Grammar book

Reference book on grammar

A grammar book is a book or treatise describing the grammar of one or more languages. In linguistics, such a book is itself frequently referred to as a grammar.

## Etymology

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Ancient Greek had the term τέκνή γραμματική (téchnē grammatikḗ, 'skill in the use of letters'), which was adapted into Latin as ars grammatica. This term was used in the title of works about writing and language, which came to be known in English as grammar-books or grammars.[1]: 72

## Definition

[edit]

Although the style and content of grammar-books varies enormously, they generally aim for a fairly systematic and comprehensive survey of one language's phonetics, morphology, syntax and word-formation. Since languages vary across time, space, social groups, genres, and so forth, grammars inevitably cannot represent every single aspect of a language, but usually select a particular variety with a view to a particular readership.[1]: 73–74

The readerships of grammars and their needs vary widely. Grammars may be intended for native-speakers of a language or for learners. Many grammars are written for use by children learning a language in a school environment. Many grammars are reference grammars, intended not to be read from beginning to end like a textbook, but to enable readers to check particular details as the need arises. Some grammars are prescriptive, aiming to tell readers how they ought to use language; others are descriptive, aiming to tell readers how language is used in reality. In either case, popular grammars can be enormously influential on language-use.[1]: 73–74

## History

[edit]

Further information: History of English grammars

The earliest known descriptive linguistic writing, leading to early grammar-books, took place in a Sanskrit community in northern India; the best known scholar of that linguistic tradition was Pāṇini, whose works are commonly dated to around the 5th century BCE.[2] The earliest known grammar of a Western language is the second-century BCE Art of Grammar attributed to Dionysius Thrax, a grammar of Greek.

Key stages in the history of English grammars include Ælfric of Eynsham's composition around 995 CE of a grammar in Old English based on a compilation of two Latin grammars, Aelius Donatus's Ars maior and Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae. This was intended for use by English-speaking students of Latin, and is the first known grammar of Latin written in a vernacular language, but was arguably also intended to use Latin as a basis for explaining English grammar.[3] A key step in the development of English grammars was the 1586 publication of William Bullokar's published his Pamphlet for Grammar, which used a framework derived from Latin grammars to show how English too had grammatical structures and rules.[1]: 74  Numerous grammars aimed at foreign learners of English, sometimes written in Latin, were published in the seventeenth century, while the eighteenth saw the emergence of English-language grammars aiming to instruct their Anglophone audiences in what the authors viewed as correct grammar, including an increasingly literate audience of women and children; this trend continued into the early twentieth century.[1]: 74–78  A key shift in grammar-writing is represented by Charles Carpenter Fries' 1952 The Structure of English, which aimed to give up-to-date, descriptive rather than prescriptive, information on English grammar, and drew on recordings of live speech to inform its claims.[1]: 74

## List of first printed grammars (1450–1800)

[edit]

