedetto Croce: History and Politics". The Historical Journal. 8 (1): 41–61\. JSTOR 260068.
21. ^ Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). Italy from Liberalism to Fascism (1 ed.). Frome; London: Routledge. p. 630\. ISBN 9781032737188.
22. ^ Clark, Martin (2008). Modern Italy, 1871 to the present (3 ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman. p. 266\. ISBN 978-1-4058-2352-4.
23. ^ Harris, H. S. (1960). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile. Urbana, London: University of Illinois Press. p. 218\. ISBN 9780252745201. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
24. ^ Harris, H. S. (1960). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile. Urbana, London: University of Illinois Press. pp. 66–67\. ISBN 9780252745201. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
25. ^ a b c Wolff, Richard J. (1980). "Catholicism, Fascism and Italian Education from the Riforma Gentile to the Carta Della Scuola 1922-1939". History of Education Quarterly. 20 (1): 3–26\. doi:10.2307/367888. JSTOR 367888.
26. ^ De Grand, Alexander J. (2000). Italian fascism: its origins & development (3 ed.). Lincoln ; London: University of Nebraska Press. p. 150\. ISBN 978-0-8032-6622-3.
27. ^ De Grand, Alexander J. (2000). Italian fascism: its origins & development (3 ed.). Lincoln ; London: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 150–151\. ISBN 978-0-8032-6622-3.
28. ^ De Grand, Alexander J. (2000). Italian fascism: its origins & development (3 ed.). Lincoln ; London: University of Nebraska Press. p. 49\. ISBN 978-0-8032-6622-3.
29. ^ Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). Italy from Liberalism to Fascism (1 ed.). Frome; London: Routledge. p. 633\. ISBN 9781032737188.
30. ^ a b De Grand, Alexander J. (2000). Italian fascism: its origins & development (3 ed.). Lincoln ; London: University of Nebraska Press. p. 151\. ISBN 978-0-8032-6622-3.
31. ^ De Grand, Alexander (1976). "Women under Italian Fascism". The Historical Journal. 19 (4): 947–68\. doi:10.1017/S0018246X76000011. JSTOR 2638244.
32. ^ Pergher, Roberta (27 October 2017). Mussolini's Nation-Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 63-64. doi:10.1017/9781108333450. ISBN 978-1-108-33345-0.
33. ^ Clark, Martin (2008). Modern Italy, 1871 to the present (3 ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman. p. 331\. ISBN 978-1-4058-2352-4.
34. ^ Clark, Martin (2008). Modern Italy, 1871 to the present (3 ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman. p. 332\. ISBN 978-1-4058-2352-4.
35. ^ De Grand, Alexander J. (2000). Italian fascism: its origins & development (3 ed.). Lincoln ; London: University of Nebraska Press. p. 50\. ISBN 978-0-8032-6622-3.
36. ^ Clark, Martin (2008). Modern Italy, 1871 to the Present (3 ed.). Harlow, England ; New York: Pearson Education. p. 333\. ISBN 978-1-4058-2352-4. OCLC 163594143.
37. ^ Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). Italy from Liberalism to Fascism (1 ed.). Frome; London: Routledge. p. 651\. ISBN 9781032737188.
38. ^ a b Turi, Gabriele (1998). "Giovanni Gentile: Oblivion, Remembrance, and Criticism". The Journal of Modern History. 70 (4): 913–933\. doi:10.1086/235171. ISSN 0022-2801. JSTOR 10.1086/235171. S2CID 143276729.
39. ^ Gregor, A. James (2007). Giovanni Gentile: philosopher of fascism (4 ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. p. 2\. ISBN 978-0-7658-0593-5.
40. ^ "The first half of the article was the work of Giovanni Gentile; only the second half was Mussolini's own work, though the whole article appeared under his name." Adrian Lyttelton, Italian Fascisms: from Pareto to Gentile, 13.
41. ^ Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy: A Political History, 1997, pp. 357
42. ^ a b "Giovanni Gentile | Italian philosopher". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
43. ^ Turi, Gabriele (1995). Giovanni Gentile. Una biografia. Florence: Giunti Editore. ISBN 88-09-20755-6.
44. ^ "L'assassinio di Gentile - Vita e morte di Giovanni Gentile". Archived from the original on 21 April 2014.
45. ^ "E dopo 70 anni nuovi scenari dietro l'esecuzione di Gentile - la Repubblica.it". La Repubblica (in Italian). 24 April 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
46. ^ "Giovanni Gentile". Italy On This Day. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
47. ^ Patrick Romanell, "Translator's Introduction," in Guide to Aesthetics by Benedetto Croce, The Library of Liberal Arts, The Bobbs–Merrill Co., Inc., 1965, p. viii.
48. ^ "Mussolini – THE DOCTRINE OF FASCISM". www.worldfuturefund.org. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
49. ^ Harris, H.S. (1967). "Gentile, Giovanni (1875-1944)". In Gale, Thomas (ed.). Encyclopedia of Philosophy – via Encyclopedia.com.
50. ^ "Giovanni Gentile". Encyclopedia of World Biography. The Gale Group, Inc. 2004 – via Encyclopedia.com.
51. ^ Gentile, Giovanni (1 January 2008). The Theory of Mind as Pure Act. Living Time Press. ISBN 9781905820375.
52. ^ Runes, Dagobert, editor, Treasure of Philosophy, "Gentile, Giovanni".
53. ^ "Croce and Gentile," The Living Age, 19 September 1925.
54. ^ "From Myth to Reality and Back Again: The Fascist and Post-Fascist Reading of Garibaldi and the Risorgimento" (PDF).
55. ^ M. E. Moss (2004) Mussolini's Fascist Philosopher: Giovanni Gentile Reconsidered; New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.; p. 58-60
56. ^ Guerraggio, Angelo; Nastasi, Pietro (20 January 2006). Italian Mathematics Between the Two World Wars. Springer. ISBN 9783764375126.
57. ^ The Philosophical Basis of Fascism By Sir Giovanni Gentile.

## References

[edit]

* A. James Gregor, Giovanni Gentile: Philosopher of Fascism. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2001.

