Government College University, Lahore

Public research university in Lahore, Pakistan

For other uses, see Government College University.

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|

Government College University

Other name

| GCU

Former names

| Government College (GC)
Motto|

* Educating People for tomorrow (historical)
* Courage to Know (present)

Type| Public
Established| 1864; 161 years ago (1864)
Accreditation|

* Higher Education Commission
* Pakistan Engineering Council
* Pakistan Bar Council

Chancellor| Governor of the Punjab
Vice-Chancellor| Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ali Shah[1]

Academic staff

| 454[2]

Administrative staff

| 103[2]
Students| 10,662[2]
Undergraduates| 5,831[2]
Postgraduates| 1,712[2]

Doctoral students

| 520[2]

Other students

| Intermediate, Certifications[2]
Location|

Lahore

Punjab

Pakistan

31°34′24″N 74°18′28″E﻿ / ﻿31.5732°N 74.3079°E﻿ / 31.5732; 74.3079
Campus| Urban
Colours|  Royal blue, goldenrod, maroon
Website| gcu.edu.pk

The Government College University (colloquially known as GCU; Punjabi, Urdu: گورنمنٹ کالج یونیورسٹی) is a public research university in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Founded as Government College, Lahore, in 1864 under British administration, it became a university in 2002.

## Overview

[edit]

In 1864, Government College was established by the British government in India.[3][4] After being elevated to university status in 2002, it has become one the ten largest educational institutions in Pakistan,[citation needed] with a student body of over 12,000. It has 32 academic departments, segregated into five faculties. There are five research centers, focused on academic and industrial research and development projects. The university secured the second place in the general category by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) in 2013.[5] It has the highest graduation rate in the country, with an average of 94.6% annually.[6][7] In Government College University, the medium of instruction is English.

Government College University is noted for its historical roots and produced notable scholars such as poet-philosopher Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Nobel laureates Har Gobind Khorana and Abdus Salam, former president of both the United Nations General Assembly and the International Court of Justice Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, scholar and novelist couple Bano Qudsia and Ashfaq Ahmed. Among its graduates are also four prime ministers and one caretaker prime minister of Pakistan.

## History

[edit]

Government College, Lahore circa 1880

Originally, the establishment of a central college in Lahore was sanctioned in 1856 by the British Raj, given that the teachers were from University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, Dublin University HC or Durham University. Under the leadership of Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, a professor of Arabic and Islamic Law at King's College London, the college was established on 1 January 1864, located in the Palace of Raja Dhyan Singh Haveli (Dogra prime minister of Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore) inside Walled City of Lahore, as an affiliated college of Calcutta University.

In April 1871, the college moved to a large Bungalow near Anarkali Bazaar. In 1873, its location was again changed to another house called Rahim Khan's Kothi due to rapidly increasing student strength. It moved to its present building in 1876.

The first principal was Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, whose name is closely attached to the college. In 1882, Leitner was very instrumental in laying the foundation of Punjab University, Lahore. Thereafter, the college would remain affiliated with Punjab University for 115 years. In 1997, government of the Punjab gave Government College autonomy in all affairs and granted degree awarding status.[3]

In 2002, it was promoted to university status by the government of Punjab; the word college was retained in its title for preserving its historical roots.[8]

Main Building, GCU

## Campus

[edit]

GCU's Iconic tower

### Old Campus

[edit]

Positioned in Downtown Lahore, it is located at the junction of The Mall, Lahore and the Lower Mall, surrounded by main business and administrative areas, schools, colleges and Punjab University old Campus. The main building was designed by W. Purdon and completed in 1877 at a cost of Rs. 320,000. In the centre of the main building stands a 176' tall clock tower. Built during the colonial era, the main building reflects the neo-Gothic tradition, with broad verandahs and elevated ceilings. A large ground accompanies the main building, alluded to as the "Oval Ground". In 2019, the ground was renamed "The Leitner Oval", in honour of Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, the first principal of the institute.[9] To meet the needs of an increasing number of students, several buildings and blocks have been commissioned which include a postgraduate block, a new block for intermediate students and a bachelors' block which is accessible by an overhead bridge. The main campus is spread over 56 acres along the Anarkali Bazaar, one of the oldest surviving markets in Lahore.[10]

### Kala Shah Kaku Campus

[edit]

