Glucocorticoid receptor

Receptor to which cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind

NR3C1

| Available structures

PDB| Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
| List of PDB id codes

1M2Z, 1NHZ, 1P93, 3BQD, 3CLD, 3E7C, 3H52, 3K22, 3K23, 4CSJ, 4HN5, 4HN6, 4LSJ, 4MDD, 4P6W, 4P6X, 5CBY, 5CBX, 4UDC, 4UDD, 5CBZ, 5CC1, 5EMQ, 5EMC, 5EMP

Identifiers
Aliases| NR3C1, GCCR, GCR, GCRST, GR, GRL, nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1, Glucocorticoid Receptor
External IDs| OMIM: 138040; MGI: 95824; HomoloGene: 30960; GeneCards: NR3C1; OMA:NR3C1 - orthologs
| Gene location (Human)

Chr.| Chromosome 5 (human)[1]

Band| 5q31.3| Start| 143,277,931 bp[1]
End| 143,435,512 bp[1]
| Gene location (Mouse)

Chr.| Chromosome 18 (mouse)[2]

Band| 18 B3|18 21.09 cM| Start| 39,543,598 bp[2]
End| 39,652,474 bp[2]
| RNA expression pattern

Bgee| | Human| Mouse (ortholog)

|

| Top expressed in

* endothelial cell

* tibia

* cartilage tissue

* Skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis

* Brodmann area 23

* superficial temporal artery

* visceral pleura

* synovial joint

* nipple

* parietal pleura

| Top expressed in

* median eminence

* left lung

* ankle

* left lung lobe

* skin of external ear

* medial dorsal nucleus

* lobe of cerebellum

* ciliary body

* triceps brachii muscle

* arcuate nucleus

More reference expression data
BioGPS| |

More reference expression data
| Gene ontology

Molecular function|

* steroid hormone binding
* DNA binding
* sequence-specific DNA binding
* DNA-binding transcription factor activity
* zinc ion binding
* DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
* glucocorticoid receptor activity
* nuclear receptor activity
* metal ion binding
* RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
* steroid hormone receptor activity
* steroid binding
* protein binding
* lipid binding
* RNA binding
* SUMO binding
* Hsp90 protein binding
* DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
* protein kinase binding

Cellular component|

* cytoplasm
* nucleoplasm
* mitochondrial matrix
* mitochondrion
* nucleus
* cytoskeleton
* spindle
* microtubule organizing center
* cytosol
* nuclear speck
* protein-containing complex

Biological process|

* cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus
* regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
* glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway
* transcription by RNA polymerase II
* transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
* glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway
* signal transduction
* steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway
* cell cycle
* cell division
* apoptotic process
* chromosome segregation
* negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
* transcription, DNA-templated
* cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus
* cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus
* positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
* cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus
* chromatin organization
* positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
| Orthologs

Species| Human| Mouse
Entrez| |

2908

14815

Ensembl| |

ENSG00000113580

ENSMUSG00000024431

UniProt| |

P04150
Q3MSN4

P06537

RefSeq (mRNA)| | NM_000176
NM_001018074
NM_001018075
NM_001018076
NM_001018077

NM_001020825
NM_001024094
NM_001204258
NM_001204259
NM_001204260
NM_001204261
NM_001204262
NM_001204263
NM_001204264
NM_001204265
NM_001364180
NM_001364181
NM_001364182
NM_001364183
NM_001364184
NM_001364185

NM_008173
NM_001361209
NM_001361210
NM_001361211
NM_001361212

RefSeq (protein)| | NP_000167
NP_001018084
NP_001018085
NP_001018086
NP_001018087

NP_001018661
NP_001019265
NP_001191187
NP_001191188
NP_001191189
NP_001191190
NP_001191191
NP_001191192
NP_001191193
NP_001191194
NP_001351109
NP_001351110
NP_001351111
NP_001351112
NP_001351113
NP_001351114
NP_000167.1
NP_001018084.1
NP_001018085.1
NP_001018086.1
NP_001018087.1
NP_001018661.1
NP_001019265.1
NP_001191187.1
NP_001191188.1
NP_001191189.1
NP_001191190.1
NP_001191191.1
NP_001191192.1
NP_001191193.1

NP_001348138
NP_001348139
NP_001348140
NP_001348141
NP_032199

Location (UCSC)| Chr 5: 143.28 – 143.44 Mb| Chr 18: 39.54 – 39.65 Mb
PubMed search| [3]| [4]
Wikidata
| View/Edit Human| View/Edit Mouse

|

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR or GCR) also known by its gene name NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1) is the steroid receptor for glucocorticoids such as cortisol.

