Glendora, California

City in California, United States

City in California, United States

Glendora, California

City

Glendora Village with Ficus trees

Flag

Seal

Motto:

Pride of the Foothills

Location of Glendora in Los Angeles County, California.

Glendora, California

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 34°8′10″N 117°51′55″W﻿ / ﻿34.13611°N 117.86528°W﻿ / 34.13611; -117.86528
Country| United States
State| California
County| Los Angeles
Founded| April 1, 1887
Incorporated| November 13, 1911[1]
Named after| Leadora Bennett Whitcomb
Government

• Mayor| David Fredendall
• Mayor Pro Tem| Michael Allawos
• Councilmember| Karen K Davis
Shaunna Elias
Mendell Thompson
• City Manager| Adam Raymond
Area

[2]

• Total

| 19.66 sq mi (50.92 km2)
• Land| 19.51 sq mi (50.52 km2)
• Water| 0.15 sq mi (0.40 km2)  0.84%
Elevation

[3]

| 774 ft (236 m)
Population

(2020)[4]

• Total

| 52,558
• Density| 2,582/sq mi (996.9/km2)
Time zone| UTC−8 (PST)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP Codes|

91740 and 91741[5]

Area codes| 626, 909[6]
FIPS code| 06-30014
GNIS feature ID| 1652713
Website| www.cityofglendora.gov/Home

Glendora is a city in the San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County, California, 26 miles (42 km) east of Los Angeles.[7] As of the 2020 census, the population of Glendora was 52,558. World-famous Route 66 runs through the city.

Known as the "Pride of the Foothills", Glendora is nestled in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. Its downtown area, locally known as the Glendora Village, hosts dozens of restaurants, cafes, shops, and boutiques along Glendora Avenue with many community events scheduled throughout the year.

Neighborhoods and residences in Glendora reflect the city's history and range from Queen Annes, to Folk Victorians, early 20th-century bungalows, to ranch style homes, to mid-rise multi-family residential complexes, to modern mansions.[8] Glendora's most expensive neighborhoods contain many very large, secluded, estate homes with views across the San Gabriel Valley to Downtown Los Angeles.

Glendora is bordered by Azusa and the unincorporated community of Citrus to the west, San Dimas to the east and south, Covina and the unincorporated community of Charter Oak to the south, and the San Gabriel Mountains, including protected areas within the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument, to the north.

## History

[edit]

### Early inhabitants

[edit]

The first archaeological evidence of human settlement in Glendora dates from c. 6000 BCE.[9] Around 3500 BCE, the Takic people moved into the area.[10] By the time Europeans arrived in present-day Los Angeles County, the Tongva, also known as the Kizh or the Gabrieleños, were the dominant group.[11]

In the foothills and inland areas (such as present-day Glendora), Tongva settlement patterns included both permanent village sites and seasonal camps, usually located near reliable water sources like streams or springs.[12] The nearest villages to modern Glendora were Asuksa-nga (meaning "Skunk-place") along the San Gabriel River in present-day Azusa and Duarte, and Momwamomutn-gna (meaning “Place of many springs") in present-day San Dimas[13] What is now Glendora was the site of seasonal camps and hunting grounds, particularly near the intermittent streams around Dalton Canyon.

Tongva woman grinding acorns (1900), location unknown

Tongva daily life was closely tied to the land’s resources. They were primarily hunters and gatherers rather than farmers.[14] The abundant oak woodlands of the San Gabriel foothills provided acorns as a dietary staple; acorns were shelled, ground on stone mortars, and leached to make a nourishing acorn mush.[15] Along rivers and marshes, Tongva people gathered wild seeds such as chia sage, berries, and herbs. In inland communities like the Glendora area, protein came from hunting and trapping local game like deer, rabbits, and birds. Trade with neighboring tribes was well-developed; the Tongva were notable as one of the wealthiest and most influential indigenous groups in Southern California, exchanging goods like steatite (soapstone) bowls, shells, and other items in a far-reaching trade network.[16] This network connected them with peoples as far away as the Yokuts of the Central Valley and the tribes of the Colorado River, illustrating how Tongva economic and cultural influence extended beyond their immediate homeland.[17]

Daily life in a Tongva village was structured around communal and familial activities. Tongva dwellings (called kich or kiiğa) were dome-shaped structures made of willow branches and thatched with tule or other grasses.[18] These homes had a central fire pit and a smoke hole at the top for ventilation. Villages typically ranged from a few dozen to a hundred people, and early Spanish observers noted that each village was politically autonomous under its own chief, yet linked to others by kinship and language. Men and women both had important economic roles: men often did most of the hunting and fishing, while women were expert foragers and skilled in processing plant foods and weaving baskets. Both sexes wore their hair long and adorned their bodies with tattoos and paint.[19] Clothing was minimal in the warm Southern California climate—men often wore little more than a breechcloth, and women wore skirts made of deer hide or woven fiber. In cooler weather, they draped themselves in capes or cloaks made from animal skins, and sandals woven from yucca fiber or hide protected their feet.[20] Tongva spiritual life was rich, with ceremonies marking events like the summer solstice and communal mourning rituals for the dead. They had deep knowledge of local plants for food, medicine, and materials, reflecting a relationship with the land that was both practical and spiritual.[21]

When the Spanish arrived in the 1770s, the Tongva population in the entire Los Angeles Basin, including the San Gabriel Valley, is estimated to have been between 5,000 and 10,000 people.[22][23]

### Spanish period (1769–1821)

[edit]