Year  | Language  | Author  | Notes

|
|
|

1451  | Latin | Aelius Donatus | Donatus' Ars Minor was the first printed book by Johannes Gutenberg.[4]
1471  | Ancient Greek | Manuel Chrysoloras | Chrysoloras' Erotemata was the first printed book in greek language.[5]
1489  | Hebrew | Moses Kimhi | [6]
1492  | Spanish | Antonio de Nebrija | Nebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana is the first printed grammar of a vernacular language.[7]
1505  | Andalusi Arabic | Pedro de Alcalá | [8]
1516  | Italian | Giovanni Francesco Fortunio | [7]
1527  | Biblical Aramaic | Sebastian Münster | [9]
1530  | French | John Palsgrave | [10]
1533  | Czech | Beneš Optát | [11]
1534  | German | Valentin Ickelsamer | [7]
1536  | Portuguese | Fernão de Oliveira | [12]
1539  | Hungarian | János Sylvester | [13]
1539  | Classical Arabic | Guillaume Postel | [14]
1539  | Syriac | Teseo Ambrogio | written in collaboration with the Maronite monk Elias ibn Ibrahim.[15]
1543  | Sicilian | Claudio Mario d'Arezzo  | [16]
1552  | Geʽez | Mariano Vittorio  | written in collaboration with the ethiopian monk Täsfa Ṣǝyon.[17]
1558  | Purépecha | Maturino Gilberti  | Gilberti's Arte de la lengua de Michoacán is first printed grammar of an American indigenous language.[18]
1560  | Quechua | Domingo de Santo Tomás | [19]
1567  | Welsh | Gruffydd Robert | [7]
1568  | Polish | Pierre Statorius | [20]
1571  | Nahuatl | Alonso de Molina | [18]
1578  | Zapotec | Juan de Córdova | [18]
1584  | Dutch | Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel | [7]
1584  | Slovene | Adam Bohorič | [21]
1586  | Church Slavonic | anonymous  | [7]
1586  | English | William Bullokar | [7]
1593  | Mixtec | Antonio de los Reyes  | [18]
1595  | Tupi | José de Anchieta | known by the title Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil[19]
1603  | Aymara | Ludovico Bertonio | [19]
1604  | Japanese | João Rodrigues Tçuzu | known by the title Arte da Lingoa de Iapam[22]
1604  | Croatian | Bartol Kašić | [23]
1606  | Mapuche | Luis de Valdivia | Valdivia also published in 1607 two other grammars for Allentiac and Millcayac languages.[19]
1610  | Tagalog | Francisco Blancas de San José | [24]
1612  | Malay | Albert Cornelius Ruyl | [25]
1612  | Turkish | Hieronymus Megiser | based on manuscript written by Hector von Ernau.[26]
1614  | Timucua | Francisco Pareja | [27]
1618  | Hiligaynon | Alonso de Méntrida  | [24]
1619  | Chibcha | Bernardo de Lugo | [19]
1620  | Yucatec Maya | Juan Coronel | [18]
1622  | Modern Greek | Girolamo Germano | [7]
1624  | Armenian | Francesco Rivola  | [28]
1627  | Ilocano | Francisco Lopez  | [24]
1636  | Coptic | Athanasius Kircher | Kircher's Prodromus Coptus was based on manuscript written by Yuhanna al-Samannudi.[29]
1637  | Estonian | Heinrich Stahl | [7]
1637  | Mazahua | Diego de Nágera Yanguas  | [18]
1638  | Basque | Arnauld de Oihenart | [30]
1639  | Persian | Louis de Dieu | [31]
1640  | Guarani | Antonio Ruiz de Montoya | [19]
1640  | Konkani | Thomas Stephens | Stephens' Arte da Lingoa Canarim is the first printed grammar of any Indian language.[32]
1643  | Georgian | Francesco Maria Maggio  | [7]
1643  | Old English | Abraham Wheelocke | A summary of the Old English grammar was included in Wheelocke's edition of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum [33]