The GR is expressed in almost every cell in the body and regulates genes controlling the development, metabolism, inflammation, and immune response. Because the receptor gene is expressed in several forms, it has many different (pleiotropic) effects in different parts of the body and in the context of different diseases.

GR is a steroid receptor and thus its cannonical action is similar to other steroid receptors.[5][6] The unbound receptor resides in the cytosol of the cell. When glucocorticoids bind to the receptor, GR translocates to the nucleus of the cell where it acts as a transcription factor. The activated GR complex up-regulates the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins in the nucleus or represses the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins in the cytosol (by preventing the translocation of other transcription factors from the cytosol into the nucleus).[6]

In humans, the GR protein is encoded by NR3C1 gene which is located on chromosome 5 (5q31).[7][8]

## Structure

[edit]

Like the other steroid receptors,[9] GR is modular in structure[10] and contains the following domains (labeled A \- F):

* A/B \- N-terminal regulatory domain
* C \- DNA-binding domain (DBD)
* D \- hinge region
* E \- ligand-binding domain (LBD)
* F \- C-terminal domain

## Ligand binding and response

[edit]

In the absence of hormone, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) resides in the cytosol complexed with a variety of proteins including heat shock protein 90 (hsp90), the heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and the protein FKBP4 (FK506-binding protein 4).[11] The endogenous glucocorticoid hormone cortisol diffuses through the cell membrane into the cytoplasm and binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) resulting in the release of the heat shock proteins. The resulting activated form GR has two principal mechanisms of action, transactivation, and transrepression,[12][13] described below.

### Transactivation

[edit]

A direct mechanism of action involves homodimerization of the receptor, translocation via active transport into the nucleus, and binding to specific DNA response elements activating gene transcription. This mechanism of action is referred to as transactivation. The biological response depends on the cell type.[citation needed]

### Transrepression

[edit]

In the absence of activated GR, other transcription factors such as NF-κB or AP-1 themselves are able to transactivate target genes.[14] However activated GR can complex with these other transcription factors and prevent them from binding their target genes and hence repress the expression of genes that are normally upregulated by NF-κB or AP-1. This indirect mechanism of action is referred to as transrepression.[citation needed] GR transrepression via NF-κB and AP-1 is restricted only to certain cell types, and is not considered the universal mechanism for IκBα repression. [15][16]

## Clinical significance

[edit]

The GR is abnormal in familial glucocorticoid resistance.[17]

In central nervous system structures, the glucocorticoid receptor is gaining interest as a novel representative of neuroendocrine integration, functioning as a major component of endocrine influence — specifically the stress response — upon the brain. The receptor is now implicated in both short and long-term adaptations seen in response to stressors and may be critical to the understanding of psychological disorders, including some or all subtypes of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[18] Indeed, long-standing observations such as the mood dysregulations typical of Cushing's disease demonstrate the role of corticosteroids in regulating psychologic state; recent advances have demonstrated interactions with norepinephrine and serotonin at the neural level.[19][20]

In preeclampsia (a hypertensive disorder commonly occurring in pregnant women), the level of a miRNA sequence possibly targeting this protein is elevated in the blood of the mother. Rather, the placenta elevates the level of exosomes containing this miRNA, which can result in inhibition of translation of molecule. Clinical significance of this information is not yet clarified.[21]

## Agonists and antagonists

[edit]

Dexamethasone and other corticosteroids are agonists, while mifepristone and ketoconazole are antagonists of GR. Anabolic steroids also prevent cortisol from binding to the glucocorticoid receptor.

## Interactions

[edit]

Glucocorticoid receptor has been shown to interact with:

* BAG1,[22][23]
* CEBPB,[24]
* CREBBP,[25]
* DAP3,[26]
* DAXX,[27]
* HSP90AA1,[26][28][29][30][31][32][33]
* HNRPU,[34]
* MED1,[35][36]
* MED14,[36]
* Mineralocorticoid receptor,[37]
* NRIP1,[35][38][39]
* NCOR1,[40][41]
* NCOA1,[35][42]
* NCOA2,[35][43]
* NCOA3,[35][44]
* POU2F1,[45][46]
* RANBP9,[47]
* RELA,[47][48][49]
* SMAD3,[50][51]
* SMARCD1,[44]
* SMARCA4[44][52]
* STAT3,[53][54]
* STAT5B,[55]
* Thioredoxin,[56]
* TRIM28,[57] and
* YWHAH.[58]

## See also

[edit]

