Goodall focus

North American archaeological culture (200–500 BCE)

Goodall focus

The Goodall ocus and some of its major sites

Geographical range| Great Lakes: Ontario, Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana
Period| Paleo-Indians
Dates| 200 BCE to 500 CE
Type site| Ridgeway Site in Hardin County, Ohio.
Major sites| Zimmerman Site,
Preceded by| Paleo-Indians
Followed by| Point Peninsula complex, Saugeen complex, Goodall focus, and Norton Mound group
Defined by| Burials in glacial kames

The Goodall focus was a Hopewellian culture from the Middle Woodland period peoples that occupied Western Michigan and northern Indiana from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. Extensive trade networks existed at this time, particularly among the many local cultural expressions of the Hopewell communities. The Goodall pattern stretched from the southern tip of Lake Michigan, east across northern Indiana, to the Ohio border, then northward, covering central Michigan, almost reaching to Saginaw Bay on the east and Grand Traverse Bay to the north. The culture is named for the Goodall site in northwest Indiana.[1]

## Defining artifact

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Glacial Kame is a widespread of the northern late archaic cultural manifestations. Cemeteries were customarily made in sand and gravel ridges formed by glacial outwash called "kames". Not all human burials in a kame are necessarily from the same time period, those which reflect similar methods and are associated with similar materials are related to some degree.

1. Glacial Kame cemeteries contain from only a few to several dozen burials. The tightly flexed human remains, usually singly but sometimes paired, were placed in circular pits barely large enough to permit placement of the body.
2. If a stratum of hard silt overlay the more easily removed sands and gravels, only the narrowest possible disturbance was created through the former.
3. Males and females representing all age groups were placed in these cemeteries.[2]
4. Powdered ochre, contains iron oxides and ranges in color from bright yellow to a rich orange-red.
5. Large drilled sandal-sole-shaped and circular gorgets were cut from wall sections of marine molluscans.
6. A distinctive artifact is the so-called "birdstone." Commonly carved from slate, it has a profile resembling the head, body, and tail of a stylized bird.
7. A symbolic spear-thrower weight comparable to that of the bannerstone. There is no clear associations to confirm this idea.[clarification needed]
8. Other artifacts include copper and shell beads, some made from the columella of marine shells, long bone pins, and bone awls.[2]

## Ceramics

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Ceramics tend to come from middens and contain expanding and contracting stemmed projectile points and obsidian flakes. Research has been on-going through the 1990s at sites in northwest Indiana, the Galien River Basin, the Kalamazoo River Basin and the Grand River basin.[1]

## See also

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* Hopewell tradition
* List of Hopewell sites
* Norton Mound group

## References

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1. ^ a b Hopewell Archeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley; 4. Current Research on the Goodall Focus; Volume 2, Number 1, October 1996
2. ^ a b Kellar, James H.; An Introduction to the Prehistory of Indiana; Indianapolis, Indiana Historical Society; Indianapolis, Indiana; 1973

## Further reading

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* Cunningham, Wilbur M. A Study of the Glacial Kame Culture in Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana. Occasional Contributions from the Museum of Anthropology of the University of Michigan 12. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1948, 12.
* Greenman, E.F. "Ohio". The Indianapolis Archaeological Conference: A Symposium Upon the Archaeological Problems of the North Central United States Area. 1935–12, Indianapolis. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, [1937?], 17.
* Drennen, Bert C., III. National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Zimmerman Kame. National Park Service, 1974-01-22.
* Hopewell Archeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley; 4. Current Research on the Goodall Focus; Volume 2, Number 1, October 1996
* Quimby, George I. Jr. The Goodall focus: an analysis of ten Hopewellian components in Michigan and Indiana / Ohio; Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society, 1941.

## External links

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* The Goodall Tradition Project:Northwestern Indiana Hopewell
* The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley
* The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley
* Key Indiana Hopewell Site Preserved

* v
* t
* e

Hopewellian peoples

* Woodland period
* List of Hopewell sites
* Mound Builders
* List of archaeological periods (North America)

Ohio Hopewell|

* Beam Farm
* Benham Mound
* Cary Village Site
* Cedar-Bank Works
* Dunns Pond Mound
* Ellis Mounds
* Ety Enclosure
* Ety Habitation Site
* Everett Knoll Complex
* Fort Ancient
* Fortified Hill Works
* Great Hopewell Road
* High Banks Works
* Hopeton Earthworks
* Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
* Indian Mound Cemetery
* Keiter Mound
* Marietta Earthworks
* Moorehead Circle
* Mound of Pipes
* Nettle Lake Mound Group
* Newark Earthworks
* Oak Mounds
* Orators
* Perin Village Site
* Pollock Works
* Portsmouth Earthworks
* Rocky Fork Enclosures
* Rocky Fork Mounds
* Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District
* Shawnee Lookout
* Shriver Circle Earthworks
* Stubbs Earthworks
* Tremper Mound and Works
* Williamson Mound Archeological District

Crab Orchard culture|

* Carrier Mills Archaeological District
* Cleiman Mound
* Hubele site
* Mann site
* Mount Vernon Site
* O'byams Fort site
* Wilson site
* Yankeetown site

Goodall focus|

* Goodall site
* Norton Mound group

Havana Hopewell culture|

* Albany Mounds State Historic Site
* Dickson Mounds
* Duncan Farm
* Golden Eagle-Toppmeyer Site
* Kamp Mound Site
* Mound House site
* Naples Archeological District
* Naples Mound 8
* Ogden-Fettie Site
* Rockwell Mound
* Sinnissippi Mounds
* Toolesboro Mound Group