1644  | Mam | Diego de Reynoso  | [18]
1644  | Mochica | Fernando de la Carrera  | [19]
1644  | Latvian | Johans Georgs Rēhehūzens  | [34]
1647  | Bikol | Andrés de San Agustin  | [35]
1649  | Finnish | Eskil Petraeus | [7]
1651  | Vietnamese | Alexandre de Rhodes | [36]
1651  | Icelandic | Runolf Jonsson  | [37]
1653  | Lithuanian | Daniel Klein | [38]
1659  | Kongo | Giacinto Brusciotto  | [39]
1659  | Breton | Julien Maunoir | [7]
1663  | Waray | Domingo Ezguerra  | [40]
1666  | Massachusett | John Eliot | [27]
1667  | Kalinago | Raymond Breton | [41]
1668  | Danish | Erik Pontoppidan  | [42]
1672  | Tamil | Philippus Baldaeus | [43]
1677  | Irish | Froinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh | [7]
1679  | Sorbian | Xaver Jakub Ticin  | [44]
1680  | Cumanagoto | Francisco de Tauste  | [19]
1681  | Frisian | Simon Abbes Gabbema  | A grammar of Frisian was included in the Gabbema's edition of Gysbert Japiks's Friesche Rymlerye[45]
1683  | Tarahumara | Tomas de Guadalajara  | [46]
1686  | Manchu | Ferdinand Verbiest | [47]
1689  | Gothic | George Hickes | [48]
1690  | Pangasinan | Andrés Lopez  | [49]
1696  | Swedish | Nils Tiällmann  | [50]
1696  | Russian | Heinrich Wilhelm Ludolf | [51]
1696  | Chinese | Martino Martini | published by Melchisédech Thévenot in his Relations de divers voyages curieux[52]
1697  | Kimbundu | Pedro Dias  | [39]
1698  | Amharic | Hiob Ludolf | written in collaboration with Abba Gorgoryos.[53]
1699  | Kipeá | Luigi Vincenzo Mamiani  | Mamiani published the only grammar of a non-Tupi language from colonial Brazil;[54] see Arte de grammatica da lingua brasilica da naçam kiriri
1699  | Morocosi | anonymous  | [55]
1702  | Opata | Natal Lombardo  | [46]
1707  | Cornish | Edward Lhuyd | A grammar of cornish language was included in Lhuyd's Archæologia Britannica.[56]
1707  | Sinhala | Johannes Ruell  | [57]
1716  | Albanian | Francesco Maria da Lecce  | [7]
1729  | Romansh | Flaminio da Sale  | [58]
1729  | Kapampangan | Diego Bergaño  | [59]
1729  | Mixe | Agustín de Quintana | [18]
1731  | Otomi | Francisco Haedo  | [18]
1732  | Lule | Antonio Machoni | [19]
1737  | Cahita | Tomás Basilio  | [46]
1738  | Sámi | Pehr Fjellström  | [60]
1743  | Hindi | David Mills  | based on manuscript written by Joan Josua Kettler.[61]
1743  | Bengali | Manuel da Assumpção | [62]
1743  | Tepehuan | Benito Rinaldini  | [46]
1747  | Huastec | Carlos de Tapia Zenteno  | [18]
1750  | Maltese | Agius de Soldanis | [7]
1752  | Totonac | José Zambrano Bonilla  | [18]
1753  | Kaqchikel | Ildefonso Joseph Flores  | [18]
1760  | Greenlandic  | Paul Egede | [63]
1769  | Chuvash | anonymous  | [64]
1770  | Negerhollands | Joachim Melchior Magens | [65]
1775  | Mari | anonymous  | [64]
1775  | Udmurt | anonymous  | [64]
1778  | Scottish Gaelic | William Shaw | [66]
1778  | Marathi | anonymous  | [67]
1779  | Neapolitan | Ferdinando Galiani | [68]
1780  | Romanian | Samuil Micu-Klein | [69]
1782  | Sardinian | Matteo Madao  | [68]
1783  | Piedmontese | Maurizio Pipino  | [68]
1787  | Kurdish | Maurizio Garzoni  | [70]
1790  | Sanskrit | Paulinus of St. Bartholomew | based on manuscript written by Johann Ernst Hanxleden.[71]
1790  | Slovak | Anton Bernolák | [72]
1794  | Slavo-Serbian | Avram Mrazović | [73]
1799  | Malayalam | Robert Drummond  | [74]