* Membrane glucocorticoid receptor
* Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist (SEGRA)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000113580 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024431 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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7. ^ Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, Cerelli G, Oro A, Lebo R, et al. (December 1985). "Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA". Nature. 318 (6047): 635–641\. Bibcode:1985Natur.318..635H. doi:10.1038/318635a0. PMC 6165583. PMID 2867473.
8. ^ Francke U, Foellmer BE (May 1989). "The glucocorticoid receptor gene is in 5q31-q32 [corrected]". Genomics. 4 (4): 610–612\. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(89)90287-5. PMID 2744768.
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52. ^ Wallberg AE, Neely KE, Hassan AH, Gustafsson JA, Workman JL, Wright AP (March 2000). "Recruitment of the SWI-SNF chromatin remodeling complex as a mechanism of gene activation by the glucocorticoid receptor tau1 activation domain". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 (6): 2004–2013\. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.6.2004-2013.2000. PMC 110817. PMID 10688647.
53. ^ Lerner L, Henriksen MA, Zhang X, Darnell JE (October 2003). "STAT3-dependent enhanceosome assembly and disassembly: synergy with GR for full transcriptional increase of the alpha 2-macroglobulin gene". Genes & Development. 17 (20): 2564–2577\. doi:10.1101/gad.1135003. PMC 218150. PMID 14522952.
54. ^ Zhang Z, Jones S, Hagood JS, Fuentes NL, Fuller GM (December 1997). "STAT3 acts as a co-activator of glucocorticoid receptor signaling". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (49): 30607–30610\. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.49.30607. PMID 9388192.
55. ^ Stöcklin E, Wissler M, Gouilleux F, Groner B (October 1996). "Functional interactions between Stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor" (PDF). Nature. 383 (6602): 726–728\. Bibcode:1996Natur.383..726S. doi:10.1038/383726a0. PMID 8878484. S2CID 4356272.
56. ^ Makino Y, Yoshikawa N, Okamoto K, Hirota K, Yodoi J, Makino I, Tanaka H (January 1999). "Direct association with thioredoxin allows redox regulation of glucocorticoid receptor function". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (5): 3182–3188\. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.5.3182. PMID 9915858.
57. ^ Chang CJ, Chen YL, Lee SC (October 1998). "Coactivator TIF1beta interacts with transcription factor C/EBPbeta and glucocorticoid receptor to induce alpha1-acid glycoprotein gene expression". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (10): 5880–5887\. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.10.5880. PMC 109174. PMID 9742105.
58. ^ Wakui H, Wright AP, Gustafsson J, Zilliacus J (March 1997). "Interaction of the ligand-activated glucocorticoid receptor with the 14-3-3 eta protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (13): 8153–8156\. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.13.8153. PMID 9079630.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Adcock IM, Ito K (June 2000). "Molecular mechanisms of corticosteroid actions". Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease = Archivio Monaldi per le Malattie del Torace. 55 (3): 256–266\. PMID 10948677.
* Chikanza IC (June 2002). "Mechanisms of corticosteroid resistance in rheumatoid arthritis: a putative role for the corticosteroid receptor beta isoform". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 966 (1): 39–48\. Bibcode:2002NYASA.966...39C. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04200.x. PMID 12114257. S2CID 85100496.
* Neeck G, Kluter A, Dotzlaw H, Eggert M (June 2002). "Involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 966 (1): 491–495\. Bibcode:2002NYASA.966..491N. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04252.x. PMID 12114309. S2CID 5106644.
* Yudt MR, Cidlowski JA (August 2002). "The glucocorticoid receptor: coding a diversity of proteins and responses through a single gene". Molecular Endocrinology. 16 (8): 1719–1726\. doi:10.1210/me.2002-0106. PMID 12145329.
* Torrego A, Pujols L, Picado C (September 2002). "[Response to glucocorticoid treatment in asthma. The role of alpha and beta isoforms of the glucocorticoid receptor]". Archivos de Bronconeumologia. 38 (9): 436–440\. doi:10.1016/S0300-2896(02)75258-7. PMID 12237016.
* Bray PJ, Cotton RG (June 2003). "Variations of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1): pathological and in vitro mutations and polymorphisms". Human Mutation. 21 (6): 557–568\. doi:10.1002/humu.10213. PMID 12754700. S2CID 26191891.