## Further reading

[edit]

### English

[edit]

* Brown, Merle E. (1966). Neo-idealistic Aesthetics: Croce-Gentile-Collingwood, Wayne State University Press.
* Brown, Merle E., "Respice Finem: The Literary Criticism of Giovanni Gentile," in Italica, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Spring, 1970).
* Crespi, Angelo (1926). Contemporary Thought of Italy, Williams and Norgate, Limited.
* De Ruggiero, Guido, "G. Gentile: Absolute Idealism." in Modern Philosophy, Part IV, Chap. III, (George Allen & Unwin, 1921).
* Evans, Valmai Burwood, "The Ethics of Giovanni Gentile," in International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Jan. 1929).
* Evans, Valmai Burwood, "Education in the Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile," in International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Jan. 1933).
* Gregor, James A., "Giovanni Gentile and the Philosophy of the Young Karl Marx," in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 24, No. 2 (April–June 1963).
* Gregor, James A. (2004). Origins and Doctrine of Fascism: With Selections from Other Works by Giovanni Gentile. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers
* Gregor, James A. (2009). Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought, Princeton University Press.
* Gullace, Giovanni, "The Dante Studies of Giovanni Gentile," Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society, No. 90 (1972).
* Harris, H. S. (1966). The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile, U. of Illinois Press.
* Holmes, Roger W. (1937). The Idealism of Giovanni Gentile The Macmillan Company.
* Horowitz, Irving Louis, "On the Social Theories of Giovanni Gentile," in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Dec. 1962).
* Lion, Aline (1932). The Idealistic Conception of Religion; Vico, Hegel, Gentile, Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
* Lyttleton, Adrian, ed. (1973). Italian Fascisms: From Pareto to Gentile, Harper & Row.
* Minio-Paluello, L. (1946). Education in Fascist Italy, Oxford University Press.
* Moss, M. E. (2004). Mussolini's Fascist Philosopher: Giovanni Gentile Reconsidered, Lang.
* Roberts, David D. (2007). Historicism and Fascism in Modern Italy, University of Toronto Press.
* Romanell, Patrick (1937). The Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile, Columbia University.
* Romanell, Patrick (1946). Croce versus Gentile, S. F. Vanni.
* Runes, Dagobert D., ed. (1955). Treasury of Philosophy, Philosophical Library, New York.
* Santillana, George de, "The Idealism of Giovanni Gentile," in Isis, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Nov. 1938).
* Smith, J.A. "The Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile," Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, Vol. 20, (1919–1920).
* Smith, William A. (1970). Giovanni Gentile on the Existence of God, Beatrice-Naewolaerts.
* Spirito, Ugo, "The Religious Feeling of Giovanni Gentile," in East and West, Vol. 5, No. 2 (July 1954).
* Thompson, Merritt Moore (1934). The Educational Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile, University of Southern California.
* Turi, Gabrielle, "Giovanni Gentile: Oblivion, Remembrance, and Criticism," in The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 70, No. 4 (December 1998).

### In Italian

[edit]

* Giovanni Gentile (Augusto Del Noce, Bologna: Il Mulino, 1990)
* Giovanni Gentile filosofo europeo (Salvatore Natoli, Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 1989)
* Giovanni Gentile (Antimo Negri, Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1975)
* Faremo una grande università: Girolamo Palazzina-Giovanni Gentile; Un epistolario (1930–1938), a cura di Marzio Achille Romano (Milano: Edizioni Giuridiche Economiche Aziendali dell'Università Bocconi e Giuffré editori S.p.A., 1999)
* Parlato, Giuseppe. "Giovanni Gentile: From the Risorgimento to Fascism." Trans. Stefano Maranzana. Telos 133 (Winter 2005): pp. 75–94.
* Antonio Cammarana, Proposizioni sulla filosofia di Giovanni Gentile, prefazione del Sen. Armando Plebe, Roma, Gruppo parliamentare MSI-DN, Senato della Repubblica, 1975, 157 Pagine, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze BN 758951.
* Antonio Cammarana, Teorica della reazione dialettica : filosofia del postcomunismo, Roma, Gruppo parliamentare MSI-DN, Senato della Repubblica, 1976, 109 Pagine, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze BN 775492.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giovanni Gentile.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Giovanni Gentile.

* Castelvetrano website
* Works by Giovanni Gentile at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about Giovanni Gentile at the Internet Archive
* Newspaper clippings about Giovanni Gentile in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
* Media talks by Diego Fusaro captioned in English:
* Diego Fusaro: Giovanni Gentile's Philosophy of Pure Act
* Diego Fusaro: The Idealism of Karl Marx, according to Giovanni Gentile
* Diego Fusaro: The Act of Giovanni Gentile & Antonio Gramsci's Praxis
* Emanuele Severino & Diego Fusaro: Action & Becoming. About Giovanni Gentile & Antonio Gramsci
* Diego Fusaro: Giovanni Gentile's Philosophy. An Introduction
* Diego Fusaro: Idealism & Practice; Fichte, Marx & Gentile
* Diego Fusaro: We Must Think Outside The Box (Gramsci, Pound, Gentile)

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Minister of Finance|

* Alberto De Stefani
* Giuseppe Volpi
* Antonio Mosconi
* Guido Jung
* Paolo Ignazio Maria Thaon di Revel
* Giacomo Acerbo

Minister of Justice and Affairs of Religion|

* Aldo Oviglio
* Alfredo Rocco
* Pietro De Francisci
* Arrigo Solmi
* Dino Grandi
* Alfredo De Marsico

Minister of Industry and Commerce|

* Teofilo Rossi

Minister of Public Works|

* Gabriello Carnazza
* Gino Sarrocchi
* Giovanni Giuriati
* Benito Mussolini
* Michele Bianchi
* Araldo di Crollalanza
* Luigi Razza
* Giuseppe Cobolli Gigli
* Adelchi Serena
* Giuseppe Gorla
* Zenone Benini

Minister of War|

* Armando Diaz
* Antonino Di Giorgio
* Benito Mussolini
* Pietro Gazzera
* Benito Mussolini

Minister of Labour and Social Security|

* Stefano Cavazzoni

Minister of Posts and Telegraphs|

* Giovanni Antonio Colonna
* Costanzo Ciano

Minister of War Production
(since 6 February 1943)|

* Carlo Favagrossa

Minister of Public Education|

* Giovanni Gentile
* Alessandro Casati
* Pietro Fedele
* Giuseppe Belluzzo

Minister of Trades and Currencies|

* Felice Guarneri
* Raffaello Riccardi
* Oreste Bonomi

Minister of Press and Propaganda|

* Galeazzo Ciano
* Dino Alfieri

Minister of Freed Territories from Enemies
(abolished on 5 February 1923)|

* Giovanni Giuriati

Minister of Treasure
(merged into Ministry of Finance on 31 December 1922)|

* Vincenzo Tangorra
* Alberto De Stefani

* v
* t
* e

Fascism

Themes

| Core tenets|

* Actual idealism
* Aestheticization of politics
* Anti-communism
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-materialism
* Anti-pacifism
* Authoritarianism
* Chauvinism
* Class collaboration
* Conspiracism
* Corporatism
* Cult of personality
* Dictatorship
* Direct action
* Dirigisme
* Economic interventionism
* Eugenics
* Heroic capitalism
* Heroic realism
* Heroism
* Imperialism
* Indoctrination
* Irrationalism
* Machismo
* Masculinity
* Militarism
* National syndicalism
* Nationalism
* Integral
* Palingenetic
* Ultra
* New Man
* One-party state
* Perpetual war
* Populism
* Proletarian nation
* Propaganda
* Racism
* Reactionary modernism
* Social Darwinism
* Social interventionism
* Social order
* State capitalism
* Statolatry
* Supercapitalism
* Syncretism
* Third Position
* Totalitarianism