## See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Books about grammar.

* Dictionaries
* Glossaries
* Language documentation
* List of Croatian grammar books

## Further reading

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* Burke, Peter (2004). Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press.
* Considine, John P. (2017). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-medieval Europe. Oxford University Press.
* Görlach, M. (1998), An annotated bibliography of nineteenth-century grammars of English (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
* Graustein, G. and Leitner, G. (eds.) (1989), Reference grammars and modern linguistic theory, Linguistische Arbeiten, 226 (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
* Hymes, Dell H. (1974). Studies in the history of linguistics: traditions and paradigms. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 361–379.
* Law, Vivien (2003). The History of Linguistics in Europe: From Plato to 1600. Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–235.
* Leitner, G. (1984), 'English grammaticology', International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 23, 199–215.
* Leitner, G. (ed.) (1986), The English reference grammar: language and linguistics, writers and readers (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
* Leitner, G. (ed.) (1991), English traditional grammars: an international perspective (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
* Stankiewicz, E. (1984). Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography. De Gruyter Mouton.
* Zwartjes, Otto (2011). Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800. John Benjamins Publishing.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f Andrew Linn, 'English Grammar Writing', in The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 72–92.
2. ^ François & Ponsonnet (2013).
3. ^ Melinda J. Menzer, 'Ælfric's English Grammar', The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 103 (2004), 106-24.
4. ^ Ingelhart, Louis E. (1998). Press and Speech Freedoms in the World, from Antiquity until 1998: A Chronology. Greenwood. p. 12\. ISBN 978-0-313-30851-2.
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6. ^ Waltke, Bruce K.; O'Connor, Michael Patrick (1990). An introduction to biblical Hebrew syntax. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 39\. ISBN 0931464315.
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265\. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6.
8. ^ Toomer, G. J. (1996). Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-century England. Clarendon Press. p. 17\. ISBN 978-0-19-820291-2.
9. ^ Gzella, Holger (2015). "A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam". A Cultural History of Aramaic. Brill. p. 5\. ISBN 978-90-04-28510-1.
10. ^ Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie (8 January 2008). The Story of French. Macmillan + ORM. p. 73\. ISBN 978-1-4299-3240-0.
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13. ^ Baddeley, Susan; Voeste, Anja (30 July 2012). Orthographies in Early Modern Europe. Walter de Gruyter. p. 338\. ISBN 978-3-11-028817-9.
14. ^ Loop, Jan; Hamilton, Alastair; Burnett, Charles (13 February 2017). "The Teaching and Learning of Arabic in Early Modern Europe". The Teaching and Learning of Arabic in Early Modern Europe. Brill. p. 213\. ISBN 978-90-04-33862-3.
15. ^ Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (2020). The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 290\. ISBN 978-1-5381-2418-5.
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17. ^ Kelly, Samantha (2024). Translating faith: Ethiopian pilgrims in Renaissance Rome. Harvard University Press. p. 243\. ISBN 9780674294172.
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19. ^ a b c d e f g h i Adelaar, Willem F. H. (27 January 2012). "Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian languages". The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–58\. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5.
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21. ^ Stankiewicz 1984, p. 98.
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24. ^ a b c Vibar, Arwin (2021). "Grammar Writing in the Philippines (1610-1904)". Moenia. 27. doi:10.15304/moenia.id6930.
