Global Basketball Association

Global Basketball Association (GBA)

Sport| basketball
Founded| March 1991
Ceased| December 1992
Owner(s)| Ted Stepien
Commissioner| Mike Storen (1991–92)
Ted Stepien (1992)
No. of teams| 8–11
Country| United States
Most titles| Music City Jammers (1992)

The Global Basketball Association (GBA) was a professional basketball minor league based in the United States. The majority of the league's franchises were based in the Southern United States, with the remaining teams located in the Midwest. The league announced plans for franchises in European cities that never materialized. The league began play in 1991 and lasted one and a half seasons before folding in December 1992.

## History

[edit]

When the league was announced in 1991, league officials said there would be franchises around the world, hence the name "Global Basketball Association" (GBA). The league was owned and founded by Ted Stepien, the owner of the Cleveland Cavaliers from 1980 to 1983.[1] Two international teams were announced: Tallinn, Soviet Union (now Estonia) and San Marino. The team from the Soviet Union was KK Kalev, which was a professional basketball team founded in 1920.[2] The four American teams announced were Greensboro, North Carolina; Raleigh, North Carolina; Nashville, Tennessee and Greenville, South Carolina.[3] Vilvoorde, Belgium and Évry, France were later awarded GBA franchises.[4]

Mike Storen, who served as commissioner of the American Basketball Association from 1973 to 1975, was named commissioner of the GBA. The league announced a 64-game schedule in from November 1991 to March 1992, followed by a playoff for the league championship.[5] To distinguish itself from other basketball leagues, the GBA used a white basketball, which was manufactured by MacGregor.[6][7]

In May 1991, the GBA awarded a charter franchise to Huntsville, Alabama.[8] The GBA merged Pro Basketball USA, another fledgling basketball minor league, in August 1991. The GBA adopted six of Pro Basketball USA's franchises: the Albany Sharp Shooters, the Louisville Shooters, the Memphis HotShots, the Fayetteville Flyers, the Mid-Michigan Great Lakers and the Wichita Outlaws.[9]

The GBA draft was held on August 3, 1991 in Atlanta, Georgia. It was broken-up into three rounds. The first round was the territorial round where teams were limited to selecting players within a 100-mile radius of their home arena. In the second round, teams could only draft free agents. The third and final round was the collegiate draft, where teams could pick players from colleges across the United States.[10] The Greensboro City Gaters selected Keith Gatlin with the first overall pick in the draft.[11]

By the start of the 1991–92 season in November 1991, the GBA only had franchises based in the United States. League officials said the international teams would begin play in the 1992–93 season.[12] The Mid-Michigan Great Lakers let people attend the first few games for free, which attracted around 3,000 attendees per game. When the Great Lakers started charging for tickets, the team averaged 200 attendees.[13] The Music City Jammers were last in attendance, averaging 300 people per game.[14] They played a game on February 2, 1992 at the 11,000 seat Nashville Municipal Auditorium, which had a total attendance (including the players, referees and statisticians) of 136.[15]

The Louisville Shooters in October 1991 announced plans for a $125,000 to $175,000 marketing campaign to advertise the GBA's inaugural season. The firm Bridgemon, James & Shawver Advertising Inc.—who also worked on marketing for the Louisville Redbirds professional baseball team—was contracted to run the campaign which consisted of newspaper ads, television and radio ads and a 30-minute infomercial on WAVE (TV).[16] By February 1992, team owner Jim Tilton told Business First-Louisville the Shooters were facing "a pretty heavy loss" and he was seeking a new line of credit to keep the team afloat. The team had sold 150 season tickets and were averaging 2,250 attendees per game. A deal to sell the Shooters to an ownership group led by David Gleason fell through.[17] By mid-March 1992, the Shooters had their telephone service shut off for failed payment. On March 31, 1992, the office furniture at the team's headquarters was repossessed. The team also had to forfeit their first round playoff series against the Mid-Michigan Great Lakers due to failure to pay rent on their home venue, Louisville Gardens. As of April 1992, the Shooters owed $23,000 in back rent to the Louisville Gardens owners.[18]