On 24 August 2019, the Kala Shah Kaku campus of the university was inaugurated which is known as GCU KSK campus. The campus is spread over 370 acres, able to house 25,000 students, 1,250 teachers and 650 staff members. 22 hostels are available for accommodation.[11]

On 24 September 2020, the new campus was formally opened to students. A bus shuttle service will operate between both campuses.[12]

## Emblem

[edit]

Annual Dinner at GCU

The torch, as the crest of the university emblem, represents the light of knowledge. The motto "Courage to Know" represents the guiding principle of the student community.[13]

## Academics

[edit]

### Programs

[edit]

The university offers degrees in Higher Secondary School Certificate (locally referred to as Intermediate), undergraduate and post-graduate studies. In the higher education level, it offers 28 bachelor's degrees, 28 MS/MPhil Degrees and 19 PhD degrees. These degrees are offered under the following faculties:

* Faculty of Chemistry and Life Sciences[14]
* Faculty of Mathematical & Physical Sciences[15]
* Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences[16]
* Faculty of Language, Islamic & Oriental Learning[17]
* Faculty of Engineering[18]

### Research

[edit]

The university has always been a research-led university, however, in recent times, it has shifted its focus towards quality output projects, which the university believes to be beneficial academically and industrially. Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC) has been set up to manage all research issues. The objective of the office is to advance, diversify and manage all research programs and to uphold international standards of research.[19]

It receives research grants mostly from foreign universities like Strathclyde University, Cranfield University, World Bank Researchers Alliance for Development and British Council and from national institutes and organizations like Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), PTCL, Higher Education Commission and Ministry of Science and Technology.[20]

### Institutes

[edit]

The university has five autonomous/semi-autonomous, research-oriented institutes, focused on academic and industrial research and development projects. These institutes are:

* Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences (ASSMS) – study of scientific and technological problems by mathematical methods in mathematical sciences.
* Center for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP) – research and development (R&D) in Experimental Physics.
* Institute of Industrial Biotechnology (IIB) – offers degrees in Biotechnology and Microbiology.
* Sustainable Development Study Center (SDSC) – R&D in Environmental science.
* Center of Excellence of China Studies (CECS) – offers diplomas in Chinese language and China studies.[21]

## Abdus Salam School for Mathematical Sciences

[edit]

Main article: Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences

The Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences (ASSMS) is one of the largest mathematical research institutes in Pakistan.[22] The school was established in 2003 by Government of Punjab under the aegis of Government College University.[23]

In 2011, it was labeled as the first "Emerging Regional Center of Excellence" by the European Mathematical Society (EMS) for the period 2011 to 2015.[24]

It has taken steps to provide encouragement to Pakistani students in schools and colleges. These include:

* Hiring Foreign Faculty to teach or supervise ASSMS students in advanced level mathematics.[25] This step was initiated by the founding Director General of ASSMS, A.D.R. Choudary. Jürgen Herzog, Josip Pečarić,[26] Amer Iqbal, Alexandru Dimca, and Hannah Markwig are among Foreign Faculty that have supervised/co-supervised Ph.D. students at ASSMS.
* Hosted international conferences and workshops in mathematics.[25] The most important conferences of AS-SMS were “World Conferences of Mathematics in the 21st Century” series, held during the tenure of A.D.R. Choudary. Some notable mathematicians that have visited and given talks in this conference series are Ari Laptev (president of the EMS 2007–2010),[27] Marta Sanz-Solé (president of the EMS 2011–2014),[28] Pierre Cartier (an associate of the Bourbaki Group),[29] Arnfinn Laudal,[28] Michel Waldschmidt,[29] János Pach,[28] Alan Huckleberry,[28] Aline Bonami,[29] and Ragni Piene (Chair of the Abel Prize Committee 2010-2014 and the first-ever woman in the International Mathematical Union Executive Committee).[29]
* Up until 2014, during the tenure of A.D.R. Choudary, the faculty at the Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences hosted training camps for students from schools and colleges. The participants of the camps are prepared for the national team of Pakistan to compete at the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO). In 2005, the national team of Pakistan took part for the first time in IMO. Trained in ASSMS, the Pakistan team won its first medal at IMO in 2007 and its first silver medal in 2012.
* ASSMS initiated the Mathematical Kangaroo contests at the national level.

