Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy

Disaster-influenced relations between Greece and Turkey

Ruins of İzmit and Athens after the August 1999 earthquake and the September 1999 earthquake, respectively.

Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy (Greek: Διπλωματία των σεισμών Diplomatía ton seismón; Turkish: Deprem diplomasisi) is a phenomenon that has existed with notability since the summer of 1999, when Greece and Turkey were hit by successive earthquakes. It began with a generous Greek relief effort in Turkey following the İzmit earthquake on 17 August. Less than a month later, on 7 September, the Athens earthquake occurred and was met with a similarly generous Turkish relief effort in Greece. Prior to these mutual efforts, Greece–Turkey relations were generally marked by near-constant hostility stemming from the Istanbul pogrom of 1955. The magnanimous development of "earthquake diplomacy" between the two countries generated an outpouring of sympathy and assistance provided by ordinary Greeks and Turks in both cases; such acts were encouraged from the top and took many foreigners by surprise. They prepared the public for a breakthrough in bilateral ties, which had been marred by decades of diplomatic tension and, in the case of Cyprus, armed conflict.

## Origins in 1999

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### İzmit earthquake in August

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Further information: 1999 İzmit earthquake

On 17 August 1999, at 3:02 a.m. local time, Turkey experienced a very large earthquake centered around the Gölcük and Arifiye areas in Adapazarı. The most severely affected area was the industrial city of İzmit. The İzmit earthquake registered 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale, lasted for 45 seconds, and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The official number of casualties was about 17,000, although the numbers could be above 35,000. Three hundred thousand people were left homeless and the financial cost is estimated at 3 billion dollars.[1] Turkey's largest city, Istanbul, was also affected with many buildings damaged and deaths amounting to dozens of people. The rupture passed through major cities that are among the most industrialized and urban areas of the country, including oil refineries, several car companies, and the navy headquarters and arsenal in Gölcük, thus increasing the severity of the life and property loss.

#### Greek response

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The main characteristic of this particular human crisis was the difficulty of the Turkish authorities to apply any rational planning because of the magnitude of the disaster, and the fact that the majority of the Greek initiatives were undertaken not only by the government, but mainly and most importantly by local authorities, NGOs and individuals.[2]

Greece was the first foreign country to pledge aid and support to Turkey. Within hours of the earthquake, the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs had contacted their counterparts in Turkey, and the minister sent his personal envoys to Turkey. On 17 August 1999, and on 13 November 1999, the Greek Ministry of Public Order sent a rescue team of 24 people and two trained rescue dogs. The Ministry also sent fire extinguishing planes to help with putting out the fire in the Tupras refinery.[3] The Secretariat of Civil Protections (working under the auspices of the Greek Ministry of Interior Affairs) had previously sent a fully equipped medical team of 11 people, four of whom were doctors as well as thousands of tents, mobile hospital units, ambulances, medicine, water, clothes, foods and blankets. The Greek Ministry of Defence readied three C-130 planes[4] for transportation of the Greek rescue team along with the equipment and the medicines. On 18 August 1999, the Ministry of Health set up three units for blood donations. The same day aid was sent by the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. On 19 August 1999, the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs set up three receiving stations in Athens, Thessaloniki and Komotini, whose purpose was the gathering of the citizens' spontaneous help. After 19 August, the hospitals of Komotini and Xanthi set up their own units for blood donations, and the Church of Greece initiated a fund raiser.[5]

On 24 August 1999, the five biggest municipalities of Greece (Athens, Thessaloniki, Piraeus, Patras, Herakleion) sent a joint convoy with aid. The municipality of Thessaloniki had started sending its own aid since 19 August 1999. On 25 August 1999, the National Association of Local Authorities (ΚΕΔΚΕ) offered 50,000,000 drachmas for the victims of the earthquake, and the Association of Local Authorities of Attica offered 30,000,000 drachmas to the Turkish ambassador in Athens. The same day, the municipality of Athens created a settlement for 1,000 persons with a nursery. Aid and equipped groups were also sent by the Greek Red Cross, the Athens' Medicine Association, and the Greek departments of the Médecins Sans Frontières and of the Médecins du Monde.[5]

The Greek response to the earthquake received wide coverage in Turkey with newspaper headings such as "Friendship Time",[6] "Friendly Hands in Black Days",[3] "A Great Support Organization – Five Greek Municipalities say there is no flag or ideology in humanitarian aid",[7] "Help Flows in from Neighbors – Russia first, Greece the most".[6]

Both the official response and dialog and the reactions of the ordinary Greek were given wide coverage almost every day in every newspaper and on every TV channel in Turkey. Incidents such as people bringing in food donations to municipalities in Greece and blood drives in Greece specifically to be sent to earthquake victims in Turkey were highlighted. The emotional language in reporting differed significantly from the usual rhetoric found in both countries—words such as "neighbor", "true friend" were given in the headlines.[citation needed]