|

Topics|

* Definitions
* Economics
* Fascism and ideology
* Fascism worldwide
* Symbolism

Variants

* Arab
* Argentine
* Nacionalismo
* Orthodox Peronism
* Austrian
* Banderism
* Brazilian
* British
* Christian
* Christian Identity
* Mexican synarchism
* Clerical
* Crypto
* Eco
* English
* Falangism
* French
* Doriotism
* Pétainism
* Neo-Pétainism
* Jeune Nation
* L'Œuvre Française
* Valoisism
* Hindutva
* Hungarism
* Hutu
* Irish
* Islamic
* Ziaism
* Italian
* Intransigent
* Japanese
* Emperor-system
* Statism
* Restoration
* Ultra
* Jewish/Israeli
* Kahanism
* Revisionist Maximalism
* Korean
* Ilminism
* Nyulaiteu
* Latvian
* Mystical
* Nazism
* Austrian
* Esoteric
* Hitlerism
* Neo-Nazism
* Russian
* Strasserism
* Swedish
* Neo
* Finnish
* NRx
* Pan-Turkic
* Rexism
* Polish
* Romanian
* Legionarism
* Neo-Legionarism
* Romanianism/Stelism
* Russian
* Neo-Eurasianism
* Syndicalist
* Syrian Social Nationalism
* Techno
* Third Positionism
* National-anarchism
* National Bolshevism
* Nazi-Maoism
* Uruguayan
* Marzism
* Revisionism
* Sosism
* Ustašism

Movements

| Africa|

* Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
* Coalition for the Defence of the Republic
* Greyshirts
* Muslim Association of the Lictor
* National Revolutionary Movement for Development
* Ossewabrandwag
* Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
* Republican Democratic Movement
* Young Egypt Party (1933)

|

Asia|

* Abhinav Bharat
* Al-Muthanna Club
* Aria Party
* Azerbaijan National Democrat Party
* Azure Party
* Black Dragon Society
* Brit HaBirionim
* Concordia Association
* Grey Wolves
* Golden Square
* Hindu Mahasabha
* Iran-e-No Party
* Jewish National Front
* Kach
* Kataeb Party
* Kenkokukai
* Kokumin Dōmei
* Korea Nationalist Party
* Korean National Youth Association
* Lehi
* Liberal Party (South Korea)
* Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf
* National Socialism Association
* National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party
* Nationalist Movement Party
* Nationalist Task Party
* National Will Party
* Nation Party of Iran
* Otzma Yehudit
* Pan-Iranist Party
* Palestine Arab Party
* Patrol 36
* Progress Party (Iran)
* Philippine Falange
* Rastakhiz Party
* Rastriya Prajatantra Party
* Reform bureaucrats
* Religious Zionist Party
* Sakurakai
* Sangh Parivar
* Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
* Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal
* Bharatiya Janata Party
* Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
* Bharatiya Jana Sangh
* Bharatiya Kisan Sangh
* Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh
* Bharat Vikas Parishad
* Ekal Vidyalaya
* Hindu Makkal Katchi
* Hindu Munnani
* Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
* Jammu Praja Parishad
* Muslim Rashtriya Manch
* Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas
* Rashtra Sevika Samiti
* Rashtriya Sikh Sangat
* Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
* Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana
* Seva Bharati
* Vidya Bharati
* Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram
* Vishva Hindu Parishad
* Bajrang Dal
* Durga Vahini
* SUMKA
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Tōhōkai
* Tsagaan Khas
* Turkish Union Party
* Wang Jingwei Kuomintang

Northern / Northwestern Europe|

* Academic Karelia Society
* Ailtirí na hAiséirghe
* Autonome Nationalisten
* Bases Autónomas
* Black Front (Netherlands)
* Blood & Honour
* Blueshirts
* Breton Social-National Workers' Movement
* British Democratic Party
* British Fascists
* Britain First
* British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women
* British Movement
* British National Party (1960)
* British National Party
* British People's Party (1939)
* British People's Party (2005)
* British Union of Fascists
* The Britons
* La Cagoule
* Casuals United
* Centre Party '86
* Clerical People's Party
* Dutch Defence League
* Dutch Fascist Union
* English Defence League
* European Defence League
* English National Association
* European Liberation Front
* Le Faisceau
* Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
* Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation
* Finnish People's Organisation
* Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party
* Flemish National Union
* French National-Collectivist Party
* French Nationalist Party
* French Popular Party
* General Dutch Fascist League
* Greater Britain Movement
* Groupe Collaboration
* Heathen Front
* Imperial Fascist League
* International Third Position
* Jeune Nation
* Lalli Alliance of Finland
* Lapua Movement
* League of Saint George
* Les Identitaires
* Mouvement d'Action Civique
* Mouvement Franciste
* Nasjonal Samling
* National Action (UK)
* National Alliance (Sweden)
* National Corporate Party
* National Fascisti
* National Front (UK)
* National League of Sweden
* Nationalist Party
* National Popular Rally
* National Rally
* National Socialist Bloc
* National Socialist Dutch Workers Party
* National Socialist Front
* National Socialist League
* National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)
* National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)
* National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
* National Socialist Movement of Norway
* National Socialist Union of Finland
* National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)
* National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
* National Socialists of Finland
* National Syndicalists
* National Union (Netherlands)
* National Union (Portugal)
* New Party
* Nipsters
* Nordic League
* The Nordic Realm Party
* Nordic Resistance Movement
* Northern League
* Norwegian Defence League
* Nouvelle Droite
* GRECE
* L'Œuvre Française
* Official National Front
* Order of Flemish Militants
* Order of Nine Angles
* Organisation of National Socialists
* Parti Communautaire National-Européen
* Party of Finnish Labor
* Party of the Swedes
* Patriotic Alternative
* Patriotic People's Movement
* Patriotic People's Movement (1993)
* Pērkonkrusts
* Phalange Française
* Ragnarock
* Rebelles Européens
* Rexist Party
* Rising Finland
* Scottish Democratic Fascist Party
* Scottish Protestant League
* Skrewdriver
* Skullhead
* Stormers
* Terre et Peuple
* Third Way (France)
* Third Way (UK)
* Union Movement
* Verdinaso
* Vigrid
* White Aryan Resistance
* World Union of National Socialists