* Kino T, Pavlakis GN (April 2004). "Partner molecules of accessory protein Vpr of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1". DNA and Cell Biology. 23 (4): 193–205\. doi:10.1089/104454904773819789. PMID 15142377.
* Lu NZ, Cidlowski JA (June 2004). "The origin and functions of multiple human glucocorticoid receptor isoforms". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1024 (1): 102–123\. Bibcode:2004NYASA1024..102L. doi:10.1196/annals.1321.008. PMID 15265776. S2CID 36368837.
* Kino T, Chrousos GP (June 2004). "Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 accessory protein Vpr: a causative agent of the AIDS-related insulin resistance/lipodystrophy syndrome?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1024 (1): 153–167\. Bibcode:2004NYASA1024..153K. doi:10.1196/annals.1321.013. PMID 15265780. S2CID 23655886.
* Andersen JL, Planelles V (January 2005). "The role of Vpr in HIV-1 pathogenesis". Current HIV Research. 3 (1): 43–51\. doi:10.2174/1570162052772988. PMID 15638722.
* Le Rouzic E, Benichou S (February 2005). "The Vpr protein from HIV-1: distinct roles along the viral life cycle". Retrovirology. 2 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-11. PMC 554975. PMID 15725353.
* Muthumani K, Choo AY, Premkumar A, Hwang DS, Thieu KP, Desai BM, Weiner DB (August 2005). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr-regulated cell death: insights into mechanism". Cell Death and Differentiation. 12 (Suppl 1): 962–970\. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401583. PMID 15832179.
* Zhou J, Cidlowski JA (2005). "The human glucocorticoid receptor: one gene, multiple proteins and diverse responses". Steroids. 70 (5–7): 407–417\. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2005.02.006. PMID 15862824. S2CID 24272404.5–7&rft.pages=407-417&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24272404#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/15862824&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.steroids.2005.02.006&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Cidlowski,+JA&rft_id=https://zenodo.org/record/1259367&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glucocorticoid+receptor" class="Z3988">
* Chrousos GP, Kino T (October 2005). "Intracellular glucocorticoid signaling: a formerly simple system turns stochastic". Science's STKE. 2005 (304): pe48. doi:10.1126/stke.3042005pe48. PMID 16204701. S2CID 23148406.
* Plotkin LL, Labutin AL, Lebedev LV, Khanukov LA, Zelikson OS (1975). "[Balloon probe for the removal of emboli and thrombi]". Meditsinskaya Tekhnika (3): 42–43\. PMID 1152650.
* Subramaniam M, Colvard D, Keeting PE, Rasmussen K, Riggs BL, Spelsberg TC (December 1992). "Glucocorticoid regulation of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and proto-oncogenes in normal human osteoblast-like cells". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 50 (4): 411–424\. doi:10.1002/jcb.240500410. PMID 1469072. S2CID 21381419.
* Scherrer LC, Pratt WB (March 1992). "Association of the transformed glucocorticoid receptor with a cytoskeletal protein complex". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 41 (3–8): 719–721\. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90411-B. hdl:2027.42/30199. PMID 1562545. S2CID 43672040.3–8&rft.pages=719-721&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=info:hdl/2027.42/30199&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43672040#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/1562545&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/0960-0760(92)90411-B&rft.aulast=Scherrer&rft.aufirst=LC&rft.au=Pratt,+WB&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glucocorticoid+receptor" class="Z3988">
* Cadepond F, Gasc JM, Delahaye F, Jibard N, Schweizer-Groyer G, Segard-Maurel I, et al. (July 1992). "Hormonal regulation of the nuclear localization signals of the human glucocorticosteroid receptor". Experimental Cell Research. 201 (1): 99–108\. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(92)90352-9. PMID 1612132.
* Hurley DM, Accili D, Stratakis CA, Karl M, Vamvakopoulos N, Rorer E, et al. (February 1991). "Point mutation causing a single amino acid substitution in the hormone binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in familial glucocorticoid resistance". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 87 (2): 680–686\. doi:10.1172/JCI115046. PMC 296359. PMID 1704018.
* Encío IJ, Detera-Wadleigh SD (April 1991). "The genomic structure of the human glucocorticoid receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (11): 7182–7188\. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)89627-6. PMID 1707881.