Following the discovery of islands in what we now call the Caribbean by Christopher Columbus in 1492, a dispute arose between Castille (Spain) and Portugal about which kingdom would own new lands discovered to the west of the Atlantic Ocean. This was resolved by the Inter caetera Papal bull from Pope Alexander VI, which divided all newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 100 leagues (370 miles/600 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde islands. This gave Portugal most of Africa and Asia, and most of the Americas to Castille (Spain). Although theoretically already granted this land by the Pope, California's Spanish colonial era began in 1542 when Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, commissioned by Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, became the first European to explore and claim the entire California coast for Spain. Thereafter, Spain took no action to solidify its claims over Alta California (the present-day U.S. states of California, Nevada, and neighboring areas) for over two centuries. By the late 1760s, concerned about Russian and French colonial ambitions, Spain began efforts to establish permanent settlements and fortifications in Alta California. In 1769, an expedition under Gaspar de Portolá, appointed "Governor of the Californias," commenced the founding of a network of missions, pueblos (civilian settlements), and presidios (military outposts). Junípero Serra, leader of the Franciscan missionaries, managed the religious conversion and daily activities at these missions. To strengthen the sparse colonial population, Spanish authorities allowed and encouraged non-Spanish settlers to establish themselves in California.[24]

Spain’s colonial system in California, including land grants (ranchos), missions, and presidios, followed a pattern of indirect governance and religious conversion inspired by the Iqta' system used by Muslim conquerors during their rule in Spain (711–1492). The area of modern Glendora fell under the jurisdiction of Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, founded in 1771, which had direct ecclesiastical and administrative oversight, including managing local affairs, overseeing agricultural production, and compelling local Tongva peoples into labor under harsh, slave-like conditions. The indigenous population had no natural immunity to Old World diseases introduced by settlers, in particular small pox, or their livestock (which brought influenza, anthrax, leptospirosis, and bovine tuberculosis), resulting in major population declines.

The nearest colonial civilian settlement to present-day Glendora was El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles (present-day Los Angeles), founded in 1781. Beyond the relatively small contingents of soldiers at the pueblo and at the mission, military protection for the region was provided by presidios at San Diego (founded in 1769) and Santa Barbara (founded in 1782).[25] Glendora during this period was sparsely-populated except for free-roaming cattle and seasonal use by the dwindling population of Tongva who had not been forcibly brought to live near, and put in service of, the San Gabriel Mission.

By the end of the Spanish period (circa 1820–1821), the Tongva population of the Los Angeles Basin, including the San Gabriel Valley, had dramatically declined from an estimated 5,000–10,000 in pre-contact times to approximately 1,500 individuals, largely due to the introduction of Old World diseases, the disruption of traditional ways of life, and harsh conditions under missionization.[26]

### Mexican period (1821–1848)

[edit]

After 11 years of struggle, Mexico gained independence from Spain on September 27, 1821. California remained a remote frontier territory with minimal oversight from the newly established Mexican government. Due to political instability and administrative difficulties, Mexico did not formally appoint a fully recognized governor for California until 1824, when Luis Antonio Argüello took office; however, his authority was initially limited by poor communication, political uncertainty across Mexico, and California’s geographic isolation, leaving local communities largely responsible for their own governance. The management of land and settlement remained informal, with boundaries defined loosely by natural landmarks, and taxation often fulfilled through contributions of livestock or goods rather than uniform cash payments. This informal governance set the stage for significant challenges when California later transitioned to American rule.[27]

Map of ranchos in Los Angeles County (WPA Federal Writers' Project)

The lack of oversight and clear governance proved ominous for the prosperity of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, which presided over present-day Glendora. Controlling approximately 1.5 million acres of some of the richest land with the best water supplies in the region, it was one of the wealthiest of the California missions. Between 1829 and 1833, due to inadequate supervision, corruption among local authorities, and widespread cattle rustling, the Mission’s livestock declined dramatically from over 25,000 head of cattle to fewer than 15,000. Soldiers, ranchers, and settlers took advantage of the weakening authority of the Franciscan priests, who had few means to protect Mission resources without effective military support from the Mexican troops, many of whom participated in or overlooked the theft.[28]

In August 1833, this deteriorating situation culminated in the Decree for the Secularization of the Missions of California. Motivated by concerns that the missions, still operated by Spanish-born Franciscan clergy presumably loyal to Spain and the Catholic Church, could perpetuate Spanish influence and undermine independence, the Mexican government transferred control of Church land holdings to the territorial government in Monterey. The decree officially intended to emancipate Indigenous peoples from conditions resembling slavery and redistribute mission lands to them.[29] However, in practice, very few Indigenous Californians received any land anywhere in the Alta California territory.[30] The Mexican government allowed the padres to keep only the church, priests' quarters, and priests' garden. The army troops guarding the Mission were dismissed.

With the Franciscans' oversight removed, Mission San Gabriel’s remaining herds of cattle rapidly disappeared, taken by local rancheros, settlers, soldiers, and even former mission administrators. The few remaining priests were powerless to stop them as they now lacked both the authority and manpower to enforce control.[31] This chaotic transition facilitated the ambitions of influential settlers, soldiers, and rancheros with connections to the Mexican authorities in Monterey, resulting in large ranchos owned by a few powerful families.[32]

In 1837, Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado granted the Rancho San José (approximately 22,000 acres) to Ygnacio Palomares and Ricardo Vejar, encompassing southern portions of present-day Glendora as well as areas now known as Pomona and San Dimas. In 1841, another tract including the western parts of present-day Glendora, Rancho El Susa, was granted to Luis Arenas. In 1844, English immigrant Henry Dalton purchased Rancho El Susa from Arenas and acquired a one-third stake in Rancho San José. Dalton renamed his property Rancho Azusa de Dalton, establishing vineyards, orchards, and livestock herds. Central and northern Glendora remained public land for open range cattle grazing.[33]

By the end of the Mexican period in 1848, the Tongva population in the entire Los Angeles Basin, including the San Gabriel Valley, had further declined to approximately 800 individuals, reflecting continued displacement, harsh labor conditions on ranchos, epidemics, and marginalization under Mexican governance.[34]

### American Period (1848–present)

[edit]

### End of the Rancho era and land disputes (1848–1870)

[edit]