Central Europe|

* Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists
* Arrow Cross Party
* Artgemeinschaft
* Austrian Nazism
* Black Front (Germany)
* Bund Deutscher Osten
* Christian National Socialist Front
* Deutsche Reichspartei
* Eidgenössische Sammlung
* Falanga
* Free German Workers' Party
* German Faith Movement
* German National Movement in Liechtenstein
* German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
* German Party (Slovakia)
* German Social Union
* Honor
* Hungarian National Front
* Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party
* Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Combat League of German Socialists
* Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia
* Landser
* Liechtenstein Homeland Service
* National Democratic Party (Austria)
* National Democratic Party of Germany
* National Fascist Community
* National Front (Hungary)
* National Front (Switzerland)
* National Movement of Switzerland
* National Radical Camp
* National Radical Camp (1993)
* National Revival of Poland
* National Union (Switzerland)
* Nationalist Front (Germany)
* Nazi Party
* Greater German People's Community
* Nazi Germany
* National Socialist Freedom Movement
* National Socialist Working Association
* New Order
* Nipsters
* No Colours Records
* PC Records
* Positive Christianity
* German Christians
* Republic Movement
* The Right (Germany)
* Rock-O-Rama Records
* Shield and Sword
* Slovak People's Party
* Socialist Reich Party
* Stahlgewitter
* Sudeten German Party
* The Third Path
* United Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Vlajka
* Volksdeutsche Bewegung
* Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit
* Wiking-Jugend

Southern Europe|

* ADÑ–Spanish Identity
* Albanian Fascist Party
* Balli Kombëtar
* Brothers of Italy
* CEDADE
* Democratic Fascist Party
* European Nation State
* Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
* Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Falange
* Sección Femenina
* La Falange (1999)
* Falange Auténtica
* Falange Española
* Falange Española Auténtica
* Falange Española de las JONS
* Falange Española de las JONS (1976)
* Falange Española Independiente
* Falangist Movement of Spain
* Freethinkers' Party
* Imperium Europa
* Italian fascism
* National Fascist Party (Italy)
* Italian Social Republic
* Republican Fascist Party
* Italian Social Movement
* Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
* Juntas Españolas
* National Alliance (Spain)
* National Alliance July 18
* National Democracy (Italy)
* National Democracy (Spain)
* National Front (Spain, 1986)
* National Front (Spain, 2006)
* National Union (Italy, 1923)
* National Union (Spain)
* New Force (Italy)
* New Force (Spain)
* Republican Social Movement
* The Right (Italy)
* Sammarinese Fascist Party
* Spanish Military Union
* Struggle of the People
* Student Action
* Terza Posizione
* Tricolour Flame
* Unidad Falangista Montañesa
* Youth Front

Eastern and Southeastern Europe|

* Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights
* Bosnian Movement of National Pride
* Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party
* Croatian Liberation Movement
* Croatian National Resistance
* Croatian Party of Rights
* Crusade of Romanianism
* Ethnic National Union
* Eurasia Movement
* Eurasia Party
* Format18
* For the Native Language!
* Front of National Revolutionary Action
* German Party
* German People's Party
* Golden Dawn
* Greek National Socialist Party
* Hosank
* Iron Guard
* Kolovrat
* LEPEN
* Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
* Lithuanian Nationalist Union
* National Agrarian Party
* National Bolshevik Front
* National Bolshevik Party
* National-Christian Defense League
* National Christian Party
* National Fascist Movement
* National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
* National Party – Greeks
* National Socialist Patriotic Organisation
* National Socialist Society
* National Social Movement
* National Romanian Fascio
* National Renaissance Front
* National Salvation Front
* Nokturnal Mortum
* National Socialism / White Power
* Obraz
* Occupy Pedophilia
* Order of Nine Angles
* Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
* The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
* Pamyat
* Patriotic Alliance
* People's Party
* Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
* Ratniks (Bulgaria)
* Romanian Front
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russian Fascist Party
* Russian National Unity
* Russian Women's Fascist Movement
* Serbian Action
* Serbian Radical Party
* Steel Shield
* Svoboda
* Union of Bulgarian National Legions
* Ustaše
* Ustaše in Australia
* Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
* Yugoslav Radical Union
* ZBOR

North America|

* Fascism in Canada
* Aryan Guard
* Aryan Nations
* Canadian Association for Free Expression
* Canadian Union of Fascists
* Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform
* Heritage Front
* Parti national social chrétien
* Fascism in the United States
* American Front
* American Nazi Party
* Betar US
* Creativity
* Fascist League of North America
* German American Bund
* Goyim Defense League
* Hammerskins
* Identity Evropa
* League of the South
* National Alliance (United States)
* National Renaissance Party
* Nationalist Social Club-131
* National Socialist Legion
* National Socialist Liberation Front
* National Socialist Movement
* National States' Rights Party
* National Vanguard
* Nationalist Front (United States)
* Patriot Front
* Proud Boys
* Rise Above Movement
* Silver Legion of America
* Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
* Traditionalist Worker Party
* Vanguard America
* Volksfront
* White Aryan Resistance
* Wotansvolk
* Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
* Mexican Democratic Party
* Mexican Fascist Party
* National Pro Patria Party
* National Synarchist Union
* Nationalist Front of Mexico
* Order of Nine Angles

Oceania|

* Action Zealandia
* Antipodean Resistance
* Australia First Movement
* Australia First Party
* Australian Defence League
* Australian National Socialist Party
* Centre Party
* Lads Society
* National Action (Australia)
* National Socialist Network
* National Socialist Party of Australia
* Progressive Nationalist Party
* Reclaim Australia
* True Blue Crew
* United Patriots Front

South America|

* Agrarian Labor Party
* Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
* Argentine Fascist Party
* Argentine Nationalist Action
* Argentine Patriotic League
* Bolivian Socialist Falange
* Brazilian Integralism
* Brazilian Integralist Action
* Brazilian Integralist Front
* Falangism in Latin America
* Female Peronist Party
* Iron Guard (Argentina)
* Nacionalismo
* National Fascist Party (Argentina)
* National Fascist Union
* Nationalist Liberation Alliance
* National Liberation Movement
* National Socialist Movement of Chile
* National Universitary Concentration
* New Triumph Party
* Patriot Front (Argentina)
* Popular Dignity
* Popular Freedom Alliance
* Popular Representation Party
* Popular Socialist Vanguard
* Republican League
* La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia
* Revolutionary Union
* Tacuara Nationalist Movement