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26. ^ Palabıyık, Nil Ö (2023). Silent teachers: Turkish books and oriental learning in early modern Europe, 1544-1669. Routledge. p. 205\. ISBN 0367359782.
27. ^ a b Mithun, Marianne (7 June 2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5\. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9.
28. ^ Considine, John P. (2017). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 244\. ISBN 978-0-19-878501-9.
29. ^ Hamilton, Alastair (2006). The Copts and the West, 1439-1822: The European Discovery of the Egyptian Church. OUP Oxford. p. 199-206. ISBN 978-0-19-928877-9.
30. ^ Trask, R. L. (13 September 2013). The History of Basque. Routledge. p. 51\. ISBN 978-1-136-16756-0.
31. ^ Bruijn, J. T. P. (31 October 2008). General Introduction to Persian Literature: History of Persian Literature A, Vol I. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 282\. ISBN 978-0-85773-650-5.
32. ^ Neill, Stephen (1984). A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707. Cambridge University Press. p. 241\. ISBN 978-0-521-54885-4.
33. ^ Brackmann, Rebecca (2023). Old English Scholarship in the Seventeenth Century: Medievalism and National Crisis. Boydell & Brewer. p. 54\. ISBN 978-1-84384-652-9.
34. ^ Baldi, Philip (1 June 2011). Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 360\. ISBN 978-3-11-088609-2.
35. ^ Lobel, J. W. (1 January 2006). "Bikol". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition). Elsevier. pp. 771–773\. ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1.
36. ^ Zwartjes, Otto; Troia, Paolo De (2021). Missionary Linguistics VI: Missionary Linguistics in Asia. Selected papers from the Tenth International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Rome, 21–24 March 2018. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 202\. ISBN 978-90-272-5843-4.
37. ^ Koerner, E. F. K.; Asher, R. E. (28 June 2014). Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists. Elsevier. p. 181\. ISBN 978-1-4832-9754-5.
38. ^ Kamusella, T. (16 December 2008). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Springer. p. 187\. ISBN 978-0-230-58347-4.
39. ^ a b Cole, Desmond T. (21 August 2017). "THE HISTORY OF AFRICAN LINGUISTICS TO 1945". Linguistics in Sub-Saharan Africa. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–29\. ISBN 978-3-11-156252-0.
40. ^ Lobel, J. W. (1 January 2006). "Samar-Leyte". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition). Elsevier. pp. 734–736\. ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1.
41. ^ Granberry, Julian; Vescelius, Gary (19 August 2004). Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles. University of Alabama Press. pp. 59–62\. ISBN 978-0-8173-5123-6.
42. ^ Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (1 January 2003). Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 80\. ISBN 978-90-272-1856-8.
43. ^ Lach, Donald F. (1993). Asia in the Making of Europe: Vol. 3. A century of advance / Donald F. Lach and Edwin J. Van Kley. Trade, missions, literature. Book 1. University of Chicago Press. p. 495\. ISBN 978-0-226-46753-5.
44. ^ Stankiewicz 1984, p. 61.
45. ^ Bremmer, Rolf H. (1 January 1992). "The First Grammar of Frisian (1681)". Diversions of Galway: Papers on the history of linguistics from ICHoLS V. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 59–72\. ISBN 978-90-272-4555-7.
46. ^ a b c d Landeros, Rosío del Carmen Molina (2020). Gramáticas Jesuíticas del Noroeste Novohispano (Siglos XVII-XVIII) (in Spanish). Editorial UABC. ISBN 978-607-607-477-0.
47. ^ Saarela, Marten Soderblom (2020). The Early Modern Travels of Manchu: A Script and Its Study in East Asia and Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 175\. ISBN 978-0-8122-5207-1.
48. ^ Klein, Jared S.; Ratkus, Arturas (11 September 2024). Studies in Gothic. Oxford University Press. p. 27\. ISBN 978-0-19-889670-8.
49. ^ Sueiro Justel, Joaqun (8 December 2005). "Análisis del Arte de la lengua Pangasinán (1690) de Fray Andrés López". Missionary Linguistics II / Lingüística misionera II: Orthography and Phonology.Selected papers from the Second International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, São Paulo, 10–13 March 2004. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 247–272\. ISBN 978-90-272-4600-4.
50. ^ Bandle, Oskar; Elmevik, Lennart; Widmark, Gun (2002). The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1390\. ISBN 978-3-11-017149-5.
51. ^ Stankiewicz 1984, p. 113.
52. ^ Knight, Sarah; Tilg, Stefan (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Neo-Latin. Oxford University Press. p. 567\. ISBN 978-0-19-994818-5.
53. ^ Ben-Tov, Asaph; Loop, Jan; Mulsow, Martin, eds. (2023). Hiob Ludolf and Johann Michael Wansleben: Oriental Studies, Politics, and History between Gotha and Africa, 1650-1700. BRILL. p. 10\. ISBN 978-90-04-54819-0.
54. ^ Brown, Keith; Ogilve, Sarah, eds. (6 April 2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. p. 667\. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.
55. ^ Hernández, Esther (30 April 2021). Lexicografía hispano-amerindia 1550-1800: Catálogo descriptivo de los vocabularios del español y las lenguas indígenas americanas (in Spanish). BOD GmbH DE. p. 168\. ISBN 978-84-16922-68-0.
56. ^ Koch, John T.; Minard, Antone (2012). The Celts: History, Life, and Culture [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 430\. ISBN 979-8-216-05865-6.
57. ^ Wickremasuriya, Sarathchandra (1978). "The beginnings of the Sinhalese Printing Press". Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume. Brill. pp. 283–300\. ISBN 978-90-04-64647-6.
58. ^ Miodunka, Władysław (1987). Language and Nation: Material from a Symposium. Jagiellonian University. p. 41\. ISBN 978-83-01-07840-9.
59. ^ Ridruejo, Emilio (31 August 2004). "La primitiva tradición gramatical sobre el pampango". Missionary Linguistics/Lingüística misionera: Selected papers from the First International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Oslo, 13–16 March 2003. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 179–200\. ISBN 978-90-272-4597-7.
60. ^ Corráin, Ailbhe Ó; Mathúna, Séamus Mac (1998). Minority Languages in Scandinavia, Britain and Ireland. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. p. 25\. ISBN 978-91-554-4111-1.
61. ^ Zwartjes, Otto (2011). Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 75\. ISBN 978-90-272-4608-0.
62. ^ Zwartjes, Otto (2011). Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 58\. ISBN 978-90-272-8325-2.
63. ^ Nowak, Elke (1 January 1992). "The Case of Eighteenth Century Descriptions of Greenlandic: How to "Improve" a Language". Diversions of Galway: Papers on the history of linguistics from ICHoLS V. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 157–168\. ISBN 978-90-272-4555-7.
64. ^ a b c Salmin, Anton Kirillovich (27 March 2020). "FIRST GRAMMARS OF THE LANGUAGES OF PEOPLES OF THE URAL AND VOLGA REGION". Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies. 14 (1): 124–130\. doi:10.35634/2224-9443-2020-14-1-124-130.
65. ^ Bartens, Angela (26 June 2013). "Creole languages". Contact Languages: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 65–158\. ISBN 978-1-61451-371-1.
66. ^ Macdonald, Sharon (15 May 2020). Reimagining Culture: Histories, Identities and the Gaelic Renaissance. Routledge. p. 52\. ISBN 978-1-000-18458-7.
67. ^ Offredi, Mariola (2000). The Banyan Tree: Essays in Early Literature in New Indo-Aryan Languages. Manohar. p. 324\. ISBN 978-81-7304-277-5.
68. ^ a b c Sanson, Helena L. (2013). "The Romance languages in the Renaissance and after". The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 2: Contexts. Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–282\. ISBN 978-0-521-80073-0.
69. ^ Lebsanft, Franz; Tacke, Felix (2020). Manual of Standardization in the Romance Languages. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 276\. ISBN 978-3-11-045606-6.
70. ^ Bajalan, Djene Rhys; Karimi, Sara Zandi (2017). Studies in Kurdish History: Empire, Ethnicity and Identity. Taylor & Francis. p. 34\. ISBN 978-1-317-50216-6.
71. ^ Kochhar, Rajesh (2021). Sanskrit and the British Empire. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13–14\. ISBN 978-1-000-43553-5.
72. ^ Stankiewicz 1984, p. 25.
73. ^ Stankiewicz 1984, p. 94.
74. ^ Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich (1996). A Grammar of the Malayalam Language in Historical Treatment. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 18\. ISBN 978-3-447-03811-9.