Kansas City Hopewell|

* Cloverdale archaeological site
* Renner Village Archeological Site
* Trowbridge Archeological Site

Marksville culture|

* Crooks Mound
* Grand Gulf Mound
* Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site
* Mott Archaeological Preserve

Miller culture|

* Bynum Mound and Village Site
* Ingomar Mound
* Miller Site
* Pharr Mounds
* Pinson Mounds

Point Peninsula complex|

* Lewiston Mound
* Serpent Mounds Park
* LeVescounte Mounds

Swift Creek culture
Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture

* Crystal River Archaeological State Park
* Etowah Indian Mounds
* Leake Mounds
* Kolomoki Mounds
* Miner's Creek site
* Pierce Site
* Swift Creek mound site
* Third Gulf Breeze
* Yearwood site
* Yent Mound

Other Hopewellian peoples|

* Armstrong culture
* Copena culture
* Fourche Maline culture
* Laurel complex
* Saugeen complex
* Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)

Exotic trade items|

* Copper
* Galena
* Mica
* Fresh water pearls
* Obsidian
* Pipestone
* Sea shells

Related topics
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley
Black drink
burial mound
Ceremonial pipe
Effigy mound
Hopewell pottery
Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks
Horned Serpent
Eastern Agricultural Complex
Underwater panther

* v
* t
* e

Pre-Columbian North America

Periods
Lithic
Archaic
Formative
Classic
Post-Classic

Archaeological
cultures|

* Adena
* Alachua
* Ancient Beringian
* Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
* Anishinaabe
* Avonlea
* Baytown
* Belle Glade
* Buttermilk Creek complex
* Caborn-Welborn
* Cades Pond
* Calf Creek
* Caloosahatchee
* Clovis
* Coles Creek
* Comondú
* Deptford
* Folsom
* Fort Ancient
* Fort Walton
* Fremont
* Glacial Kame
* Glades
* Hohokam
* Hopewell
* List of Hopewell sites
* La Jolla
* Las Palmas
* Maritime Archaic
* Mississippian
* List of Mississippian sites
* Mogollon
* Monongahela
* Old Cordilleran
* Oneota
* Paleo-Arctic
* Paleo-Indians
* Patayan
* Plano
* Plaquemine
* Poverty Point
* Red Ocher
* Safety Harbor
* Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
* St. Johns
* Steed-Kisker
* Suwannee Valley
* Tchefuncte
* Troyville
* Weeden Island

Archaeological
sites|

* Angel Mounds
* Anzick site
* Bandelier National Monument
* Bastian
* Benson
* Blue Spring Shelter
* Bluefish Caves
* The Bluff Point Stoneworks
* Brewster
* Cahokia
* Candelaria Cave
* Carlisle Fort
* Casa Grande
* Chaco Canyon
* Coso Rock Art District
* Crystal River
* Cuarenta Casas
* Cueva de la Olla
* Cutler
* Eaker
* El Fin del Mundo
* El Vallecito
* Effigy Mounds
* Etowah Indian Mounds
* Eva
* Folsom
* Fort Ancient
* Fort Center
* Fort Juelson
* Four Mounds
* Gila Cliff Dwellings
* Glenwood
* Grimes Point
* Helen Blazes
* Holly Bluff
* Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
* Horr's Island
* Huápoca
* Key Marco
* Kimball Village
* Kincaid Mounds
* Kolomoki Mounds
* Lake Jackson Mounds
* Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
* L'Anse aux Meadows
* Lynch Quarry Site
* Marksville
* Marmes Rockshelter
* Meadowcroft Rockshelter
* Mesa Verde
* Moaning Cavern
* Moorehead Circle
* Morrison Mounds
* Moundville
* Mummy Cave
* Nodena site
* Ocmulgee Mounds
* Old Stone Fort
* Orwell site
* Paquime
* Painted Bluff
* Parkin Park
* Pinson Mounds
* Plum Bayou Mounds
* Portsmouth Earthworks
* Poverty Point
* Pueblo Bonito
* Rassawek
* Recapture Canyon
* River Styx
* Roberts Island
* Rock Eagle
* Rock Hawk
* Rosenstock Village
* Russell Cave
* Salmon Ruins
* Serpent Mound
* Sierra de San Francisco
* Shell ring sites
* Spiro Mounds
* Stallings Island
* SunWatch
* Taos Pueblo
* Town Creek Indian Mound
* Turkey River Mounds
* Upward Sun River
* Velda Mound
* West Oak Forest Earthlodge
* Wickiup Hill
* Windover
* Winterville
* Wupatki

Human
remains|

* Anzick-1
* Arlington Springs Man
* Buhl Woman
* Kennewick Man
* La Brea Woman
* Leanderthal Lady
* Melbourne Man
* Minnesota Woman
* Peñon woman
* Spirit Cave mummy
* Vero man

Miscellaneous|

* Aridoamerica
* Ballgame
* Black drink
* Ceremonial pipe
* Chanunpa
* Chunkey
* Clovis point
* Container Revolution
* Eastern Agricultural Complex
* Eden point
* Effigy mound
* Falcon dancer
* Folsom point
* Green Corn Ceremony
* Horned Serpent
* Kiva
* Medicine wheel
* Metallurgy
* Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
* Mound Builders
* N.A.G.P.R.A.
* Norse colonization of North America
* Oasisamerica
* Piasa
* Projectile point
* Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
* Stickball
* Three Sisters agriculture
* Thunderbird
* Transoceanic contact
* Underwater panther
* Water glyphs

Related
Genetic history
Pre-Columbian era
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