The conclusion of the Mexican–American War in 1848 and the cession of California to the United States brought severe challenges for ranchero landowners, including the Californio families in the Glendora area. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo pledged that Mexican-era land grants would be respected, but a significant challenge soon arose because Spanish and Mexican authorities in California had used informal systems to define land boundaries, relying on personal relationships and natural landmarks such as hills, streams, and trees. Formal cadastral surveying techniques were viewed as unnecessary in the sparsely populated region. When California became part of the United States, American authorities required precise land surveys and uniform taxation, creating substantial legal and financial burdens for Californio rancheros, who were accustomed to the earlier informal methods. Many rancheros, including local landowner Henry Dalton, faced protracted legal disputes as they struggled to prove ownership of lands previously informally documented.[35]

The federal Land Act of 1851 required all holders of Spanish or Mexican land grants to file claims and prove their titles before a special Public Land Commission and U.S. courts, or else forfeit their lands. This process proved lengthy and costly, often lasting over a decade and involving significant expenses for attorneys, translators, and surveyors.[36] Moreover, California's new state government imposed property taxes on large landholdings, a sharp departure from Mexican rule, which had not taxed land ownership. Many Californio rancheros, being land-rich but cash-poor, struggled to pay these taxes and mounting legal fees, leading them to mortgage, sell, or cede large portions of their ranchos.[37][38][39]

In the Glendora area, by the time of American rule, British-born ranchero Henry Dalton owned a 4,431-acre land grant encompassing parts of present-day Azusa, Glendora, and surrounding communities, and had also purchased adjacent ranchos including San Francisquito and Rancho Santa Anita, creating a vast land holding stretching from San Dimas to the eastern boundary of present-day Pasadena.[40] After U.S. annexation, Dalton filed his land claim with the Land Commission in 1852 and eventually received a federal patent in 1876. Despite this legal victory, the cost was significant. Dalton disputed an 1860 federal survey that substantially reduced the size of his rancho, opening it to homesteaders. Dalton's efforts to challenge this survey involved decades of costly litigation and required loans from creditors such as Los Angeles banker Jonathan S. Slauson. Ultimately, Dalton was forced to relinquish nearly all his land to settle debts, retaining only a 55-acre homestead near the modern boundary between Azusa and Glendora. Dalton died nearly penniless in 1884, exemplifying the challenges Californio rancheros faced as legal disputes and financial burdens reshaped land ownership across Southern California.[41][42][43]

### Founding and modern development (1887–present)

[edit]

Like many cities in the San Gabriel Valley, Glendora was established on previously remote agricultural land during the Southern California real estate boom of the 1880s. Real estate values rose especially quickly in areas connected to the outside world upon the completion of the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad in May 1887, later purchased by the Santa Fe Railway, connecting Los Angeles to Chicago. Located at the foot of the San Gabriel Mountains, Glendora was started on approximately 300 acres (120 ha) that were subdivided for sale by George D. Whitcomb in late March 1887. On the first day of sale, April 1, 1887,[44] 300 lots were sold.[45] Later that month, the Suydam family built the first building erected after Glendora officially became a town – a barn at 645 N Vista Bonita Avenue, which served as their home until their house was completed in October.[46]

Whitcomb was the founder of the Whitcomb Locomotive Works in Chicago and Rochelle, Illinois and had moved to California in the early 1880s. He devised the name Glendora by combining the name of his wife, Leadora Bennett Whitcomb (1839–1929), with the location of his home in a glen of the San Gabriel Mountains. In December 1907, the development of Glendora got a boost when passenger service opened on a new extension of the Pacific Electric Railway's Monrovia–Glendora Line which provided hourly, direct service from downtown Glendora to the Pacific Electric Building at Sixth and Main in Downtown Los Angeles. Prior to its 1911 incorporation, Glendora's administrator officially occupied the office of President of Glendora.

Glendora experienced significant growth during Southern California’s citrus boom in the early 20th century, becoming a thriving hub for citrus production. At its peak in 1947, the local citrus industry encompassed over 5,000 acres of orange and lemon orchards, supported by six packing houses processing approximately 78,000 tons of fruit annually, valued between $4 million and $8 million (roughly $60-120 million in 2025 dollars).[47]

The downtown area as it appears now is the product of years of renovation and maintenance by the city. The former opera house, movie theatre, Pacific Electric station, banks, hotels, grocery and department stores were converted for modern uses. The original layout can be read about on the Downtown Glendora Historical Walk, by reading placards placed along Glendora Avenue (previously called Michigan Avenue). The original townsite was bounded by Sierra Madre Avenue on the north, Minnesota Avenue on the east, Ada Avenue and the railroad on the south, and Pennsylvania Avenue on the west.

Glendora used to be home to several military academies, which have since been converted into either churches or private school facilities. These academies included Brown Military Academy,[48] now St. Lucy's Priory High School and Church of the Open Door on Sierra Madre, and Harding Military Academy,[49] whose property is now home to North Glendora Private, a prestigious private community adjacent to Easley Canyon atop Glendora Avenue.

From 1960 to 1978, Glendora was home to Clokey Productions which produced 85 episodes of Gumby and 65 episodes of Davey and Goliath in town.[50] In celebration of this history, Glendora hosted the first Gumby Fest in 2014 which brought thousands of people from around the country and Canada. In 2015 the 2nd GumbyFest[51] was held at Citrus College over an entire weekend.

Several wildfires have affected the city in recent years, the most notable being the campfire triggered Colby Fire, which displaced hundreds of Glendora residents. A relief concert titled "Glendora Band Aid"[52] was held shortly after the fire to help raise funds to assist the homeowners who lost their homes in the fire.

Glendora has an active Chamber of Commerce,[53] established in 1903. The mission of the Glendora Chamber is to provide tools and resources to assist the business community in prospering and adapting to the economic climate, while growing membership and promoting local purchasing.[54]

* Glendora, 1920.

* Early Alosta-Glendora Map 1888. View looking north from present-day South Hills Park Wilderness Area

* Present day view from the South Hills

## Geography

[edit]

Glendora with the San Gabriel Mountains in the background

The city lies in the eastern end of the San Gabriel Valley between the San Gabriel Mountains range to the north and, for most of the city, with the South Hills to the south.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.6 square miles (51 km2), of which 19.4 square miles (50 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), or 0.84%, is water.

