Graft (surgery)

This article is about the medical procedure. For the form of political corruption, see Graft (politics). For other uses, see Graft.

Surgical procedure in which blood-drained tissue is moved between locations or bodies

Medical intervention

Graft (surgery)

MeSH| D019737

[edit on Wikidata]

Grafting refers to a surgical procedure to move tissue from one site to another on the body, or from another creature, without bringing its own blood supply with it. Instead, a new blood supply grows in after it is placed. A similar technique where tissue is transferred with the blood supply intact is called a flap. In some instances, a graft can be an artificially manufactured device. Examples of this are a tube to carry blood flow across a defect or from an artery to a vein for use in hemodialysis.

## Classification

[edit]

Autografts and isografts are usually not considered as foreign and, therefore, do not elicit rejection. Allografts and xenografts may be recognized as foreign by the recipient and rejected.[1]

* Autograft: graft taken from one part of the body of an individual and transplanted onto another site in the same individual, e.g., skin graft.
* Isograft: graft taken from one individual and placed on another individual of the same genetic constitution, e.g., grafts between identical twins.
* Allograft: graft taken from one individual placed on a genetically non-identical member of the same species.
* Xenograft: graft taken from one individual placed on an individual belonging to another species, e.g., animal to human.

## Types of grafting

[edit]

The term grafting is most commonly applied to skin grafting, however many tissues can be grafted: skin, bone, nerves, tendons, neurons, blood vessels, fat, and cornea are tissues commonly grafted today.

The grafting process places fresh skin over a wound with damaged skin.

Specific types include:[citation needed]

* Skin grafting – often used to treat skin loss due to a wound, burn, infection, or surgery. In the case of damaged skin, it is removed, and new skin is grafted in its place. Skin grafting can reduce the course of treatment and hospitalization needed, and can also improve function and appearance. There are two types of skin grafts:

1. Split-thickness skin grafts (the epidermis and part of the dermis)
2. Full-thickness skin grafts (the epidermis and the entire thickness of the dermis)

* Bone grafting – used in dental implants, as well as other instances. The bone may be autologous, typically harvested from the iliac crest of the pelvis, or banked bone/allograft.[2]
* Vascular grafting – the use of transplanted or prosthetic blood vessels in surgical procedures.
* Ligament grafting repair – as with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction or ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction.
* Fat grafting – the process of harvesting adipose tissue through liposuction, processing/centrifugation and injection into soft tissue for improving coverage, volume and contour, typically in the breast, buttock and face.[3][4]

## Indications

[edit]

* Large amount of skin loss due to infections
* Burns
* Skin cancer surgery[5]
* Chronic connective tissue disease[6]

## Reasons for failure

[edit]

* Hematoma development when the graft is placed over an active bleed
* Infection
* Seroma development
* Shear force disrupting growth of new blood supply
* Inappropriate bed for new blood supply to grow from, such as cartilage, tendons, or bone