## Chairs

[edit]

### Abdus Salam Chair in Physics

[edit]

Main article: Abdus Salam Chair in Physics

The Abdus Salam Chair in Physics, named after the Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate Abdus Salam is an honorary chair in physics at the university. Starting out as a semi-autonomous institute, it became operational in March 2000 with the efforts of Ishfaq Ahmad, a lifelong friend of Salam. In 2009, the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) donated Salam's original Nobel certificate to the Salam Chair in Physics. The former director of ICTP, Katepalli R. Sreenivasan, visited Lahore where he gifted the original Nobel certificate to the university's alma mater. The certificate reads: "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter-alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current".[30]

It has been integrated into Department of Physics, where MPhil and PhD students carry out their research work.[31] Some of its achievements include: getting 52 research publications in international journals;[32] producing 6 PhD and 25 MPhil theses; setting up a Plasma Technology Lab; and contracting research grants from funding agencies and research centers such as the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL),[33] Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF)[34] and Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR).[32]

### Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics

[edit]

The Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics was named after Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry, a renowned Pakistani nuclear physicist and a professor of particle physics at the university. He is widely regarded as having been the pioneer of experimental nuclear physics research in Pakistan.[35] During his tenure as a professor at the university, he set up High Tension Laboratory there in 1952 (now amalgamated into Center for Advanced Studies in Physics CASP) where research anent to gaseous discharges, ion, and electron impact phenomena, nuclear physics, radioactivity, and cosmic rays is carried out.

The university set up the chair in recognition of his services to Pakistan and to Physics. Currently, post-graduate research work in Applied Physics is carried out here.[36]

### Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics

[edit]

The Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics is the latest addition to honorary chairs at the university, named after Mahbub ul Haq, a Pakistani economist, politician and international development theorist who served as the 13th Finance Minister of Pakistan.[37] While serving as the Special Advisor to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), he led the establishment of the Human Development Report (HDI) and the widely respected Human Development Index (HDI).[38] The Economist called him "one of the visionaries of international development."[39]

The university established the chair to recognize his services to Pakistan, its people, and above all to the discipline of Economics.[40] Apart from post-graduate research in Economics, the chair is also in charge of publishing GCU Economics Journal an annual scholarly and peer-audited publication. Its intent is to act as a platform for researchers, professionals, and students to share their achievements, perspectives, and practical experiences.[41]

## Accommodation

[edit]

The university has four hostels – three for boys and one for girls. Iqbal Hostel (built in 1891) and Quaid-e-Azam Hostel (built in 1993) accommodate about 150 and 200 Intermediate students, respectively. The New Hostel (built in 1937) houses about 400 Degree students. Girls Hostel (built in 1975) accommodates about 50 girl students. A Faculty Mess has been built for visiting family members, faculty and officers of the other universities. Lodging and messing facilities are available here.[42]

## Notable alumni

[edit]

Main article: List of Ravians

Alumni of the institute are called Ravians, which is a derived word from the name of the student magazine "Ravi", published by the administration of the college; the magazine name itself is inspired by the Ravi River that passes through Lahore.[43]

* Sir Muhammad Iqbal – the national poet of Pakistan and important figure in Urdu literature.

* Har Gobind Khorana – won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

* Abdus Salam – won the 1979 Nobel prize in Physics.

* Ishfaq Ahmad – Pakistani nuclear physicist, who served at CERN and the International Atomic Energy Agency.

* Wajid Ali Khan Burki – Pakistani ophthalmologist and Army Medical Corps general

* Saeedullah Khan Pakistani Air Vice Marshal and DCAS of the PAF

* Om Prakash Mehra Indian Air Chief Marshal 8th Chief of the Air Staff (India)