### Climate

[edit]

Glendora Village in 2009 with Morris Fire smoke plume

Glendora has a dry Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) characterized by hotter summers and slightly cooler winters than coastal areas in California. The dry weather lasts for most of the year except for the rainy season in the winter. Hot summer temperatures and warm Santa Ana winds in the fall increase the risk of wildfires in the surrounding mountains. The 2009 Morris Fire and 2015 Cabin Fire are some of the most recent wildfires affecting Glendora and nearby cities.

Climate data for Glendora, California (1981–2010 normals)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)  | 68
(20)  | 69
(21)  | 71
(22)  | 76
(24)  | 79
(26)  | 84
(29)  | 90
(32)  | 92
(33)  | 89
(32)  | 80
(27)  | 74
(23)  | 68
(20)  | 78
(26)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)  | 43
(6)  | 45
(7)  | 47
(8)  | 49
(9)  | 54
(12)  | 58
(14)  | 62
(17)  | 62
(17)  | 60
(16)  | 55
(13)  | 47
(8)  | 42
(6)  | 52
(11)
Average precipitation inches (mm)  | 3.78
(96)  | 4.76
(121)  | 2.66
(68)  | 1.20
(30)  | .33
(8.4)  | .09
(2.3)  | .01
(0.25)  | .03
(0.76)  | .18
(4.6)  | 1.05
(27)  | 1.62
(41)  | 2.45
(62)  | 18.16
(461)
Source: [55]

## Demographics

[edit]

Historical population Census| Pop.| Note| %±

|
|
|

1920| 2,028| | —
1930| 2,761| | 36.1%
1940| 2,822| | 2.2%
1950| 3,988| | 41.3%
1960| 20,752| | 420.4%
1970| 31,380| | 51.2%
1980| 38,500| | 22.7%
1990| 47,828| | 24.2%
2000| 49,415| | 3.3%
2010| 50,073| | 1.3%
2020| 52,558| | 5.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[56]
1860–1870[57][58] 1880-1890[59]
1900[60] 1910[61] 1920[62]
1930[63] 1940[64] 1950[65]
1960[66][67] 1970[68] 1980[69]
1990[70] 2000[71] 2010[72]
2020[73]

Glendora first appeared as a city in the 1920 U.S. Census[62] as part of Azusa Township (pop 4,154 in 1910).[61]

### Race and ethnicity

[edit]

Glendora city, California – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[74] | Pop 2010[75] | Pop 2020[73] | % 2000  | % 2010  | % 2020

|
|
|
|
|
|

White alone (NH)  | 33,564  | 28,565  | 23,384  | 67.92%  | 57.05%  | 44.49%
Black or African American alone (NH)  | 704  | 834  | 1,021  | 1.42%  | 1.67%  | 1.94%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)  | 158  | 102  | 120  | 0.32%  | 0.20%  | 0.23%
Asian alone (NH)  | 3,003  | 3,898  | 6,656  | 6.08%  | 7.78%  | 12.66%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH)  | 26  | 42  | 24  | 0.05%  | 0.08%  | 0.05%
Other race alone (NH)  | 88  | 106  | 274  | 0.18%  | 0.21%  | 0.52%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)  | 1,132  | 1,178  | 2,062  | 2.29%  | 2.35%  | 3.92%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)  | 10,740  | 15,348  | 19,017  | 21.73%  | 30.65%  | 36.18%
Total | 49,415  | 50,073 | 52,558 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00%

### 2020

[edit]

As of the census[76] of 2020, there were 52,558 people, 16,887 households, and 3.01 persons per household residing in the city. The population density was 2,582 inhabitants per square mile (997/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 70.4% White (47.9% Non-Hispanic White), 1.9% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 11.6% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 7.2% from two or more races. 34.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[77]

According to the 2020 United States census, Glendora had a median household income of $96,132, with 8.3% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[78]

### 2010

[edit]

As of the census[79] of 2010, there were 50,073 people, 16,819 households, and 12,866 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,581.5 inhabitants per square mile (996.7/km2). There were 17,145 housing units at an average density of 895.7 per square mile (345.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.1% White (57.0% Non-Hispanic White), 1.9% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 8.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 5.2% from other races, and 4.8% from two or more races. 30.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[78]

According to the 2010 United States Census, Glendora had a median household income of $74,615, with 7.8% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[78]

Mexican (16.3%) and German (11.3%) were the most common ancestries in Glendora. Mexico (22.1%) and the Philippines (9.0%) were the most common foreign places of birth in Glendora.[80]

### 2000

[edit]

As of the census of 2000, there were 49,415 people, 16,819 households, and 12,866 families residing in the city. The population density was 996.8/km² (2,581.5/mi²). There were 17,145 housing units at an average density of 345.9/km² (895.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 80.3% White, 1.50% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 16.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 7.2% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. 11.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[81]

There were 16,819 households out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. 19.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.30.

The age distribution of the city was as follows: 27.6% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24 years old, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $60,013, and the median income for a family was $66,674 (these figures had risen to $72,414 and $86,606 respectively as of a 2007 estimate[82]). Males had a median income of $49,548 versus $35,062 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,993. 5.9% of the population and 3.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 6.7% were under the age of 18 and 5.0% are 65 or older.

## Government

[edit]

### City government

[edit]

Founded as a community in 1887, Glendora was formally incorporated as a city on Nov. 13, 1911 making it the 25th oldest city in Los Angeles County out of a total of 88.[83] It is a general-law city with a council–manager government, meaning the administrative head of the city is a City Manager who is appointed and overseen by a city council of five members. The current City Manager is Adam Raymond.[84]

As of 2020, the members are elected by district and serve four-year (staggered) terms of office. Following each election, the council selects from its membership a mayor and mayor pro tem. The current Mayor is David Fredendall.[85]

In order to avoid the kinds of costly lawsuits other cities had faced under the California Voting Rights Act of 2001, the City of Glendora reluctantly changed how council members are elected by transitioning from an at-large election system to a district-based election system.[86] This included switching the election cycle from odd years to even years. The first phase began in March 2020, when representatives from Council Districts 2, 3 and 5 were elected. The second phase took place in 2022 when representatives from Districts 1 and 4 were on the ballot.[87]

Public safety services are provided by the Glendora Police Department and the Los Angeles County Fire Department.