After the 1991–92 season, GBA commissioner Mike Storen announced he was stepping away from the league to focus on his sports marketing business.[19]

David Gleason, who attempted to purchase the Louisville Shooters in February 1992, eventually purchased the franchise from Jim Tilton. Gleason said the purchase did not include the legal obligation for $300,000 in outstanding debts owed by Tilton, however, Gleason still had to pay the debts as he wanted his debtors services. He had to settle his account with Bridgemon, James & Shawver Advertising Inc. before they would agree to continue working for the team. When they did settle the debt, the advertising firm only agreed to work on an hourly rate and would no longer let debts accrue. Gleason came to an agreement that let him continue to use Louisville Gardens as the team's home venue.[20] The Shooters folded after three games into the 1992–93 season. The league itself disbanded in December 1992.[21]

## Teams

[edit]

Sharp Shooters

Outlaws

Flyers

Bullfrogs

Sharpshooters

Gaters

Shooters

HotShots

Sharks

Jammers

Jammers

HotShots

Lasers

Great Lakers

class=notpageimage|

Locations of Global Basketball Association teams

→ denotes that a team was relocated and/or renamed, (YEAR)§ denotes team never played

* Albany Sharp Shooters (1991–92) → SouthGA Blues (1992)
* Cedar Rapids Sharpshooters (1992)
* Évry, France (1991)§[4]
* Fayetteville Flyers (1991–92)
* Greensboro Triad (1991)§[22] → Greensboro City Gaters (1991–92)
* Greenville Spinners (1991–92)
* Huntsville Lasers (1991–92)
* Kalev Tallinn (1991)§[2][23]
* Louisville Shooters (1991–92)
* Memphis HotShots (1991–92) → Pensacola HotShots (1992)
* Mid-Michigan Great Lakers (1991–92)
* Mississippi Coast Sharks (1992)
* Music City Jammers (1991–92) → Jackson Jammers (1992)
* Raleigh Bullfrogs (1991–92)
* San Marino (1991)§[4]
* Vilvoorde, Belgium (1992)§[4]
* Wichita Outlaws (1991–92)

## Venues and locations

[edit]

Venue  | Location  | Team  | Ref

|
|
|

Albany Civic Center
| Albany, Georgia | Albany Sharp Shooters (1991–92)
SouthGA Blues (1992–93) | [21]
Century II Convention Hall | Wichita, Kansas | Wichita Outlaws | [21]
Cumberland County Civic Center | Fayetteville, North Carolina | Fayetteville Flyers | [21]
Dorton Arena | Raleigh, North Carolina | Raleigh Bullfrogs | [21]
Five Seasons Center | Cedar Rapids, Iowa | Cedar Rapids Sharpshooters | [21]
Greensboro Coliseum Complex | Greensboro, North Carolina | Greensboro City Gaters | [21]
Greenville Memorial Auditorium | Greenville, South Carolina | Greenville Spinners | [21]
Louisville Gardens | Louisville, Kentucky | Louisville Shooters | [21]
Mid-South Coliseum | Memphis, Tennessee | Memphis HotShots | [21]
Mississippi Coast Coliseum | Biloxi, Mississippi | Mississippi Coast Sharks | [21]
Nashville Municipal Auditorium | Nashville, Tennessee | Music City Jammers | [21]
Oman Arena | Jackson, Tennessee | Jackson Jammers | [21]
Pensacola Civic Center | Pensacola, Florida | Pensacola HotShots | [21]
Von Braun Civic Center | Huntsville, Alabama | Huntsville Lasers | [21]
Wendler Arena | Saginaw, Michigan | Mid-Michigan Great Lakers | [21]

## Season standings

[edit]

### 1991–92 season

[edit]

Team  | Wins  | L  | W  | GB  | Head coach  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|