People

| Australia|

* Campbell (Eric)
* Campbell (Graeme)
* Cottrell
* Groot
* Mills
* Saleam

|

Austria|

* Dollfuss
* Miklas
* Pfrimer
* Planetta
* Schuschnigg
* Seyss-Inquart
* Starhemberg

Belgium|

* Daye
* Declercq
* Degrelle
* Denis
* Elias
* Eriksson
* Hermans
* Lagrou
* Poulet
* Severen
* Streel
* van de Wiele

Croatia|

* Boban
* Francetić
* Kraljević
* Kvaternik
* Luburić
* Pavelić
* Pavičić
* Rover
* Servatzy

Finland|

* Helanen
* Isotalo
* Kalsta
* Konkka
* Kosola
* Orko
* Simojoki
* Somersalo
* Törni
* Varjonen

France|

* Augier
* Bardèche
* Benoist-Méchin
* Béraud
* Brasillach
* Bucard
* Châteaubriant
* Déat
* Déroulède
* Dior
* Doriot
* La Rochelle
* Lagardelle
* Laval
* Pétain
* Rebatet
* Valois
* Vial

Germany|

* Abetz
* Andrae
* Baeumler
* Berchtold
* Berger
* Best
* Brunner
* Bühler
* Darré
* Falkenhausen
* Hocke
* Feder
* Forster
* Frank
* Franz V
* Gesche
* Goebbels
* Göring
* Graf
* Greiser
* Günther
* Hanke
* Heiden
* Hess
* Heydrich
* Himmler
* Hitler
* Klintzsch
* Kuhn
* Ludendorff
* Maurice
* Müller
* Niekisch
* Ploetz
* Rahn
* Reitsch
* Renthe-Fink
* Ribbentrop
* Rieger
* Rosenberg
* Schmitt
* Schreck
* Skorzeny
* Strasser (Gregor)
* Strasser (Otto)
* Streicher
* Terboven
* Thadden
* Krosigk
* Zündel

Greece|

* Dragoumis
* Kasidiaris
* Koryzis
* Lagos
* Michaloliakos
* Papadopoulos

India|

* Adityanath
* Advani
* Bose
* Godse
* Golwalkar
* Hedgewar
* Modi
* Mukherjee
* Savarkar
* Thakur
* Vajpayee

Iran|

* Forouhar
* Kashani
* Monshizadeh
* Pezeshkpour
* Teymourtash

Israel|

* Ahimeir
* Ben-Ari
* Ben-Gvir
* Eldad
* Eliyahu
* Goldstein
* Gopstein
* Greenberg
* Ha'ivri
* Heruti
* Kahane
* Marzel
* Natan-Zada
* Stern
* Yeivin

Italy|

* Acerbo
* Alfieri
* Ambris
* D'Annunzio
* Azara
* Badoglio
* Balbo
* Torrente Ballester
* Bastianini
* Bianchi
* Boni
* Bono
* Boselli
* Bottai
* Ciano (Costanzo)
* Ciano (Galeazzo)
* Cogni
* Corradini
* Freda
* Gentile
* Giuriati
* Gozi
* Grandi
* Graziani
* Guidi
* Malaparte
* Marinetti
* Michels
* Morgagni
* Mussolini
* Olivetti
* Panunzio
* Papini
* Pavolini
* Rauti
* Ricci
* Ridruejo
* Rocco
* Rossoni
* Sarfatti
* Soffici
* Spirito
* Volpi

Japan|

* Akao
* Araki
* Chō
* Hashimoto
* Honjō
* Kita
* Kodama
* Matsuoka
* Nonaka
* Ōkawa
* Sasakawa

Romania|

* Antonescu
* Bacaloglu
* Codreanu
* Crainic
* Cuza
* Gigurtu
* Goga
* Manoilescu
* Moța
* Ogoranu
* Sima

Russia|

* Astroŭski
* Borovikov
* Ilyin
* Kaminski
* Martsinkevich
* Milchakov
* Oktan
* Prilepin
* Prokhanov
* Rodzaevsky

Spain|

* Arrese
* Bau Nolla
* Bilbao Eguía
* Carrero Blanco
* Fernández-Cuesta
* Franco
* Franco y Polo
* Giménez Caballero
* Primo de Rivera
* Ramos
* Sánchez Mazas
* Serrano Suñer

Ukraine|

* Bandera
* Biletsky
* Dontsov
* Gubarev
* Klyachkivsky
* Lebed
* Rebet
* Samchuk
* Shukhevych
* Stetsko
* Tyahnybok
* Vitrenko

United Kingdom|

* Beckett
* Chamberlain
* Chesterton
* Lake
* Leese
* Mosley (Diana)
* Mosley (Oswald)
* Pankhurst
* Pearson
* Ramsay
* Robinson
* Southgate
* Tyndall
* Wellesley

United States|

* Auernheimer
* Collins
* Fuentes
* Joyce
* Pelley
* Pound
* Yockey

Other|

* Burdi
* Celmiņš
* Martínez
* Quisling
* Ramírez
* Riva-Agüero y Osma
* Šešelj
* Szálasi

Works

| Literature|

* 1776 Returns
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Culture of Critique
* Defiance
* Did Six Million Really Die?
* The Doctrine of Fascism
* Essentials of Hindutva
* Fascist Manifesto
* For My Legionaries
* The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia
* The Fourth Political Theory
* Hitlers Zweites Buch
* Hutu Ten Commandments
* Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
* An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
* Kokutairon and Pure Socialism
* The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
* Manifesto of Race
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
* Mein Kampf
* My Autobiography
* My Life
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century
* OPROP!
* Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World
* Protestantische Rompilger
* A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century
* Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews
* A Warning to the Hindus
* Who Are the Mind Benders?