### State and federal government

[edit]

In the California State Legislature, Glendora is in the 25th Senate District, represented by Democrat Sasha Renée Pérez, and in the 48th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Blanca Rubio.[88]

In the United States House of Representatives, Glendora is split between California's 28th congressional district, represented by Democrat Judy Chu[89] and California's 31st congressional district, represented by Democrat Gil Cisneros.[90]

## Education

[edit]

The city has two public school districts: Glendora Unified and Charter Oak Unified School Districts (COUSD). These school districts are considered two of the best in the state and the country, consistently ranking in the top performing brackets.[91] Both districts have schools designated as California Distinguished Schools and Gold Ribbon Schools.[92][93]

### Elementary schools

[edit]

* Cullen Elementary School
* La Fetra Elementary School
* Sellers Elementary School
* Stanton Elementary School
* Sutherland Elementary School
* Washington Elementary School (COUSD)
* Willow Elementary School (COUSD)

### Middle schools

[edit]

* Goddard Middle School
* Sandburg Middle School

### High schools

[edit]

* Glendora High School

### Continuation high schools

[edit]

* Arrow Continuation High School (COUSD)
* Whitcomb Continuation High School

### Private schools

[edit]

"Foothill Christian School" redirects here. For the San Diego County school system, see Foothills Christian Schools.

* Hope Lutheran Church and School – Preschool through 8th-grade boys and girls school[94]
* Foothill Christian School – Preschool through 8th-grade boys and girls school[95]
* St. Lucy's Priory High School – All girls college-prep high school
* St. Dorothy School – Kindergarten through 8th grade boys and girls school[96]

### Universities and colleges

[edit]

* Citrus College

## Public health

[edit]

There are two hospitals in the city:

* Foothill Presbyterian Hospital
* Glendora Community Hospital

Los Angeles County also offers community health services for Glendora residents at the Monrovia Health Center and Pomona Health Center.

## Culture and recreation

[edit]

### Cultural facilities

[edit]

* Haugh Performing Arts Center
* Glendora Historical Society Museum
* Rubel Castle, constructed by Michael Rubel
* Glendora Public Library
* Glendora Public Market
* Glendora Big Tree Park

### Parks and trails

[edit]

South Hills Wilderness Trail with Mt Baldy and Cucamonga Peak in the distance

Glendora is an active community and it has an extensive system of parks, trails, and recreational programs for the community.

* Big Dalton Canyon Wilderness Park and Campground
* Centennial Heritage Park - The site was constructed to depict a late 19th-century to early 20th-century citrus ranch and features the Hamilton House, a working print shop, and numerous antique farm implements. Also on site is the Orton Englehart workshop, dedicated to its namesake, native Glendoran and inventor of the horizontal action impact sprinkler.[97] This sprinkler became known as the Rain Bird, revolutionized the irrigation industry, and was recognized as a historic landmark of agricultural engineering in 1990 by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.[98]
* Finkbiner Park
* Big Tree Park - Small park with a 140-year-old Moreton Bay Fig tree.

Big Tree Park

* Louie Pompei Memorial Sports Park
* Glendora Urban Trail System
* South Hills - Park and wilderness trail
* Colby Trail
* Lower Monroe Truck Trail - Hiking and mountain biking trail.
* Punk Out Trail
* Mystic Canyon Trail
* Glendora bougainvillea - Largest growth of Bougainvillea in the United States.[99][100]
* Glen Oaks Golf and Learning Center - Offers a driving range, instructional services, practice area, and the 9-hole Par 3 course itself.
* Camp Cahuilla Summer Camp ("Dirt Camp") - One of the most popular of the Parks and Recreation programs offering activities to more than 500 children every summer.
* San Gabriel Mountains National Monument \- The headquarters of the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument is located in a WPA building on N. Wabash Avenue.[101] Several trails provide access directly from Glendora into the protected lands of the park. Glendora Mountain Road is a very popular destination in and into the National Monument for Mountain Bikers from across the region.

The Glendora Mountain Road and Glendora Ridge Road are also common routes for cyclists and sightseers with views through the San Gabriel Mountains. These roads have also hosted stages of the international Tour of California.

## Transportation

[edit]

### Public transit

[edit]

Glendora is served by Foothill Transit which provides connections through the city and express service to downtown Los Angeles. The Metro A Line terminus station at APU/Citrus College in the adjacent city of Azusa also provides a transit link to the Metro system of trains and buses. A future extension of the A Line, from its current terminus in Azusa to the City of Montclair in San Bernardino County, will include a station in Glendora to be located in the southeast corner of the intersection of Ada Avenue and Vermont Avenue. The station dedication is planned for May 3, 2025 with train service expected to begin in the Summer.[102][103] Ahead of the station’s eventual opening, the rail line was renamed from the L Line to the A Line per Metro's new naming convention[104][105] and will connect to the former Blue Line via the new Regional Connector in downtown Los Angeles. It will provide a "one-seat ride" (no transfers) to the Financial District of Los Angeles and downtown Long Beach.

Glendora also runs its own weekday transportation shuttle service, the Glendora Mini Bus, with shuttles serving the Metrolink Commuter Rail Station in nearby Covina, the APU/Citrus College Metro station, and an inter-school service connecting some of the city's schools. The Mini Bus also provides curb-to-curb transportation services for senior and disabled residents of Glendora.