Eastern Division
Fayetteville Flyers | 41 | 23 | .641 | — | Kevin Mackey | [21][24]
Greenville Spinners | 36 | 28 | .562 | 5 | Joe Williams | [21][25]
Albany Sharp Shooters | 35 | 29 | .547 | 6 | Mauro Panaggio | [21][26]
Greensboro City Gaters | 30 | 33 | .476 | 10.5 | Ed McLean | [21][22]
Raleigh Bullfrogs | 28 | 35 | .444 | 12.5 | Monte Towe | [21]
Western Division
Mid-Michigan Great Lakers | 42 | 22 | .656 | — | Cazzie Russell | [21]
Louisville Shooters | 35 | 29 | .547 | 7 | Johnny Neumann | [21]
Huntsville Lasers | 33 | 31 | .516 | 9 | Jim Sleeper | [21][27]
Music City Jammers | 24 | 40 | .375 | 18 | Tommy Smith | [21][28]
Pensacola HotShots | 24 | 40 | .375 | 18 | Dana Kirk | [21][29]
Wichita Outlaws | 23 | 41 | .359 | 19 | Keith Fowler | [21][30]

### 1991–92 playoffs

[edit]

Bracket
| GBA First Round | | | GBA Semifinals | | | GBA Finals |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  | | |  |  |  | | |  |  |  |
| 1 | Fayetteville Flyers | 1 | | |
| 7 | Greensboro City Gaters | 0 |
| | 1 | Fayetteville Flyers |  |
|  |
| | | 3 | Greenville Spinners |  |
| 3 | Greenville Spinners | 0 |

| 4 | Albany Sharpshooters | 0 |
| | 3 | Greenville Spinners | 2 |
|  |
| | | 8 | Music City Jammers | 4 |
| 2 | Michigan Great Lakers | 0 | |

| 4 | Louisville Shooters | 0 |
| | 2 | Michigan Great Lakers | 3 |
|  |
| | | 8 | Music City Jammers | 4 |
| 6 | Huntsville Lasers | 1 |

| 8 | Music City Jammers | 2 |

Finals game-by-game results

* Greenville 128, Music City 126
* Music City 100, Greenville 94
* Greenville 114, Music City 103
* Music City 103, Greenville 101
* Music City 103, Greenville 100
* Music City 106, Greenville 104

### 1992–93 season

[edit]

Team  | Wins  | L  | W  | GB  | Head coach  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|

Cedar Rapids Sharpshooters | 12 | 4 | .750 |

| Rick Barry |
Greenville Spinners | 9 | 5 | .643 | 2 |  |
Fayetteville Flyers | 10 | 7 | .588 | 2.5 |  |
SouthGA Blues | 8 | 8 | .500 | 4 |  |
Mid-Michigan Great Lakers | 6 | 9 | .400 | 5.5 |  |
Mississippi Coast Sharks | 6 | 9 | .400 | 5.5 |  |
Jackson Jammers | 6 | 12 | .333 | 7 |  |
Louisville Shooters | 0 | 3 | .000 |

|  |

Note: Louisville disbanded after three games, the GBA disbanded in December 1992

## Award winners

[edit]

* GBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player
* Lloyd Daniels, Greensboro City Gaters
* GBA All-League Team, 1991–92
* John Crotty, Greenville Spinners
* Reggie Fox, Mid-Michigan Great Lakers
* Willie McDuffie, Greenville Spinners
* Danny Pearson, Greenville Spinners
* Lloyd Daniels, Greensboro City Gaters
* Mike Ratliff, Huntsville Lasers
* Joey Wright, Memphis/Pensacola HotShots
* Alfredrick Hughes, Louisville Shooters
* Jerome Harmon, Louisville Shooters
* GBA All-Defensive Team, 1991–92
* David Harris, Huntsville Lasers
* Sean Gay, Greensboro City Gaters
* James Martin, Fayetteville Flyers
* Paris McCurdy, Mid-Michigan Great Lakers
* Lorenzo Williams, Fayetteville Flyers