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Textbook of Microbiology, R. Vasanthakumari, p166, 2007, New Delhi, ISBN 978-81-7225-234-2
2. ^ Le BT, Borzabadi-Farahani A (July 2014). "Simultaneous implant placement and bone grafting with particulate mineralized allograft in sites with buccal wall defects, a three-year follow-up and review of literature". Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 42 (5): 552–9\. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2013.07.026. PMID 24529349.552-9&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.jcms.2013.07.026&rft_id=info:pmid/24529349&rft.aulast=Le&rft.aufirst=BT&rft.au=Borzabadi-Farahani,+A&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Graft+(surgery)" class="Z3988">
3. ^ Rosing JH, Wong G, Wong MS, Sahar D, Stevenson TR, Pu LL (October 2011). "Autologous fat grafting for primary breast augmentation: a systematic review". Aesthetic Plast Surg. 35 (5): 882–90\. doi:10.1007/s00266-011-9691-2. PMID 21455825. S2CID 13302250.882-90&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13302250#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/21455825&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s00266-011-9691-2&rft.aulast=Rosing&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Wong,+G&rft.au=Wong,+MS&rft.au=Sahar,+D&rft.au=Stevenson,+TR&rft.au=Pu,+LL&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Graft+(surgery)" class="Z3988">
4. ^ Asserson DB, Kulinich AG, Orbay H, Sahar DE (May 2019). "Differences in Complication Rates of Gluteoplasty Procedures That Utilize Autologous Fat Grafting, Implants, or Local Flaps". Ann Plast Surg. 82 (5S Suppl 4): S342 – S344. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000001765. PMID 30570567. S2CID 58566838.S342+-+S344&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58566838#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/30570567&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097/SAP.0000000000001765&rft.aulast=Asserson&rft.aufirst=DB&rft.au=Kulinich,+AG&rft.au=Orbay,+H&rft.au=Sahar,+DE&rft_id=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/91d124j6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Graft+(surgery)" class="Z3988">
5. ^ "Skin graft". NIH. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
6. ^ Strong AL, Rubin JP, Kozlow JH, Cederna PS (December 2019). "Fat Grafting for the Treatment of Scleroderma". Plast Reconstr Surg. 144 (6): 1498–1507\. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000006291. PMID 31764674. S2CID 208277267.1498-1507&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208277267#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/31764674&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006291&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=AL&rft.au=Rubin,+JP&rft.au=Kozlow,+JH&rft.au=Cederna,+PS&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Graft+(surgery)" class="Z3988">

* v
* t
* e

Organ transplantation

Types|

* Allotransplantation
* ABOi
* Autotransplantation
* Xenotransplantation

Organs and tissues|

* Bone
* Bone marrow
* Brain
* Corneal
* Eye
* Face
* Hand
* Head
* Heart
* Heart–lung
* Intestine
* Kidney
* Liver
* Lung
* Pancreas
* islet cell
* Penis
* Skin
* Spleen
* Thymus
* Uterus
* Vagina

Medical grafting|

* Bone grafting
* Skin grafting
* Vascular bypass

Organ donation|

* Non-heart-beating donation
* Organ procurement
* Organ trade

Complications|

* Graft-versus-host disease
* Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
* Transplant rejection

Transplant networks
and government
departments|

* Eurotransplant
* Gift of Life Marrow Registry
* Human Tissue Authority
* LifeSharers
* National Marrow Donor Program
* NOD-Lb
* National Transplant Organization
* NHS Blood and Transplant
* Trillium Gift of Life Network
* United Network for Organ Sharing

Advocacy
organizations|

* Anthony Nolan
* Blood Cancer UK
* DKMS
* Halachic Organ Donor Society
* Kidney Foundation of Canada
* National Kidney Foundation
* ORGANIZE

Joint societies|

* American Society of Nephrology
* American Society of Transplantation
* Canadian Society of Transplantation

Countries|

* Organ transplantation in China
* harvesting from Falun Gong
* Organ donation in India
* Gurgaon kidney scandal
* Organ transplantation in Israel
* Organ transplantation in Japan

People|

| Heart|

* Christiaan Barnard
* James D. Hardy
* Adrian Kantrowitz
* Richard Lower
* Norman Shumway

|

Kidney|

* J. Hartwell Harrison
* John P. Merrill
* Joseph Murray
* Elizabeth Ward
* Michael Woodruff

Liver|

* Fikri Alican
* James D. Hardy
* Thomas Starzl

Lung|

* Fikri Alican
* Joel D. Cooper
* Vladimir Demikhov
* James D. Hardy

Pancreas|

* Richard C. Lillehei

Penis|

* André van der Merwe

Other|

* Alexis Carrel
* Jean-Michel Dubernard
* Donna Mansell
* Bruce Reitz

* List of organ transplant donors and recipients

Related topics|

* Biomedical tissue
* Edmonton protocol
* Eye bank
* Immunosuppressive drugs
* Lung allocation score
* Machine perfusion
* Total body irradiation
* Frankenstein's monster

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