### Freeways and highways

[edit]

210 Freeway through Glendora

Glendora lies at the intersection of two major freeways, the 210 and the 57, in what was formerly known as the Glendora Curve. These two freeways conveniently connect the city with the rest of the Southern California region. Historic U.S. Route 66 also traverses the city from east to west and it is an important corridor for businesses. Other major roads and highways include Foothill Boulevard, Grand Avenue, Arrow Highway, and Lone Hill Avenue.

### Airports

[edit]

There are no airports within the city limits. Glendora is within forty-five miles from all major area airports including Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), Hollywood Burbank Airport (BUR), Ontario International Airport (ONT), Long Beach Airport (LGB), and John Wayne Airport (SNA) in Orange County.

## Economy

[edit]

The National Hot Rod Association and Armstrong Garden Centers are based in Glendora.

### Top employers

[edit]

According to the city's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[106] the top employers in the city are:

Rank  | Employer  | # of Employees

|
|

1  | Citrus College | 807
2  | Glendora Unified School District | 798
3  | LA County Department of Children and Family Services  | 600
4  | Foothill Presbyterian Hospital  | 653
5  | Glendora Grand  | 350
6  | Ormco Corporation | 350
7  | Walmart | 416
8  | Glendora Community Hospital | 334
9  | City of Glendora  | 245
10  | Sam's Club | 196

## Media

[edit]

### Television

[edit]

KGLN TV is a public-access channel under the exclusive editorial control of the City of Glendora. By law, programming and information appearing on this channel is limited to City-originated programming of Public Meetings, City-sponsored events/activities, City-originated information, and the California legislative network live cablecast for a portion of each program day.

### News media

[edit]

The San Gabriel Valley Tribune, based in Monrovia, provides mainstream news coverage for Glendora.[107] and surrounding "Foothill cities." The Tribune carries a list of current articles as well as a history of articles concerning the City of Glendora[108] and cities immediately surrounding the City of Glendora.

Library Happenings is a bi-monthly newsletter published and distributed by the Glendora Public Library. It generally consists of 4 or 6 pages of information about local programs and events planned for the year. There is an online version of the newsletter [109] with issues going back to the year 2007.

Glendora City News

Glendora City News is a local news outlet focused on issues and events that are relevant to residents of the city of Glendora, California. Founded in November 2014, the newspaper has covered local crime, real estate, social events, and political issues, including some high-profile, highly controversial actions taken by city managers which have resulted in contentious public meetings and citywide calls for the removal of city politicians. The news outlet provides detailed information about scheduled events, public meetings, and incidents of note that occur within the City of Glendora.

Of particular note for Glendora residents, the news outlet contains detailed information about ballot initiatives every time the city holds a vote, listing the ballot propositions without a discernible political bias, a stance that has earned the news outlet a moderately-large on-line subscriber base as well as 18 thousand “like” subscribers on Facebook out of a city population of 50 thousand. Consistently detailing measures on the ballot at every election has made the news source a secondary source of information, with the primary source being the City of Glendora's official web sites.

The news outlet also occasionally carries information about local employment openings that have social benefit (such as environmental jobs), and routinely carries updated information about the many foothill fires and mud slides that effect residents in the northern parts of the city during the year's fire and rain seasons. Lost and found dogs and cats also get covered fairly routinely at the news outlet, with residents contacting the newspaper asking for help locating either a found pet's guardians or their missing pets.

The news outlet also offers a Community Calendar series which covers up-coming events which include city meetings as well as local events created by local shops, fast food franchises, and volunteer organizations.

The news outlet asks local residents to provide news tips and commentary about anything that happens in the city, including information about what city planners and managers are up to. In the past such tips have led to volunteer efforts by residents who have organized clean-up efforts of public property, such as the South Hills Dog Park[110] where the drinking water facilities had been left in disrepair and needed cleaning.

## Notable people

[edit]

* Michael Anthony – Van Halen bassist and backing vocalist[111]
* LaVar Arrington – former NFL player[112]
* Jake Arteaga – soccer player[113]
* Steven Barnes – science fiction and mystery author, and writer
* Adrian Carrio – race car driver
* Bryan Clay – Olympic gold medalist 2008, Olympic silver medalist 2004, Decathlon[114]
* Rocky Dennis – subject of the biographical film Mask
* Soleil Moon Frye – Punky Brewster actress
* Ron Gallemore – neurosurgeon
* George E. Gard – one of only three men to have served as both LAPD Chief of Police and Sheriff of Los Angeles County, founder of the town of Alosta (now part of the city of Glendora)
* Jacob Gonzalez – baseball player[115][116]
* Jajaira Gonzalez – boxer [117]
* Howard Hawkes – American film director[118]
* Casey Jacobsen – basketball player[119]
* Tamra Judge – television personality, cast member of The Real Housewives of Orange County[120][121]
* David Klein – inventor of Jelly Belly candy[122]
* D. Wayne Lukas – racehorse trainer[123]
* Richard and Maurice McDonald \- McDonald’s founders who went into the restaurant business after running a movie theater and snack bar at the SW corner of Foothill and Glendora Avenue from 1930-1937.[124][125]
* Gabrial McNair – No Doubt keyboardist
* José Mota – Spanish-language radio announcer for the Anaheim Angels and son of Manny Mota
* Tracy Murray – former basketball player[126]
* Anna Nalick – singer
* Vince Neil – singer for heavy metal band Mötley Crüe[127]
* DJ Peters – baseball player
* Adam Plutko – baseball player[128]
* Sally Rand – actress and dancer[129]
* Raylene – pornographic actress
* Tony Robbins – motivational speaker[130]
* Aaron Rowand – baseball player[131]
* Misty Rowe – actress, voice actor
* Julie Smith – Olympic softball gold medalist, coach[132]
* Philip Shahbaz – voice of Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad in the Assassin’s Creed franchise[133]
* Charles Silent \- Associate Justice of the Arizona Territorial Supreme Court. Developer of St. James Park (now part of West Adams), once the wealthiest neighborhood in Los Angeles. Played a pivotal role in developing Elysian Park, earning him the title “Father of the Parks Commission.”[134][135]
* Esther Snyder – co-founder of In-N-Out Burger[136]
* Lynsi Snyder – owner of In-N-Out Burger[137][138]
* Alex Solis – jockey[139]
* Woody Strode – actor, American football player[140]
* The Surfaris – surf music band[141][142][143]
* Deontay Wilder – WBC World Heavyweight Champion 2015-2020, Olympic medalist 2008[144]
* Shawn Wooten – baseball player