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Millson, Larry (January 9, 1992). "Stepien in Toronto hooping it up again". Globe & Mail. Toronto, Canada. p. C13.
2. ^ a b "Sports digest". United Press International. May 9, 1991.
3. ^ "Sports digest". United Press International. March 5, 1991.
4. ^ a b c d Luke, Tim (26 July 1991). "Spinners name revived for basketball". The Greensville News. Greensville, South Carolina. p. 7\. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
5. ^ "Sports people; Pro basketball; New league sets dates". The New York Times. New York. March 6, 1991.
6. ^ "Location of the Global Basketball Association teams". The Jackson Sun. 18 November 1992. p. 24\. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
7. ^ Ross, Helen (18 November 1991). "NEW BASKETBALL LEAGUE FULL OF FAMILIAR ACC FACES". Greensboro News and Record. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
8. ^ "Transactions". The New York Times. New York. May 31, 1991.
9. ^ "GBA absorbs 6 basketball teams from other league". The Greensville News. Greensville, South Carolina. 13 August 1991. p. 32\. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
10. ^ "GBA". The Greensville News. Greensville, South Carolina. 2 August 1991. p. 31\. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
11. ^ Chaney, Joel (4 August 1991). "Raleigh picks Johnson first". The News and Observer. Raleigh, North Carolina. p. 29\. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
12. ^ Barnes, Mike (November 14, 1991). "Co-op could provide hoop answer". United Press International. Los Angeles, California.
13. ^ McQuinn, Jon (January 6, 2009). "Mid Michigan Destroyers basketball: Lots of dunks, lots of offense". The Bay City Times. Bay City, Michigan. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
14. ^ Hiett, Melanie (19 January 1992). "Fans haven't stormed GBA arena gates". Pensacola News Tribune. Pensacola, Florida. p. 32\. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
15. ^ McKernan, Kathleen (3 February 1992). "Fans don't jam arena for Jammers". Messenger-Inquirer. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
16. ^ Bowman, John (October 28, 1991). "Louisville Shooters tip off advertising campaign". Business First-Louisville. Vol. 8, no. 13\. Louisville, Kentucky: Business First of Louisville, Inc. p. 12.
17. ^ Bowman, John (February 3, 1992). "Tilton seeks new credit line, backers for Shooters". Business First-Louisville. Vol. 8, no. 27\. Louisville, Kentucky: Business First of Louisville, Inc. p. 3.
18. ^ Bowman, John (April 6, 1992). "Shooters' fate unknown as debts mount". Business First-Louisville. Vol. 8, no. 36\. Louisville, Kentucky: Business First of Louisville, Inc. p. 1.
19. ^ "Sports digest". United Press International. June 25, 1992.
20. ^ Bowman, John (October 19, 1992). "Starting over". Business First-Louisville. Vol. 9, no. 12\. Louisville, Kentucky: Business First of Louisville, Inc. p. 12.
21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "History of the Global Basketball Association". APBR.org. Association for Professional Basketball Research. Archived from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
22. ^ a b "Tansactions". The New York Times. New York. May 8, 1991.
23. ^ "New Basketball League Announced". The Reporter-Times. Martinsville, Indiana. 6 March 1991. p. 7\. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
24. ^ "Transactions". The New York Times. New York. September 13, 1991.
25. ^ "Spinners' wait is over: GBA title series begins Thursday". The Greenville News. April 16, 1992. p. 6.
26. ^ "Transactions". The New York Times. New York. December 22, 1991.
27. ^ "Cavs Add CBA Veteran to Staff". The Oklahoman. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. August 19, 1994.
28. ^ "Cumberland announces 2013 Hall of Fame class". gocumberlandathletics.com. Lebanon, Tennessee: umberland University Athletics. August 20, 2013. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
29. ^ "DON'T TRAVEL WITHOUT IT! BASKETBALL FANS! PRO BASKETBALL RETURNS TO PENSACOLA TUESDAY, JAN. 21". Pensacola News Journal. January 19, 1992. p. 29.
30. ^ Rorrer, George (March 11, 1992). "Shooters round up Outlaws". The Courier-Journal. p. 35. Retrieved March 20, 2019 - via Newspapers.com.