* Madan Lal Dhingra (1883–1909), Indian revolutionary, pro-independence activist,[44] who, while studying in England, assassinated a British colonial officer William Hutt Curzon Wyllie.[45] Dhingra was hanged at HM Prison Pentonville,[46] denied Hindu rites and buried by the British authorities.[47] Winston Churchill privately acknowledged Dhingra's statement "[t]he Finest ever made in the name of Patriotism".[48]
* Jahangir Khan – 6-time squash world champion, who is widely regarded as the greatest squash player of all time.
* Lieutenant General Agha Ibrahim Akram – Historian and author
* Nawaz Sharif – former three-time (12th, 14th, and 20th) prime minister of Pakistan.
* Zafarullah Khan Jamali – 15th prime minister of Pakistan.
* Yousaf Raza Gillani – 18th prime minister of Pakistan.
* Shehbaz Sharif \- 23rd prime minister of Pakistan.
* Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi – former caretaker prime minister of Pakistan and former senior vice president of the World Bank.
* Syed Ahmed Shah Patras Bokhari – humorist, author, broadcaster and diplomat who served as the first Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations.
* Munir Ahmad Khan – former Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC).
* Dev Anand (born Dharamdev Pishorimal Anand; 26 September 1923 – 3 December 2011), Indian film superstar, writer, director and producer known for his work in Hindi cinema, through a career that spanned over six decades. He was one of the most successful and celebrated actors in the Indian film history.
* Faiz Ahmad Faiz – one of the most celebrated poets of the Urdu language in Pakistan and India.
* Raheel Sharif – former Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan.
* Prem Chandra Dhanda – Indian physician.
* Asif Saeed Khan Khosa – Pakistani jurist who served as the 26th chief justice of Pakistan from 18 January 2019 to 20 December 2019.
* Hamid Gul – former Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Pakistan's premier intelligence agency, between 1987 and 1989.
* Tariq Jamil – Pakistani Islamic television preacher, religious writer, scholar, and a member of the Tablighi Jamaat.
* Ashfaq Ahmed – Pakistani intellectual, playwright, and broadcaster, awarded the President's Pride of Performance and Sitara-i-Imtiaz for his services in the field of literature.
* Bilal U. Haq – naturalist, geoscientist and poet, France's Prestwich Prize laureate in geology, inducted in the European Academy of Science and Letters. Recipient of the International Distinguished Career Award from the Geological Society of America, the Ocean Sciences Award from the American Geophysical Union, the Francis Shepard Medal in Marine Geology, the Antarctic Medal from the US National Science Foundation, and honoured by his peers by the naming of a fossil genus and species after him.
* Senior Justice Javed Iqbal – son of Dr Muhammad Iqbal; had a prolific career in the judiciary of Pakistan
* Amjad Siddique – Pakistani former first-class cricketer who played for Water and Power Development Authority cricket team (WAPDA cricket team), including some time as captain
* Rameez Raja – Pakistani former cricketer, commentator and a former chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board.
* Iqrar Ul Hassan – TV presenter and investigative reporter of ARY News. He hosts a famous program "Sar-e-Aam".
* Ismat Beg (PhD, Bucharest) – mathematician, known for his work on Multiple-criteria decision analysis and fixed point (mathematics)
* Hadiqa Kiani – Pakistani singer.
* Aftab Iqbal – TV anchor and journalist.
* Javed Ahmad Ghamidi – Pakistani Muslim theologian, Quran scholar, Islamic modernist, exegete and educationist.
* Rehan Butt – former international field hockey player and captain of Pakistan team who represented Pakistan from 2002 to 2012.
* Bilal Zafar – Pakistan army officer
* Farid Ahmad Khan \- Pakistani doctor and plastic surgeon who served as chairman and dean of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex from 2015 to 2018, and Registrar of King Edward Medical University from 2011 to 2015.

## In popular culture

[edit]

"The Last Follower and The Resurrection of Voldemort" is Pakistan's first Harry Potter movie, and it was filmed at GCU, which served as Hogwarts in the film. The film is produced by a group of young Ravians which laid the foundation of the annual Harry Potter Festival at GCU.[49]

## See also

[edit]