## External links

[edit]

* Human Protein Reference Database Archived 2006-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
* Glucocorticoid+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
* FactorBook GR
* Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P04150 (Glucocorticoid receptor) at the PDBe-KB.

* v
* t
* e

PDB gallery

* 1gdc: REFINED SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR DNA-BINDING DOMAIN

* 1glu: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR WITH DNA

* 1m2z: Crystal structure of a dimer complex of the human glucocorticoid receptor ligand-binding domain bound to dexamethasone and a TIF2 coactivator motif

* 1nhz: Crystal Structure of the Antagonist Form of Glucocorticoid Receptor

* 1p93: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE AGONIST FORM OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR

* 1r4o: Crystallographic analysis of the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with DNA

* 1r4r: Crystallographic analysis of the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with DNA

* 1rgd: STRUCTURE REFINEMENT OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR-DNA BINDING DOMAIN FROM NMR DATA BY RELAXATION MATRIX CALCULATIONS

* 2gda: REFINED SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR DNA-BINDING DOMAIN

* v
* t
* e

Transcription factors and intracellular receptors

(1) Basic domains

| (1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)|

* Activating transcription factor
* AATF
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* AP-1
* c-Fos
* FOSB
* FOSL1
* FOSL2
* JDP2
* c-Jun
* JUNB
* JunD
* BACH
* 1
* 2
* BATF
* BLZF1
* C/EBP
* α
* β
* γ
* δ
* ε
* ζ
* CREB
* 1
* 3
* L1
* CREM
* DBP
* DDIT3
* GABPA
* GCN4
* HLF
* MAF
* B
* sMaf
* F
* G
* K
* NFE
* 2
* L1
* L2
* L3
* NFIL3
* NRL
* NRF
* 1
* 2
* 3
* XBP1

|

(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)|

| Group A|

* AS-C
* ASCL1
* ASCL2
* ATOH1
* HAND
* 1
* 2
* MESP2
* Myogenic regulatory factors
* MyoD
* Myogenin
* MYF5
* MYF6
* NeuroD
* 1
* 2
* Neurogenins
* 1
* 2
* 3
* OLIG
* 1
* 2
* Paraxis
* TCF15
* Scleraxis
* SLC
* LYL1
* TAL
* 1
* 2
* Twist

|

Group B|

* FIGLA
* Myc
* c-Myc
* l-Myc
* n-Myc
* MXD4
* TCF4

Group C
bHLH-PAS|

* AhR
* AHRR
* ARNT
* ARNTL
* ARNTL2
* CLOCK
* HIF
* 1A
* EPAS1
* 3A
* NPAS
* 1
* 2
* 3
* PER
* 1
* 2
* 3
* Period
* SIM
* 1
* 2

Group D|

* BHLH
* 2
* 3
* 9
* Pho4
* ID
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4

Group E|

* HES
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* HEY
* 1
* 2
* L

Group F
bHLH-COE|

* EBF1

(1.3) bHLH-ZIP|

* AP-4
* MAX
* MXD1
* MXD3
* MITF
* MNT
* MLX
* MLXIPL
* MXI1
* Myc
* SREBP
* 1
* 2
* USF1

(1.4) NF-1|

* NFI
* A
* B
* C
* X
* SMAD
* R-SMAD
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 5
* 9
* I-SMAD
* 6
* 7
* 4)

(1.5) RF-X|

* RFX
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* ANK

(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)|

* AP-2
* α
* β
* γ
* δ
* ε

(2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains

| (2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4)|

| subfamily 1|

* Thyroid hormone
* α
* β
* CAR
* FXR
* LXR
* α
* β
* PPAR
* α
* β/δ
* γ
* PXR
* RAR
* α
* β
* γ
* ROR
* α
* β
* γ
* Rev-ErbA
* α
* β
* VDR

|

subfamily 2|

* COUP-TF
* (I
* II
* Ear-2
* HNF4
* α
* γ
* PNR
* RXR
* α
* β
* γ
* Testicular receptor
* 2
* 4
* TLX

subfamily 3|

* Steroid hormone
* Androgen
* Estrogen
* α
* β
* Glucocorticoid
* Mineralocorticoid
* Progesterone
* Estrogen related
* α
* β
* γ

subfamily 4|

* NUR
* NGFIB
* NOR1
* NURR1

subfamily 5|

* LRH-1
* SF1

subfamily 6|

* GCNF

subfamily 0|

* DAX1
* SHP

(2.2) Other Cys4|

* GATA
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* MTA
* 1
* 2
* 3
* TRPS1

(2.3) Cys2His2|

* General transcription factors
* TFIIA
* TFIIB
* TFIID
* TFIIE
* 1
* 2
* TFIIF
* 1
* 2
* TFIIH
* 1
* 2
* 4
* 2I
* 3A
* 3C1
* 3C2

* ATBF1
* BCL
* 6
* 11A
* 11B
* CTCF
* E4F1
* EGR
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* ERV3
* GFI1
* GLI family
* 1
* 2
* 3
* REST
* S1
* S2
* YY1
* HIC
* 1
* 2
* HIVEP
* 1
* 2
* 3
* IKZF
* 1
* 2
* 3
* ILF
* 2
* 3
* Sp/KLF family
* KLF
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 17
* SP
* 1
* 2
* 4
* 7
* 8
* MTF1
* MYT1
* OSR1
* PRDM9
* SALL
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* TSHZ3
* WT1
* Zbtb7
* 7A
* 7B
* ZBTB
* 11
* 16
* 17
* 20
* 21
* 32
* 33
* 40
* zinc finger
* 3
* 7
* 9
* 10
* 19
* 22
* 24
* 33B
* 34
* 35
* 41
* 43
* 44
* 51
* 74
* 143
* 146
* 148
* 165
* 202
* 217
* 219
* 238
* 239
* 259
* 267
* 268
* 281
* 300
* 318
* 330
* 346
* 350
* 365
* 366
* 384
* 423
* 451
* 452
* 471
* 593
* 638
* 644
* 649
* 655
* 804A