|

Periodicals|

* Action
* Ajan Suunta
* L'Alba
* El Alcázar
* The American Review
* Der Angriff
* Arriba
* The Blackshirt
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Daily Stormer
* Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
* Das Deutsche Mädel
* La Difesa della Razza
* Eleftheros Kosmos
* The European
* Fashist
* Fashizmi
* La France au travail
* Fritt Folk
* Fronten
* Gândirea
* Gioventù Fascista
* Golden Dawn
* Hamaas
* Hrvatski Domobran
* Je suis partout
* Kangura
* Kansallissosialisti
* Limonka
* Masada2000
* Münchener Beobachter
* Nash Put'
* Nástup
* Nation Europa
* Neue Anthropologie
* Neues Volk
* Het Nieuwe Volk
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Novopress
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Organiser
* Panchjanya
* Panzerbär
* Parole der Woche
* Le Pays Réel
* Der Pimpf
* Il Popolo d'Italia
* Das Reich
* Revue d'histoire du fascisme
* Das Schwarze Korps
* Sfarmă-Piatră
* Signal
* Siniristi
* Spearhead
* Der Stürmer
* Türkische Post
* Der Umbruch
* Vairas
* Vlajka
* Volk en Staat
* Völkischer Beobachter
* Die Wehrmacht
* Wochenspruch der NSDAP

Film|

* L'Armata Azzurra
* Bengasi
* Condottieri
* The Daughter of the Samurai
* Erbkrank
* Europa: The Last Battle
* The Great Appeal
* The Old Guard
* Raza
* Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal
* Der Sieg des Glaubens
* The Siege of the Alcazar
* Lo squadrone bianco
* Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht
* Triumph of the Will

Music|

* Fashwave
* Hindutva pop
* National Socialist black metal
* Nazi punk
* Rock Against Communism
* White power music

Other|

* Allach
* StoneToss

Related topics|

* Art of the Third Reich
* Fascist architecture
* Heroic realism
* Nazi architecture
* Nazism and cinema

Organizations

| Institutional|

* Ahnenerbe
* Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
* Grand Council of Fascism
* Imperial Way Faction
* Italian Nationalist Association
* National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise
* Quadrumvirs

|

Activist|

* Adelaide Institute
* Agrarian Trade Union Federation
* The Britons
* Casuals United
* DeVlag
* European Social Movement
* Finnish Realm Union
* Francisco Franco National Foundation
* Friends of New Germany
* German American Bund
* GRECE
* The Link
* Mladorossi
* National Party of Europe
* National Policy Institute
* National Popular Consciousness
* Panzerfaust Records
* Popular Force Party
* Right Club
* Russian Fascist Organization

Youth|

* Adler und Falke
* Albanian Lictor Youth
* Arab Lictor Youth
* Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
* Blue-and-Blacks
* Ethiopian Lictor Youth
* Fascist Union of Youth
* Frente de Juventudes
* Al-Futuwwa
* Gioventù Italiana del Littorio
* Great Japan Youth Party
* Hitler Youth
* Faith and Beauty Society
* Deutsches Jungvolk
* Jungmädelbund
* League of German Girls
* Jeunesse Populaire Française
* Juventudes de Acción Popular
* Korean National Youth Association
* Levente
* Mocidade Portuguesa
* Nationale Jeugdstorm
* National League of Sweden
* National Socialist Liberation Front
* National Youth (Sweden)
* National Youth (Italy)
* National Youth Alliance
* National Youth Organisation (Greece)
* Opera Nazionale Balilla
* Österreichisches Jungvolk
* Patriotic/Eureka Youth League
* Union of Fascist Little Ones
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)
* Ustaše Youth
* Wiking-Jugend
* Youth Front

Paramilitary and terrorist|

* Abhinav Bharat
* Albanian Fascist Militia
* Atomwaffen Division
* Azov Brigade
* Bajrang Dal
* Black Brigades
* Black Legion
* Blackshirts
* Blueshirts (Canada)
* Blueshirts (Ireland)
* Column 88
* Combat Terrorist Organization
* Confederation of the Nation
* Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
* Croatian Defence Forces
* Croatian National Resistance
* Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
* Bugojno group
* Einsatzgruppen
* Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Falange Armata
* Falange Militia
* Flemish Guard
* Flemish Legion
* Frontbann
* Goldshirts
* Greenshirts
* Hilfspolizei
* Hitler Youth
* Greyshirts
* Heimwehr
* Hirden
* Hlinka Guard
* Hungarian National Defence Association
* Impuzamugambi
* Interbrigades
* Interahamwe
* Iron Wolf
* Jewish Defense League
* Jewish Defense Organization
* Kataeb Regulatory Forces
* Lăncieri
* Legion Wasa
* Lehava
* Lehi
* Levente
* Makapili
* Mano Blanca
* Misanthropic Division
* National Republican Guard
* New Guard
* Ostmärkische Sturmscharen
* Rodobrana
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russian National Unity (2000)
* S14
* Schutzstaffel
* Serbian Volunteer Corps
* Sicarii
* Sich Battalion
* Silver Shirts
* Sturmabteilung
* Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
* Terror Against Terror
* Third Klan
* Ukrainian Insurgent Army
* Ukrainian People's Militsiya
* Ustaše Militia
* Volkssport
* Walloon Guard
* Walloon Legion
* Waffen-SS
* Wagner Group
* Rusich Group
* Weerbaarheidsafdeling
* Werwolf
* Westland New Post
* Yokusan Sonendan
* Youth Front

Student|

* Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
* Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
* Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas
* German Student Union
* National Socialist German Students' League
* Sindicato Español Universitario
* Student Action

International|

* Axis powers
* NSDAP/AO
* ODESSA

History

| 1900s|

* Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust

|

1910s|

* Arditi
* Fascio
* Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Armenian genocide and the Holocaust

1920s|

* March on Rome
* Corfu incident
* Acerbo Law
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Aventine Secession
* Italian economic battles
* Le Faisceau
* 28 May 1926 coup d'état
* Libyan genocide

1930s|

* March of the Iron Will
* November 1932 German federal election
* March 1933 German federal election
* Enabling Act
* Austrian Civil War
* July Putsch
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Romani Holocaust
* 4th of August Regime
* Anti-Comintern Pact
* Spanish Civil War

1940s|

* World War II
* Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
* The Holocaust
* Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* End in Italy
* Nuremberg Trials
* Tokyo Trials

Lists

* Anti-fascists
* Books about Hitler
* British fascist parties
* Fascist movements by country (A-F
* G-M
* N-T
* U-Z)
* Nazi ideologues
* Nazi leaders
* Secretaries of Italian fascist parties
* Speeches by Hitler
* SS personnel