* List of Ravians

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "The Vice Chancellor's Message".
2. ^ a b c d e f g "About – GC University, Lahore". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
3. ^ a b "About – GC University, Lahore". gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
4. ^ Bangash, Yaqoob Khan; Virdee, Pippa (October 2022). "Partitioning the University of the Panjab, 1947". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 59 (4): 423–445\. doi:10.1177/00194646221130414. hdl:2086/22269. ISSN 0019-4646. S2CID 253263019.423-445&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=info:hdl/2086/22269&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253263019#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=0019-4646&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177/00194646221130414&rft.aulast=Bangash&rft.aufirst=Yaqoob+Khan&rft.au=Virdee,+Pippa&rft_id=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00194646221130414&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Government+College+University,+Lahore" class="Z3988">
5. ^ "HEC rankings". Higher Education Commission, Pakistan. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
6. ^ "Graduation at GCU". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
7. ^ "GCU among top 10 universities of Pakistan". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
8. ^ "The Government College University, Lahore Ordinance, 2002". punjablaws.gov.pk. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
9. ^ "GCU Oval ground named after Dr. Leitner". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
10. ^ "Historical Background". gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
11. ^ "GCU KSK Campus Opened For Academic Activities". The Academia. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
12. ^ "GCU KSK campus becomes operational". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
13. ^ "GCU Emblem". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
14. ^ "Faculty of Chemistry and Life Sciences". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
15. ^ "Mathematical and Physical Sciences". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
16. ^ "Arts & Social Sciences". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
17. ^ "Languages, Islamic & Oriental Learning". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
18. ^ "Faculty of Engineering". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
19. ^ "Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC) – GC University, Lahore". Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
20. ^ "GCU Research Publications". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
21. ^ "GCU Academic Departments". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
22. ^ "A Report on ASSMS" (PDF). Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences, Lahore. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
23. ^ "ASSMS – GC University, Lahore". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
24. ^ "Emerging Regional Center of Excellence". European Mathematical Society. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
25. ^ a b "Foreign Faculty Hiring Program: ASSMS". Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
26. ^ "Josip Pecaric's activities in Pakistan". Croatian World Network. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
27. ^ "4th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics". Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences. Archived from the original on 7 November 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
28. ^ a b c d "5th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics". Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
29. ^ a b c d "6th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics". Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
30. ^ GCU houses Dr. Abdus Salam’s Nobel prize Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
31. ^ "Facilities, Dept. of Physics". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
32. ^ a b ".:.GC University Lahore". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
33. ^ "Research Fellowships Awarded". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
34. ^ "Research Grants Awarded". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
35. ^ Haq, Prof. M. Ikramul (27 January 2004). "Remembering Dr Rafi Chaudhry". Dawn newspaper. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
36. ^ "Dr. Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
37. ^ "Mahbub ul Haq". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
38. ^ "Human Development | The Reports | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Program (UNDP)". 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
39. ^ "Mahbub ul Haq". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
40. ^ "Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
41. ^ "Publications: GCU Economic Journal". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
42. ^ "Accommodation at GCU". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
43. ^ GCU. "Old Ravian Union". Old Ravian Union. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
44. ^ Chandra, Bipan (1989). India's Struggle for Independence. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp. 144–145\. ISBN 978-0-14-010781-4.144-145&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-14-010781-4&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Bipan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Government+College+University,+Lahore" class="Z3988">
45. ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal; Nand Lal Gupta (2006). Jawaharlal Nehru on Communalism. Hope India Publications. p. 161\. ISBN 978-81-7871-117-1.
46. ^ "Madan Lal Dhingra". The Open University. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
47. ^ Godbole, Dr Shreerang. "Madan Lal Dhingra: A lion hearted National hero". Hindu Janajagruti Samiti. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
48. ^ Bandhu, Vishav (19 January 2021). The Life And Times Of Madan Lal Dhingra. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9788184302295.
49. ^ Reporter, The Newspaper's Staff (8 March 2020). "GCU students' Harry Potter film screened". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 5 November 2023.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Government College University, Lahore at Wikimedia Commons
* Official website

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* Aitchison College
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* Alhamra Arts Council
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Private|

* Beaconhouse National University
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Azad Kashmir|

* Mirpur University of Science & Technology

Balochistan|

* Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology
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Islamabad Capital Territory|

* Air University Pakistan
* Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology
* COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
* Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
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* National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
* NUST Institute of Civil Engineering
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* University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar
* College of Aeronautical Engineering
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* Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology
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* National Textile University
* NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research
* University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
* University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
* National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
* COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
* University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
* Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering & Technology
* NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology
* College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
* Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology
* Military College of Signals
* University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
* Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (Rahimyar Khan)
* Rachna College of Engineering and Technology

Sindh|

* Dawood University of Engineering and Technology
* Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering
* National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
* NED University of Engineering & Technology
* Pakistan Navy Engineering College
* Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
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