(2.4) Cys6|

* HIVEP1

(2.5) Alternating composition|

* AIRE
* DIDO1
* GRLF1
* ING
* 1
* 2
* 4
* JARID
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 2
* JMJD1B

(2.6) WRKY|

* WRKY

(3) Helix-turn-helix domains

| (3.1) Homeodomain|

| Antennapedia
ANTP class|

| protoHOX
Hox-like|

* ParaHox
* Gsx
* 1
* 2
* Xlox
* PDX1
* Cdx
* 1
* 2
* 4
* extended Hox: Evx1
* Evx2
* MEOX1
* MEOX2
* Homeobox
* A1
* A2
* A3
* A4
* A5
* A7
* A9
* A10
* A11
* A13
* B1
* B2
* B3
* B4
* B5
* B6
* B7
* B8
* B9
* B13
* C4
* C5
* C6
* C8
* C9
* C10
* C11
* C12
* C13
* D1
* D3
* D4
* D8
* D9
* D10
* D11
* D12
* D13
* GBX1
* GBX2
* MNX1

|

metaHOX
NK-like|

* BARHL1
* BARHL2
* BARX1
* BARX2
* BSX
* DBX
* 1
* 2
* DLX
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* EMX
* 1
* 2
* EN
* 1
* 2
* HHEX
* HLX
* LBX1
* LBX2
* MSX
* 1
* 2
* NANOG
* NKX
* 2-1
* 2-2
* 2-3
* 2-5
* 3-1
* 3-2
* HMX1
* HMX2
* HMX3
* 6-1
* 6-2
* NOTO
* TLX1
* TLX2
* TLX3
* VAX1
* VAX2

other|

* ARX
* CRX
* CUTL1
* FHL
* 1
* 2
* 3
* HESX1
* HOPX
* LMX
* 1A
* 1B
* NOBOX
* TALE
* IRX
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* MKX
* MEIS
* 1
* 2
* PBX
* 1
* 2
* 3
* PKNOX
* 1
* 2
* SIX
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* PHF
* 1
* 3
* 6
* 8
* 10
* 16
* 17
* 20
* 21A
* POU domain
* PIT-1
* BRN-3: A
* B
* C
* Octamer transcription factor: 1
* 2
* 3/4
* 6
* 7
* 11
* SATB2
* ZEB
* 1
* 2

(3.2) Paired box|

* PAX
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* PRRX
* 1
* 2
* PROP1
* PHOX
* 2A
* 2B
* RAX
* SHOX
* SHOX2
* VSX1
* VSX2
* Bicoid
* GSC
* BICD2
* OTX
* 1
* 2
* PITX
* 1
* 2
* 3

(3.3) Fork head / winged helix|

* E2F
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* FOX proteins
* A1
* A2
* A3
* B1
* B2
* C1
* C2
* D1
* D2
* D3
* D4
* D4L1
* D4L3
* D4L4
* D4L5
* D4L6
* E1
* E3
* F1
* F2
* G1
* H1
* I1
* I2
* I3
* J1
* J2
* J3
* K1
* K2
* L1
* L2
* M1
* N1
* N2
* N3
* N4
* O1
* O3
* O4
* O6
* P1
* P2
* P3
* P4
* Q1
* R1
* R2
* S1

(3.4) Heat shock factors|

* HSF
* 1
* 2
* 4

(3.5) Tryptophan clusters|

* ELF
* 2
* 4
* 5
* EHF
* ELK
* 1
* 3
* 4
* ERF
* ETS
* 1
* 2
* ERG
* SPIB
* ETV
* 1
* 4
* 5
* 6
* FLI1
* Interferon regulatory factors
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* MYB
* MYBL2

(3.6) TEA domain|

* transcriptional enhancer factor
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4

(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts

| (4.1) Rel homology region|

* NF-κB
* NFKB1
* NFKB2
* REL
* RELA
* RELB
* NFAT
* C1
* C2
* C3
* C4
* 5

|

(4.2) STAT|

* STAT
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6

(4.3) p53-like|

* p53 p63 p73 family
* p53
* TP63
* p73
* TBX
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 5
* 19
* 21
* 22
* TBR1
* TBR2
* TFT
* MYRF