## Sister cities

[edit]

Glendora has 2 sister cities:

* Moka, Japan[145]

Glendora and Moka have been sister cities since 1988. Since about 2000, there has been an ongoing student exchange program between Goddard Middle School and Moka Higashi Junior High School.[146] There is an ongoing student exchange program between Sandburg Middle School and Nakamura Junior High School.[147][148]

* Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico[145]

The Bidwell Forum at the Glendora Public library features a mural painted by Mexican artists Manuel Lizama and Sergio Cuevas. They completed the work in July 1976 as a gift from the city of Mérida.

## See also

[edit]

* Greater Los Angeles portal

* List of cities in Los Angeles County, California

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[edit]

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133. ^ "About Life Bible Fellowship Church". Life Bible Fellowship Church. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
134. ^ Cecilia Rasmussen (August 31, 2003). "Los Angeles Then and Now: Once Upon a Time, a Rustic Retreat". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 25, 2025.
135. ^ Paul R. Spitzzeri (May 13, 2019). "La La Landscapes: The Rancho Los Alisos of Judge Charles Silent, Glendora". The Homestead Blog. Workman and Temple Family Homestead Museum. Retrieved March 25, 2025.
136. ^ "More Than Fare". Los Angeles Times. August 15, 1997.
137. ^ "In-N-Out heiress Lynsi Snyder sells Bradbury mega-mansion for $16.25 million". Los Angeles Times. December 28, 2021.
138. ^ "Lynsi Snyder Ellingson – Wealthiest Angelenos 2024". Los Angeles Business Journal. Retrieved April 10, 2025.
139. ^ "Given hot mounts, Solis speeds return". Daily Racing Form. February 3, 2005. Archived from the original on January 5, 2025. Retrieved January 5, 2025.
140. ^ "Woody Strode; Ex-Athlete, Character Actor in Movies". Los Angeles Times. January 3, 1995.
141. ^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 1155\. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.
142. ^ "The Surfaris - Bio". Thesurfaris.com. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
143. ^ "The Surfaris Plan to 'Wipe Out' in Concert at Campus Jax in Newport Beach on June 16". June 6, 2021.
144. ^ Hamilton, Mae (September 29, 2020). "Boxing Champ Deontay Wilder Hooks a Glendora Home". AOL. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
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146. ^ "Moka Sister City".
147. ^ "Sister School".
148. ^ "Sandburg Middle School welcomes students from sister city school in Moka City, Japan". November 7, 2016.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glendora, California.

* Official website

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Places adjacent to Glendora, California

| San Gabriel Mountains | San Gabriel Mountains & Morris Reservoir | San Gabriel Mountains

|
|

|  |
Azusa |

Glendora

| San Dimas
|  |
Covina | Covina | Charter Oak (CDP)

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Municipalities and communities of Los Angeles County, California, United States

County seat: Los Angeles

Cities|

* Agoura Hills
* Alhambra
* Arcadia
* Artesia
* Avalon
* Azusa
* Baldwin Park
* Bell
* Bell Gardens
* Bellflower
* Beverly Hills
* Bradbury
* Burbank
* Calabasas
* Carson
* Cerritos
* City of Industry
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* Cudahy
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* Diamond Bar
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* El Monte
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* Gardena
* Glendale
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* Hawaiian Gardens
* Hawthorne
* Hermosa Beach
* Hidden Hills
* Huntington Park
* Inglewood
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* La Cañada Flintridge
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* South Pasadena
* Temple City
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* Vernon
* Walnut
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* Whittier

Los Angeles County map

CDPs|

* Acton
* Agua Dulce
* Alondra Park
* Altadena
* Avocado Heights
* Castaic
* Charter Oak
* Citrus
* Del Aire
* Desert View Highlands
* East Los Angeles
* East Pasadena
* East Rancho Dominguez
* East San Gabriel
* East Whittier
* Elizabeth Lake
* Florence-Graham
* Green Valley
* Hacienda Heights
* Hasley Canyon
* La Crescenta-Montrose
* Ladera Heights
* Lake Hughes
* Lake Los Angeles
* Lennox
* Leona Valley
* Littlerock
* Marina del Rey
* Mayflower Village
* North El Monte
* Pepperdine University
* Quartz Hill
* Rose Hills
* Rowland Heights
* San Pasqual
* South Monrovia Island
* South San Gabriel
* South San Jose Hills
* South Whittier
* Stevenson Ranch
* Sun Village
* Topanga
* Val Verde
* Valinda
* View Park-Windsor Hills
* Vincent
* Walnut Park
* West Athens
* West Carson
* West Puente Valley
* West Rancho Dominguez
* West Whittier-Los Nietos
* Westmont
* Willowbrook

Unincorporated
communities|

* Agoura
* Alpine
* Alsace
* Altacanyada
* Andrade Corner
* Antelope Acres
* Antelope Center
* Athens
* Bassett
* Big Pines
* Boiling Point
* Castaic Junction
* City Terrace
* Cornell
* Del Sur
* Del Valle
* El Nido
* Firestone Park
* Florence
* Gorman
* Hillgrove
* Hi Vista
* Juniper Hills
* Kagel Canyon
* Kinneloa Mesa
* Largo Vista
* Llano
* Malibu Vista
* Monte Nido
* Neenach
* Ninetynine Oaks
* Pearblossom
* Rancho Dominguez
* Red Box
* Sandberg
* Seminole Hot Springs
* Three Points
* Two Harbors
* Universal City
* Valencia
* Valyermo