Related topics

* Authoritarian conservatism
* Chiangism
* Francoism
* Khomeinism
* Maurrassisme
* Pinochetism
* Putinism
* Ziaism
* Alt-right
* Alt-lite
* Alt-right pipeline
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* Anti-fascism
* Bahutu Manifesto
* Berlusconism
* Conservative Revolution
* Criticism of fascism
* Europe a Nation
* Fascist (epithet)
* Fascist mysticism
* Feudal fascism
* F-scale (personality test)
* Garveyism
* Germanisation
* of Poles during the Partitions
* Italianization
* of South Tyrol
* Japanization
* Morenazi
* Neosocialism
* Para-/semi-fascism
* Post-fascism
* Proto-fascism
* Red fascism
* Red–green–brown alliance
* Roman salute
* Saffronisation
* Sansepolcrismo
* Scientific racism
* Aryanism
* Nordicism
* Social fascism
* Sorelianism
* Synarchism
* Szeged Idea
* Trumpism
* Donald Trump and fascism
* Völkisch movement
* Women in Nazi Germany

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Social philosophy

Concepts|

* Agency
* Anomie
* Convention
* Cosmopolitanism
* Customs
* Cultural heritage
* Culturalism
* Inter
* Mono
* Multi
* Culture
* Counter
* Familialism
* History
* Honour
* Human nature
* Identity
* Formation
* Ideology
* Institutions
* Invisible hand
* Loyalty
* Modernity
* Morality
* Public
* Mores
* National character
* Natural law
* Personhood
* Reification
* Ressentiment
* Rights
* Sittlichkeit
* Social alienation
* Social norms
* Spontaneous order
* Stewardship
* Traditions
* Values
* Family
* Volksgeist
* Worldview

Schools|

* Budapest School
* Catholic social teaching
* Distributism
* Communitarianism
* Confucianism
* Conservatism
* Social
* Frankfurt School
* Personalism

Philosophers|

| Ancient|

* Confucius
* Laozi
* Mencius
* Mozi
* Xunzi

|

Medieval|

* Alpharabius
* Aquinas
* Avempace
* Bruni
* Ibn Khaldun
* Maimonides
* Ibn Tufayl

Early modern|

* Calvin
* Erasmus
* Guicciardini
* Locke
* Luther
* Milton
* Montaigne
* Müntzer

18th and 19th
centuries|

* Arnold
* Bentham
* Bonald
* Burke
* Carlyle
* Comte
* Condorcet
* Emerson
* Engels
* Fichte
* Fourier
* Franklin
* Hegel
* Helvétius
* Herder
* Hume
* Jefferson
* Kant
* Kierkegaard
* Le Bon
* Le Play
* Marx
* Mill
* Nietzsche
* Owen
* Renan
* Rousseau
* Royce
* Ruskin
* Smith
* Spencer
* de Staël
* Stirner
* Taine
* Thoreau
* Tocqueville
* Vico
* Vivekananda
* Voltaire

20th and 21st
centuries|

* Adorno
* Agamben
* Arendt
* Aron
* Badiou
* Baudrillard
* Bauman
* Benoist
* Berlin
* Butler
* Camus
* de Beauvoir
* Debord
* Deleuze
* Dewey
* Du Bois
* Durkheim
* Eco
* Evola
* Foucault
* Fromm
* Gandhi
* Gehlen
* Gentile
* Gramsci
* Guénon
* Habermas
* Han
* Heidegger
* Hoppe
* Irigaray
* Kirk
* Kołakowski
* Kropotkin
* Land
* Lasch
* MacIntyre
* Marcuse
* Maritain
* Negri
* Niebuhr
* Nussbaum
* Oakeshott
* Ortega
* Pareto
* Polanyi
* Radhakrishnan
* Röpke
* Santayana
* Scruton
* Shariati
* Simmel
* Skinner
* Sombart
* Sowell
* Spengler
* Strauss
* Taylor
* Voegelin
* Walzer
* Weber
* Weil
* Zinn
* Žižek

Works|

* De Officiis (44 BC)
* Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)
* A Vindication of Natural Society (1756)
* Democracy in America (1835–1840)
* Civilization and Its Discontents (1930)
* The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1935)
* The Second Sex (1949)
* One-Dimensional Man (1964)
* The Society of the Spectacle (1967)
* The History of Sexuality (1976)
* The Culture of Narcissism (1979)
* A Conflict of Visions (1987)
* The Closing of the American Mind (1987)
* Gender Trouble (1990)
* The Malaise of Modernity (1991)
* Intellectuals and Society (2010)

See also|

* Agnotology
* Axiology
* Critical theory
* Cultural criticism
* Cultural pessimism
* Ethics
* Historism
* Historicism
* Humanities
* Philosophy of culture
* Philosophy of education
* Philosophy of history
* Political philosophy
* Social criticism
* Social science
* Social theory
* Sociology

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Political philosophy

Terms|

* Authority
* Citizenship‎
* Duty
* Elite
* Emancipation
* Freedom
* Government
* Hegemony
* Hierarchy
* Justice
* Law
* Legitimacy
* Liberty
* Monopoly
* Nation
* Obedience
* Peace
* People
* Pluralism
* Power
* Progress
* Propaganda
* Property
* Regime
* Revolution
* Rights
* Ruling class
* Society
* Sovereignty‎
* State
* Utopia
* War

Government|

* Aristocracy
* Oligarchy
* Autocracy
* Bureaucracy
* Dictatorship
* Democracy
* Ochlocracy
* Gerontocracy
* Meritocracy
* Monarchy
* Tyranny
* Plutocracy
* Technocracy
* Theocracy

Ideologies|

* Agrarianism
* Anarchism
* Capitalism
* Christian democracy
* Colonialism
* Communism
* Communitarianism
* Confucianism
* Conservatism
* Corporatism
* Distributism
* Environmentalism
* Fascism
* Feminism
* Feudalism
* Imperialism
* Islamism
* Liberalism
* Libertarianism
* Localism
* Marxism
* Monarchism
* Multiculturalism
* Nationalism
* Nazism
* Populism
* Republicanism
* Social Darwinism
* Social democracy
* Socialism
* Third Way

Concepts|

* Balance of power
* Bellum omnium contra omnes
* Body politic
* Clash of civilizations
* Common good
* Consent of the governed
* Divine right of kings
* Family as a model for the state
* Monopoly on violence
* Natural law
* Negative and positive rights
* Night-watchman state
* Noble lie
* Noblesse oblige
* Open society
* Ordered liberty
* Original position
* Overton window
* Separation of powers
* Social contract
* State of nature
* Statolatry
* Supermajority
* Tyranny of the majority

Philosophers|

| Antiquity|

* Aristotle
* Chanakya
* Cicero
* Confucius
* Han Fei
* Lactantius
* Mencius
* Mozi
* Plato
* political philosophy
* Polybius
* Shang
* Sun Tzu
* Thucydides
* Xenophon

|

Middle Ages|

* Al-Farabi
* Aquinas
* Averroes
* Bruni
* Dante
* Gelasius
* al-Ghazali
* Ibn Khaldun
* Marsilius
* Muhammad
* Nizam al-Mulk
* Ockham
* Plethon
* Wang

Early modern
period|

* Boétie
* Bodin
* Bossuet
* Calvin
* Campanella
* Filmer
* Grotius
* Guicciardini
* Hobbes
* political philosophy
* James
* Leibniz
* Locke
* Luther
* Machiavelli
* Milton
* More
* Müntzer
* Pufendorf
* Spinoza
* Suárez

18th and 19th
centuries|

* Bakunin
* Bastiat
* Beccaria
* Bentham
* Bolingbroke
* Bonald
* Burke
* Carlyle
* Comte
* Condorcet
* Constant
* Cortés
* Engels
* Fichte
* Fourier
* Franklin
* Godwin
* Haller
* Hegel
* Herder
* Hume
* Iqbal
* Jefferson
* Kant
* political philosophy
* Le Bon
* Le Play
* Madison
* Maistre
* Marx
* Mazzini
* Mill
* Montesquieu
* Nietzsche
* Owen
* Paine
* Renan
* Rousseau
* Sade
* Saint-Simon
* Smith
* Spencer
* de Staël
* Stirner
* Taine
* Thoreau
* Tocqueville
* Tucker
* Voltaire

20th and 21st
centuries|

* Agamben
* Ambedkar
* Arendt
* Aron
* Badiou
* Bauman
* Benoist
* Berlin
* Bernstein
* Burnham
* Chomsky
* Dmowski
* Du Bois
* Dugin
* Dworkin
* Evola
* Foucault
* Fromm
* Fukuyama
* Gandhi
* Gentile
* Gramsci
* Guénon
* Habermas
* Hayek
* Hoppe
* Huntington
* Kautsky
* Khomeini
* Kirk
* Kropotkin
* Laclau
* Lenin
* Luxemburg
* Mansfield
* Mao
* Marcuse
* Maurras
* Michels
* Mises
* Mosca
* Mouffe
* Negri
* Nozick
* Nussbaum
* Oakeshott
* Ortega
* Pareto
* Popper
* Qutb
* Rand
* Rawls
* Röpke
* Rothbard
* Russell
* Sartre
* Schmitt
* Scruton
* Shariati
* Sorel
* Spann
* Spengler
* Strauss
* Sun
* Taylor
* Voegelin
* Walzer
* Weber

Works|

* Republic (c. 375 BC)
* Politics (c. 350 BC)
* On the Republic (51 BC)
* Treatise on Law (c. 1274)
* Monarchy (1313)
* The Prince (1532)
* Leviathan (1651)
* Two Treatises of Government (1689)
* The Spirit of Law (1748)
* The Social Contract (1762)
* Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
* Rights of Man (1791)
* Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820)
* Democracy in America (1835–1840)
* The Communist Manifesto (1848)
* On Liberty (1859)
* The Revolt of the Masses (1929)
* The Road to Serfdom (1944)
* The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945)
* The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
* A Theory of Justice (1971)
* The End of History and the Last Man (1992)

Related|

* Authoritarianism
* Collectivism and individualism
* Conflict theories
* Contractualism
* Critique of political economy
* Egalitarianism
* Elite theory
* Elitism
* History of political thought
* Institutional discrimination
* Jurisprudence
* Justification for the state
* Political ethics
* Political spectrum
* Left-wing politics
* Centrism
* Right-wing politics
* Political theology
* Political violence
* Separation of church and state
* Separatism
* Social justice
* Statism
* Totalitarianism

* Category:Political philosophy

* v
* t
* e

Continental philosophy

Philosophers|

* Adorno
* Agamben
* Althusser
* Arendt
* Aron
* Bachelard
* Badiou
* Barthes
* Bataille
* Baudrillard
* Bauman
* Benjamin
* de Beauvoir
* Bergson
* Blanchot
* Bourdieu
* Buber
* Butler
* Camus
* Cassirer
* Castoriadis
* Cioran
* Cixous
* Croce
* de Man
* Debord
* Deleuze
* Derrida
* Dilthey
* Eco
* Eagleton
* Engels
* Fanon
* Fichte
* Fisher
* Foucault
* Gadamer
* Gentile
* Guattari
* Gramsci
* Habermas
* Hegel
* Heidegger
* Husserl
* Ingarden
* Irigaray
* Jameson
* Jaspers
* Kierkegaard
* Kojève
* Koyré
* Kołakowski
* Kristeva
* Lacan
* Latour
* Lefebvre
* Lévi-Strauss
* Levinas
* Luhmann
* Lukács
* Lyotard
* Marcel
* Marcuse
* Marx
* Meillassoux
* Merleau-Ponty
* Nancy
* Negri
* Nietzsche
* Ortega y Gasset
* Rancière
* Ricœur
* Said
* Sartre
* Schelling
* Schmitt
* Schopenhauer
* Serres
* Sloterdijk
* Spengler
* Stein
* Strauss
* Weber
* Weil
* Williams
* Žižek

Theories|

* Absurdism
* Critical theory
* Deconstruction
* Existentialism
* Frankfurt School
* German idealism
* Hegelianism
* Hermeneutics
* Marxism
* Western
* Freudo-
* Neo-Kantianism
* Non-philosophy
* Non-representational theory
* Phenomenology
* Philosophical pessimism
* Postmodernism
* Post-structuralism
* Psychoanalysis
* Psychoanalytic theory
* Romanticism
* Speculative realism
* Structuralism

Concepts|

* Alterity
* Always already
* Angst
* Apollonian and Dionysian
* Authenticity
* Being in itself
* Binary oppositions
* Boredom
* Class struggle
* Critique
* Immanent
* Ideological
* Postcritique
* Dasein
* Death of God
* Death drive
* Différance
* Difference
* Existence precedes essence
* Existential crisis
* Facticity
* Gaze
* Genealogy
* Habitus
* Hauntology
* Historical materialism
* Ideology
* Interpellation (philosophy)
* Intersubjectivity
* Leap of faith
* Master–slave dialectic
* Master–slave morality
* Oedipus complex
* Ontic
* Ontopoetics
* Other
* Power
* Ressentiment
* Self-deception
* Totalitarianism
* Trace
* Transvaluation of values
* Wertkritik
* Will to power
* Hermeneutics of suspicion
* Discourse
* Linguistic theory
* Linguistic determinism
* Semantics
* Semiotics
* Media studies
* Film theory
* Linguistic turn
* Postcolonialism
* Philosophy of language

* Category

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
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* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
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* BnF data
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Academics|

* CiNii

People|

* Trove
* Italian People
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* Yale LUX

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