(4.4) MADS box|

* Mef2
* A
* B
* C
* D
* SRF

(4.6) TATA-binding proteins|

* TBP
* TBPL1

(4.7) High-mobility group|

* BBX
* HMGB
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* HMGN
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* HNF
* 1A
* 1B
* SOX
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 17
* 18
* 21
* SRY
* SSRP1
* TCF/LEF
* TCF
* 1
* 3
* 4
* LEF1
* TOX
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4

(4.9) Grainyhead|

* TFCP2

(4.10) Cold-shock domain|

* CSDA
* YBX1

(4.11) Runt|

* CBF
* CBFA2T2
* CBFA2T3
* RUNX1
* RUNX2
* RUNX3
* RUNX1T1

(0) Other transcription factors

| (0.2) HMGI(Y)|

* HMGA
* 1
* 2
* HBP1

|

(0.3) Pocket domain|

* Rb
* RBL1
* RBL2

(0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors|

* Apetala 2
* EREBP
* B3

(0.6) Miscellaneous|

* ARID
* 1A
* 1B
* 2
* 3A
* 3B
* 4A
* CAP
* IFI
* 16
* 35
* MLL
* 2
* 3
* T1
* MNDA
* NFY
* A
* B
* C
* Rho/Sigma

see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies

* v
* t
* e

Glucocorticoid receptor modulators

GRTooltip Glucocorticoid receptor|

| Agonists|

* Cortisol-like and related (16-unsubstituted): 3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone
* 5α-Dihydrocorticosterone
* 9α-Fluorocortisone (alfluorone)
* 11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)
* 11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate
* 11-Deoxycorticosterone (desoxycortone, deoxycortone, desoxycorticosterone)
* Desoxycortone esters
* 11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone, cortexolone)
* Cortifen (cortiphen, kortifen)
* Cortodoxone acetate
* 21-Deoxycortisol
* Δ7-Prednisolone
* Δ7-Prednisolone 21-acetate
* Amebucort
* Chloroprednisone
* Chloroprednisone acetate
* Cloprednol
* Cloprednol acetate
* Corticosterone
* Corticosterone acetate
* Corticosterone benzoate
* Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
* Benzodrocortisone (hydrocortisone benzoate)
* Hydrocortamate (hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate)
* Hydrocortisone esters
* Cortisone
* Cortisone acetate
* Deprodone
* Deprodone propionate
* Dichlorisone
* Dichlorisone acetate
* Dichlorisone diacetate
* Difluprednate
* Endrisone (endrysone)
* Etiprednol
* Etiprednol dicloacetate (etiprednol dichloroacetate)
* Fludrocortisone (fludrocortone)
* Fludrocortisone acetate
* Fluorometholone
* Fluorometholone acetate
* Fluperolone
* Fluperolone acetate
* Fluprednisolone
* Fluprednisolone esters
* Halopredone
* Halopredone acetate (halopredone diacetate)
* Isoflupredone (9α-fluoroprednisolone)
* Isoflupredone acetate
* Loteprednol
* Mazipredone (depersolone)
* Medrysone
* Methylprednisolone
* Methylprednisolone esters
* Prebediolone
* Prebediolone acetate
* Prednisolone
* Prednazate
* Prednazoline
* Prednicarbate (prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate)
* Prednimustine
* Prednisolamate (prednisolone diethylaminoacetate)
* Prednisolone esters
* Prednisone
* Prednisone esters
* Pregnenolone
* Pregnenolone acetate
* Pregnenolone succinate (pregnenolone hemisuccinate)
* Resocortol
* Tipredane
* Tixocortol
* Butixocort (tixocortol butyrate)
* Butixocort propionate
* Tixocortol pivalate