* California portal
* United States portal

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Greater Los Angeles Area

Counties|

* Los Angeles
* Orange
* Riverside
* San Bernardino
* Ventura

Cities
and
towns|

| Central city|

* Los Angeles

|

200k–500k|

* Anaheim
* Fontana
* Irvine
* Long Beach
* Moreno Valley
* Oxnard
* Riverside
* San Bernardino
* Santa Ana
* Santa Clarita

100k−200k|

* Burbank
* Corona
* Costa Mesa
* Downey
* El Monte
* Fullerton
* Garden Grove
* Glendale
* Huntington Beach
* Inglewood
* Jurupa Valley
* Lancaster
* Murrieta
* Menifee
* Norwalk
* Ontario
* Orange
* Palmdale
* Pasadena
* Pomona
* Rancho Cucamonga
* Rialto
* Simi Valley
* Temecula
* Thousand Oaks
* Torrance
* Ventura
* Victorville
* West Covina

50k–100k|

* Alhambra
* Aliso Viejo
* Apple Valley
* Arcadia
* Azusa
* Baldwin Park
* Beaumont
* Bellflower
* Buena Park
* Camarillo
* Carson
* Cathedral City
* Chino
* Chino Hills
* Colton
* Compton
* Covina
* Cypress
* Diamond Bar
* Eastvale
* Fountain Valley
* Gardena
* Glendora
* Hacienda Heights
* Hawthorne
* Hemet
* Hesperia
* Highland
* Indio
* La Habra
* Laguna Niguel
* Lake Elsinore
* Lake Forest
* Lakewood
* Lynwood
* Mission Viejo
* Monrovia
* Montebello
* Monterey Park
* Newport Beach
* Palm Desert
* Paramount
* Perris
* Pico Rivera
* Placentia
* Redlands
* Redondo Beach
* Rosemead
* San Clemente
* San Jacinto
* Santa Monica
* South Gate
* Tustin
* Upland
* Westminster
* Whittier
* Yorba Linda
* Yucaipa

25k–50k|

* Adelanto
* Banning
* Barstow
* Bell
* Bell Gardens
* Beverly Hills
* Brea
* Cerritos
* Claremont
* Coachella
* Culver City
* Dana Point
* Desert Hot Springs
* La Mirada
* La Puente
* La Quinta
* La Verne
* Laguna Hills
* Lawndale
* Manhattan Beach
* Maywood
* Monrovia
* Montclair
* Moorpark
* Norco
* Palm Springs
* Rancho Palos Verdes
* Rancho Santa Margarita
* San Dimas
* San Gabriel
* San Juan Capistrano
* Santa Paula
* Seal Beach
* South Pasadena
* Stanton
* Temple City
* Twentynine Palms
* Walnut
* West Hollywood
* Wildomar

10k–25k|

* Agoura Hills
* Artesia
* Blythe
* Calabasas
* Calimesa
* Canyon Lake
* Commerce
* Cudahy
* Duarte
* El Segundo
* Fillmore
* Grand Terrace
* Hawaiian Gardens
* Hermosa Beach
* La Cañada Flintridge
* La Palma
* Laguna Beach
* Laguna Woods
* Loma Linda
* Lomita
* Los Alamitos
* Malibu
* Palos Verdes Estates
* Port Hueneme
* Rancho Mirage
* San Fernando
* San Marino
* Santa Fe Springs
* Sierra Madre
* Signal Hill
* South El Monte
* Yucca Valley

Under 10k|

* Avalon
* Big Bear Lake
* Bradbury
* City of Industry
* Hidden Hills
* Indian Wells
* Irwindale
* La Habra Heights
* Needles
* Ojai
* Rolling Hills
* Rolling Hills Estates
* Vernon
* Villa Park
* Westlake Village

CDPs
over 25k|

* Altadena
* East Los Angeles
* Florence-Graham
* French Valley
* Hacienda Heights
* Ladera Ranch
* North Tustin
* Rowland Heights
* South Whittier
* Temescal Valley
* West Whittier-Los Nietos
* Westmont

Area
regions|

* Anaheim–Santa Ana edge city
* Antelope Valley
* Central Los Angeles
* Coachella Valley
* Colorado Desert
* Conejo Valley
* Downtown Los Angeles
* East Los Angeles
* Gateway Cities
* Greater Hollywood
* Greater Los Angeles
* Harbor Area
* Inland Empire
* Mojave Desert
* Northeast Los Angeles
* Northwest Los Angeles
* Orange Coast
* Palos Verdes Peninsula
* Pomona Valley
* Saddleback Valley
* San Bernardino Valley
* San Fernando Valley
* San Gabriel Valley
* Santa Ana Valley
* Santa Clarita Valley
* Simi Valley
* South Bay
* South Coast Metro
* South Los Angeles
* Victor Valley
* Westside Los Angeles

Landforms|

* Baldwin Hills (range)
* Channel Islands
* Chino Hills
* Hollywood Hills
* Los Angeles Basin
* Oxnard Plain
* Palos Verdes Hills
* Puente Hills
* San Fernando Valley
* San Gabriel Mountains
* San Gabriel Valley
* San Jacinto Mountains
* Santa Ana Mountains
* Santa Catalina Island
* Santa Monica Mountains
* Santa Susana Mountains
* Sierra Pelona Ridge
* Simi Hills
* Verdugo Mountains

Bodies of
water|

* Aliso Creek
* Arroyo Calabasas
* Arroyo Seco
* Ballona Creek
* Bell Creek
* Big Bear Lake
* Coyote Creek
* Lake Arrowhead
* Lake Gregory
* Lake Perris
* Lake Piru
* Los Angeles Aqueduct
* Los Angeles River
* Malibu Creek
* Mojave River
* Pacific Ocean
* Pyramid Lake
* Rio Hondo
* San Gabriel River
* San Juan Creek
* San Pedro Bay
* Santa Ana River
* Santa Clara River
* Santa Margarita River
* Santa Monica Bay
* Tujunga Wash

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* United States
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA

*[c.]: circa
*[Pop.]: Population
*[%±]: Percent change
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template