Officials in both countries used the emotional state of both populations to good effect, emphasizing at every opportunity that this was the time for a new understanding. When the Mayor of Athens came personally to visit the earthquake site, he was met on the tarmac by the Mayor of Istanbul. The Greek Chief Admiral Ioannides came to the retirement ceremony of the Turkish Chief Admiral Dervişoğlu where he was applauded for several minutes by the participants of the ceremony.[8]

### Athens earthquake in September

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Main article: 1999 Athens earthquake

Less than a month after the Turkish disaster, on September 7, 1999, at 2:56 pm local time, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the city of Athens. This was the most devastating and costly natural disaster to hit the country in 20 years. The tremor had a very shallow hypocenter and an epicenter close to the Athenian suburbs of Ano Liossia and Acharnes, just 18 km (11 mi) away from the downtown area. A total of 143 people lost their lives in the disaster while more than 12,000 were treated for injuries. Though the death toll was relatively low, the damage to buildings and infrastructure in some of the city's northern and western suburbs was severe.[citation needed]

#### Turkish response

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This time, the Turkish side reciprocated the aid.[9] A special taskforce was convened, consisting of the Undersecretariat of the Prime Ministry, Turkish Armed Forces, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Greek Ambassador in Ankara was contacted to pledge aid. The Turkish aid was the first to arrive, with the first 20-person rescue team arriving at the site on a military plane within 13 hours after the earthquake. More followed within hours. The Greek consulates and embassy in Turkey had their phone lines jammed with Turks calling to find out whether they could donate blood and one volunteer contacted Ambassador Corantis, offering to donate his kidney for a "Greek in need".[10]

## Continued tradition

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### 2020 İzmir earthquake and Greek response

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Main article: 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake

In 2020, a 6.7 magnitude earthquake and tsunami hit the western coast of Turkey, particularly the city of Izmir, and the Greek island of Samos. Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis called President Recep Tayyip Erdogan to offer condolences, and the Greek government sent rescue teams to aid in rescue efforts.[11]

### 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes and Greek response in Turkey

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Main article: 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes

Greek foreign minister Nikos Dendias and Turkish foreign minister Mevlut Çavuşoğlu visiting the rescue centre at Antakya, 2023

Following a deadly 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Kahramanmaraş on 6 February 2023, Greece was the first country to respond,[12][13][14][15] showing strong solidarity to Turkey[16] with the humanitarian aid being escorted to the affected areas personally by high-level government officials, including the Greek Civil Protection Minister.

Immediately after the earthquake, the Greek government sent a rescue squad to Turkey, as well as "additional equipment, medical supplies, blankets, tents", with approval from the Turkish government.[17] Specifically, a team of 21 firefighters, 2 rescue dogs and a special rescue vehicle were dispatched to Turkey from Elefsina on a Lockheed C-130 Hercules. Following the team was a fire brigade officer-engineer, 5 doctors and rescuers from the National Center for Emergency Care.[18]

Greek Prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis phoned the Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, pledging further quake-relief assistance.[19] Foreign Minister Nikos Dendias and Defence Minister Panos Panagiotopoulos spoke with their Turkish counterparts, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu and Hulusi Akar, to express their condolences and readiness for providing aid.[20][21] Greece's swift response to the humanitarian crisis in Turkey contributed to the hashtags "Teşekkürler Yunanistan" and "Teşekkürler komşu", translating into "Thank you, Greece" and "Thank you, neighbor" respectively, becoming popular on Twitter.[22]

The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung noted that the Greek aid comes despite severe diplomatic tensions in recent months and the Erdoğan's repeated threats to militarily invade Greece's islands.[23] According to Deutsche Welle, these developments marked the revival of the earthquake diplomacy between the two countries, once again.[24]

On 8 February, more rescue teams departed from Greece for Turkey, including 15 firefighters and 3 lifesavers.[25] Nation-wide campaigns to gather relief supplies such as blankets, clothes, milk powder, diapers, napkins, laundry detergents, serums, gauze, hand plasters, personal hygiene items, masks, gloves, antiseptics and medical equipment were initiated, and the items being gathered in Athens and Thessaloniki by humanitarian organizations and agencies,[26] as well as in the smaller cities by the local municipalities[27][28][29] and football federations.[30] Additionally, the Greek PM ordered 5 airplanes full of health and medical equipment and basic necessities such as 7,500 blankets, 1,500 beds and 500 tents which can accommodate families and be used as mobile clinics, to be sent to Turkey.[31]

Reports and footage was released on that day, of Greek rescuers pulling people from the rubble in Hatay, including at least four children.[32]

On 9 February, and upon his arrival at the European Council meeting, the Greek PM Mitsotakis proposes a donor conference for Turkey to be held at Brussels, so that additional financial resources can be found to help rebuild the affected areas and announced that his country will also be at the forefront [of these efforts] for organizing it.[33][34]

By 10 February, reportedly "thousands" of Greeks had responded to calls for aid to quake-hit Turkey, with the Athens offices of the Hellenic Red Cross, pilling up with sleeping bags, blankets, milk cans and boxes of medicine. A convoy carrying 40 tonnes of aid left for Turkey early that day.[35]

On 12 February, Dendias traveled to Turkey, where was received by Çavuşoğlu. The two foreign ministers toured an operations centre in Antakya, observed the devastation to the city from the air, and visited a camp where international rescue teams are based.[36]

The humanitarian aid mission completed on midnight of February 13, with a total 8 airplanes transferring and handing over the supplies to the Turkish authorities. The cost of transporting the humanitarian aid is covered by 75% by the European Civil Protection Mechanism, while the remaining 25% is sponsored by private Greek companies.[37]

On 15 February, the efforts continued with even more humanitarian aid being sent from Greece, with six trucks loaded with specific items requested by the Turkish side, such as blankets, tents, sleeping bags and chemical toilets. Additionally, 4 large containers with 50 tons of basic necessities are planned to be delivered through the Greek seaport of Patras two days later, on 17 February.[38]

Greek Olympic gold medalist Miltiadis Tentoglou decided to auction his sports shoes which he worn in his long jumping performance at the World Athletics Indoor Tour in France on 15 February, with the proceeds to be donated for the child victims of the quake.[39]

On 10 March, another humanitarian aid shipment loaded on three large trucks full of emergency supplies and a rescue vehicle, from the Hellenic Red Cross's warehouses, left for Turkey to be delivered directly to the Turkish Red Crescent warehouses.[40]

On 20 March, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu and Greek FM Nikos Dendias, in a symbolic move, entered together the hall of the International Donors' Conference in support of the people hit by the earthquake in Turkey and Syria, where the international community pledged 7 billion euros for the reconstruction efforts in the quake-hit areas.[41][42]

## See also

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* Greece–Turkey relations

## References

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1. ^ P. Karkatsoulis, "The Role of Civil Society in Human Crises", The State in Transition (2004), I. Sideris, p.303
2. ^ Karkatsoulis, pp.301–302
3. ^ a b "Milliyet Dünya Sayfalari". Milliyet.com.tr. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
4. ^ "World goes to the rescue". The Guardian. 1999-08-18. Archived from the original on 2023-02-08.
5. ^ a b Karkatsoulis, pp.304–307
6. ^ a b "Milliyet Dünya Sayfalari". Milliyet.com.tr. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
7. ^ "Milliyet Dünya Sayfalari". Milliyet.com.tr. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
8. ^ "Greece's earthquake diplomacy - Le Monde diplomatique - English edition". Mondediplo.com. 1998-12-13. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
9. ^ KINZER, STEPHEN (1999-09-13). "Earthquakes Help Warm Greek-Turkish Relations". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
10. ^ "Milliyet Haber Sayfalari". Milliyet.com.tr. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
11. ^ Kokkinidis, Tasos (2020-10-30). "Greece Offers Assistance to Turkey after Deadly Earthquake". GreekReporter.com. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
12. ^ "Σεισμός στην Τουρκία - γερμανικά ΜΜΕ: "Ο Μητσοτάκης αντέδρασε πρώτος"" [Earthquake in Turkey - German media: "Mitsotakis reacted first"]. ProtoThema (in Greek). 8 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
13. ^ "Greece Was The First Country To Offer Aid To Turkey". Greek City Times (in Greek). 8 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
14. ^ "Greece Among the First Nations to Help Turkey after Massive Earthquake". Greek Reporter (in Greek). 6 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
15. ^ "Η Ελλάδα προσφέρθηκε πρώτη και ήδη παράσχει βοήθεια στην Τουρκία για τα θύματα των σεισμών" [Greece was the first to offer and is already providing aid to Turkey for the victims of the earthquakes]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece (in Greek). 7 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
16. ^ "Greece shows strong solidarity with quake-hit Türkiye". Anadolu Agency. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
17. ^ "Greece pledges 'every force available' to aid Turkey". L'Orient Today. 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
18. ^ "Greece sends rescue teams to Turkey – Statements of the Greek PM, Foreign Ministry and President Sakellaropoulou". Orthodox Times. 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
19. ^ "PM tells Erdogan Greece ready to 'contribute even more' to quake relief efforts". Kathimerini. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
20. ^ Επικοινωνία Δένδια - Τσαβούσογλου για το σεισμό στην Τουρκία - Έτοιμη να βοηθήσει η Αθήνα [Dendias contacts Tsavousoglou about the earthquake in Turkey - Athens is ready to help]. CNN. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
21. ^ Συλλυπητήριο μήνυμα του Ν. Παναγιωτόπουλου στον Χ. Ακάρ για τον σεισμό στην Τουρκία [Message of condolence by N. Panagiotopoulos to H. Akar for the earthquake in Turkey]. Capital. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
22. ^ ""Ευχαριστούμε, γείτονα" - Οι Τούρκοι εκφράζουν την ευγνωμοσύνη τους για τη βοήθεια από την Ελλάδα" ["Thank you, neighbor" - Turks express gratitude for help from Greece]. Real.gr (in Greek). 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
23. ^ "Griechenland bietet Türkei trotz Spannungen Hilfe an" [Greece offers Turkey help despite tensions]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 6 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
24. ^ "Turkey and Greece revive earthquake diplomacy". Deutsche Welle. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
25. ^ "Νέα διάσωση από την ΕΜΑΚ στην Τουρκία - Αναχωρεί και δεύτερο κλιμάκιο" [New rescue by EMAK in Turkey - Second rescue mission also departs]. Capital.gr (in Greek). 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
26. ^ "Συλλογή ειδών πρώτης ανάγκης για τους σεισμόπληκτους σε Τουρκία και Συρία – Δείτε πώς μπορείτε να βοηθήσετε" [Collection of essential items for earthquake victims in Turkey and Syria - See how you can help]. The Press Project. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
27. ^ "Αλληλεγγύη στους σεισμόπληκτους της Τουρκίας και της Συρίας" [Solidarity with the earthquake victims of Turkey and Syria]. Chalandri.gr. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
28. ^ "Ηγουμενίτσα: Συγκέντρωση ανθρωπιστικής βοήθειας για τους σεισμόπληκτους στην Τουρκία και την Συρία" [Igoumenitsa: Collection of humanitarian aid for the earthquake victims in Turkey and Syria]. Thesprotia24.gr. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
29. ^ "Καλαμάτα: Κύμα συμπαράστασης Μητρόπολης, Δήμου και φορέων για πληγέντες από σεισμό σε Τουρκία και Συρία" [Kalamata: Wave of support from Metropolis, Municipality and agencies for earthquake victims in Turkey and Syria]. MessiniaLive.gr. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
30. ^ "Γ.Σ Ηρακλής: Συλλέγει τρόφιμα, ρούχα και φάρμακα για τους σεισμόπληκτους σε Τουρκία-Συρία" [F.C. Iraklis: Collects food, clothes and medicine for earthquake victims in Turkey-Syria]. FOS. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
31. ^ "Φεύγουν 5 αεροπλάνα με ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια στην Τουρκία με εντολή Μητσοτάκη- Φάρμακα, κουβέρτες, κρεβάτια και σκηνές" [5 planes with humanitarian aid leave for Turkey on Mitsotakis' order - Medicines, blankets, beds and tents]. TheTOC. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
32. ^ "Greek rescuers find young boy in Hatay earthquake ruins". Kathimerini. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
33. ^ "Mitsotakis: Greece to be at the forefront of efforts for a donor conference in Brussels". Capital. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
34. ^ "PM: Greece supports idea of donor conference to help quake victims". Kathimerini. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
35. ^ "Greeks put politics aside to rush aid to Turkey". Al-Monitor. 10 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
36. ^ Nellas, Demetris (12 February 2023). "Earthquake diplomacy: Greek foreign minister visits Turkey". Associated Press. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
37. ^ "Σεισμός Τουρκία: "Efxaristo poli file" – Η Hyrriyet υμνεί την ΕΜΑΚ" [Earthquake in Turkey: "Efxaristo poli file" – Hyrriyet praises EMAK]. To Vima. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
38. ^ "Σεισμός Τουρκία - Συρία: Αποστολή 50 τόνων ανθρωπιστικής βοήθειας από την Ελλάδα" [Earthquake Turkey - Syria: 50 tons of humanitarian aid by Greece]. CNN.gr (in Greek). 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
39. ^ "Greek long jumper to auction his shoes for child victims of quakes in Türkiye". Anadolu. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
40. ^ "Αναχώρησε για την Τουρκία η τρίτη αποστολή ανθρωπιστικού υλικού από τον Ελληνικό Ερυθρό Σταυρό" [The third shipment of humanitarian aid from the Hellenic Red Cross has left for Turkey]. CNN (in Greek). 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
41. ^ "Dendias & Çavuşoğlu meet in Brussels – Turkey will support Greece's UNSC candidacy as non-perma member". Greek City Times. 20 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
42. ^ "Syria and Turkey earthquake: €7 billion in aid pledged by EU & international partners". Euronews. 20 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.