* Methasones and related (16-substituted): 16α-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone
* Alclometasone
* Alclometasone dipropionate
* Amelometasone
* Beclometasone (beclomethasone)
* Beclometasone esters
* Betamethasone (betametasone)
* Betamethasone esters
* Cortobenzolone (betamethasone salicylate)
* Ciclometasone (ciclomethasone, cyclomethasone)
* Clobetasol
* Clobetasol propionate
* Clobetasone
* Clobetasone butyrate
* Clocortolone
* Clocortolone esters
* Cloticasone
* Cloticasone propionate
* Cormetasone (cormethasone)
* Cormetasone acetate
* Descinolone
* Desoximetasone (desoxymethasone)
* Dexamethasone (dexametasone)
* Dexamethasone esters
* Diflorasone
* Diflorasone diacetate
* Diflucortolone
* Diflucortolone pivalate
* Diflucortolone valerate
* Dimesone
* Dimesone acetate
* Doxibetasol (doxybetasol)
* Fluclorolone
* Flumetasone (flumethasone)
* Flumetasone acetate
* Flumetasone pivalate
* Fluocinolone
* Fluocortin
* Fluocortin butyl (fluocortin butylate)
* Fluocortolone
* Fluocortolone esters
* Fluprednidene (fluprednylidene)
* Fluprednidene acetate
* Fluticasone
* Fluticasone furoate
* Fluticasone propionate
* Halocortolone
* Halometasone
* Icometasone
* Icometasone enbutate (icometasone butyrate acetate)
* Isoprednidene
* Locicortolone (locicortone)
* Locicortolone dicibate (locicortone dicibate)
* Meclorisone
* Meclorisone dibutyrate
* Meprednisone (methylprednisone)
* Meprednisone acetate
* Meprednisone hydrogen succinate (methylprednisone hemisuccinate)
* Mometasone
* Mometasone furoate
* Paramethasone
* Paramethasone acetate
* Paramethasone disodium phosphate
* Paramethasone phosphate
* Prednylidene
* Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate
* Rimexolone
* Ticabesone
* Ticabesone propionate
* Timobesone
* Timobesone acetate
* Triamcinolone
* Triamcinolone diacetate
* Ulobetasol (halobetasol)
* Ulobetasol propionate
* Vamorolone

* Cyclic ketals (16,17-cyclized): Acrocinonide (triamcinolone acroleinide)
* Amcinafal (triamcinolone pentanonide)
* Amcinafide (triamcinolone acetophenide)
* Amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide)
* Budesonide
* Ciclesonide
* Cicortonide
* Deflazacort (azacort)
* Descinolone acetonide
* Desonide (hydroxyprednisolone acetonide)
* Desonide disodium phosphate
* Desonide pivalate
* Dexbudesonide
* Drocinonide
* Drocinonide phosphate
* Fluazacort
* Fluclorolone acetonide (flucloronide)
* Fludroxycortide (flurandrenolone, flurandrenolide)
* Flumoxonide
* Flunisolide
* Flunisolide acetate
* Fluocinolone acetonide
* Ciprocinonide (fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate)
* Fluocinonide (fluocinolide, fluocinolone acetonide acetate)
* Procinonide (fluocinolone acetonide propionate)
* Formocortal
* Halcinonide
* Itrocinonide
* Rofleponide
* Rofleponide palmitate
* Tralonide
* Triamcinolone acetonide
* Flupamesone (triamcinolone acetonide metembonate)
* Triamcinolone acetonide esters
* Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate (TBI-PAB)
* Triclonide

* Others/atypical (other expanded steroid ring systems, homosteroids, and non-pregnane steroids): Cortisuzol
* Cortivazol
* Domoprednate
* Naflocort
* Nicocortonide
* Nicocortonide acetate
* Nivacortol (nivazol)
* Oxisopred
* RU-26988
* RU-28362

* Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity: 15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
* 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
* Bromoketoprogesterone
* Chlormadinone acetate
* Cyproterone
* Cyproterone acetate
* Danazol
* Delmadinone acetate
* Desogestrel
* DU-41165
* Etonogestrel
* Flugestone
* Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)
* Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate
* Fluoxymesterone
* Gestodene
* Medrogestone
* Medroxyprogesterone acetate
* Megestrol acetate
* Metribolone
* Norgestomet
* Osaterone acetate
* Progesterone
* Promegestone
* RU-2309
* Quingestrone
* Segesterone acetate (nestorone)
* Tetrahydrogestrinone

* Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids: AZD-5423
* GSK-9027

|

Mixed
(SEGRMsTooltip Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists)|

* Dagrocorat
* Fosdagrocorat
* Mapracorat

Antagonists|

* 7α-Hydroxy-DHEA
* 17α-Methylprogesterone
* Aglepristone
* Asoprisnil
* Asoprisnil ecamate
* C108297
* C113176
* CORT-108297
* Cyproterone acetate
* Dazucorilant
* Exicorilant (CORT-125281)
* Guggulsterone
* Ketoconazole
* Lilopristone
* LLY-2707
* Metapristone (RU-42633)
* Miconazole
* Mifepristone (RU-486)
* Miricorilant (CORT-118335)
* Onapristone
* ORG-34116
* ORG-34517 (SCH-900636)
* ORG-34850
* Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile
* Relacorilant (CORT-125134)
* RTI 3021–012
* RTI 3021–022
* Telapristone
* Tibolone
* Toripristone
* Ulipristal acetate
* Zavacorilant

Others|

* Antisense oligonucleotides: IONIS-GCCRRx (ISIS-426115)

See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators
List of corticosteroids
*[v]: View this template
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*[e]: Edit this template
*[GR]: Glucocorticoid receptor
*[SEGRMs]: Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists