Greek Cypriot nationalism

Greek Cypriot ideology

Greek Cypriot nationalism, also known as Cypriot Hellenism, is a form of ethnic nationalism emphasising the Greekness of the Cypriot nation. It is not the same as Greek nationalism, the main goal of which is the integration of Cyprus into Greece—a process known as enosis. Having abandoned the idea of enosis, Greek Cypriot nationalists now aim to establish a Greek Cypriot-controlled state with close relations to Greece, which they see as their "motherland".[1] Variants of Greek Cypriot nationalism have been espoused across Cyprus' political spectrum by the centre-left Movement for Social Democracy, the centre-right Democratic Party and Democratic Rally, and the right-wing New Horizons, as well as the Church of Cyprus.[1]

The Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 led to an initial marginalisation of Greek Cypriot nationalism and the consequent rise of Cypriotism, in opposition to traditional Greek nationalism;[2] however, the 1981 election of Andreas Papandreou as Prime Minister of Greece with his policies of "nationalising" the Cyprus problem and his February 1982 visit to Cyprus led to a renewal of Greek Cypriot nationalism.[3] In November 1993, Papandreou and President of Cyprus Glafcos Clerides announced the merging of Greek and Cypriot foreign and defense policies under a new "Joint Defense Space Doctrine", and Cyprus became a member of the European Union in 2004, which was seen as the best possible alternative to full-blown enosis. Opponents of the move included Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktaş, who called it "enosis through the back door".[4]

Greek Cypriot nationalism and Cypriotism contrasts, with opposing views on the causes and solutions for the Cyprus dispute, which correspond to right–left political opposition.[2] The slogan for Greek Cypriot nationalism is "Cyprus is Greek", while Cypriotism's slogan is "Cyprus belongs to its people".[2]

## History

[edit]

Archbishop Makarios III of Cyprus.

The Ottoman Empire ceded administration of Cyprus to the United Kingdom with the secret Cyprus Convention (1878). During World War I, the British formally annexed Cyprus as a crown colony. The 1950 referendum on unification with Greece, organized by the Orthodox Church, with only Greek Cypriot vote eligibility, ended with 96% approval.[5] Greece appealed to the UN in 1954 to apply the right for self-determination on Cyprus.[6] The Cypriot intercommunal violence led UN peacekeeping establishment on the island. The London-Zürich Agreements led to the independence of Cyprus, proclaimed on 16 August 1960. Several coups were staged by Orthodox bishops against Makarios III in March 1972 to July 1973.

The 1974 Cypriot coup d'état, staged by the Cypriot National Guard and Greek military junta, was successful, but short-lived, as it sparked the Turkish invasion of Cyprus (1974) that led to the fall of the junta and the Turkish occupation of 36.2% of Cyprus' territory. In 1983, the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" was unilaterally declared, but has so far failed to achieve international recognition (it is recognised only by Turkey), and has been under a severe international embargo.

## Political parties

[edit]

Active

* Democratic Rally (DISY), centre-right, strongly pro-European and Atlanticist party that includes both Greek-Cypriot nationalist as well as moderate factions that supported the Annan Plan of 2004 , 17/56 seats
* Democratic Party (DIKO), centrist, founded in 1976, 9/56 seats
* Movement for Social Democracy (EDEK), left-wing in economic theory and in most social policies but nationalist and hard-line in the Cyprus issue, founded in 1969, 4/56 seats
* National Popular Front (ELAM), founded in 2008, 4/56 seats (also strongly Greek nationalist and pro-Enosis)
* Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation (KOSP), founded in 1996, 3/56 seats
* Solidarity Movement, Nationalist and soft eurosceptic, founded in 2016, 0/56 seats

Defunct

* Patriotic Front, active 1959–69, split into United Party, Progressive Front, Progressive Party and Democratic National Party
* Democratic National Party, active 1968–77, merged into Democratic Rally
* United Party, active 1969–76, split from Democratic Rally and Democratic Party
* Progressive Front, active 1970–76, merged into Democratic Rally
* Union of the Centre, active 1980–85, merged into Democratic Party and was led by Tassos Papadopoulos
* New Horizons, active 1996–2005, merged into European Party
* Fighting Democratic Movement, active 1998–2011, split from Democratic Party and merged back into Democratic Party
* Eurodemocratic Renewal Party, active 1998–c. 2004, split from Democratic Party and merged back into Democratic Party
* European Democracy, active 2004–2008, merged into European Party
* European Party, active 2005–15, merged into Solidarity Movement
* Citizens' Alliance, active 2013–21

## See also

[edit]

* Cypriot nationalism
* Turkish Cypriot nationalism
* History of Cyprus since 1878
* Cyprus dispute
* Greek nationalism
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Hay & Menon 2007, p. 125.
2. ^ a b c Madianou 2012, p. 40.
3. ^ Chrysostomos Pericleous, Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan, pp.117-121, 2009
4. ^ Christalla Yakinthou, Political Settlements in Divided Societies: Consociationalism and Cyprus, p.203, 2009, quoting Rauf Denktaş
5. ^ Borowiec 2000, p. 30.
6. ^ Borowiec 2000, pp. 30–31.

## Sources

[edit]

* Hay, Colin; Menon, Anand (18 January 2007). European Politics. OUP Oxford. pp. 125–. ISBN 978-0-19-928428-3.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
* Madianou, Mirca (12 November 2012). Mediating the Nation. Routledge. pp. 40–. ISBN 978-1-136-61105-6.
* Alecou, Alexios (16 June 2016). Communism and Nationalism in Postwar Cyprus, 1945-1955: Politics and Ideologies Under British Rule. Springer. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-3-319-29209-0.
* Borowiec, Andrew (2000). Cyprus: A Troubled Island. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-0-275-96533-4.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Leonard W. Doob (June 1986). "Cypriot Patriotism and Nationalism". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 30 (2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 383–396. doi:10.1177/0022002786030002008. JSTOR 174259. S2CID 145229954.

* v
* t
* e

Ethnic nationalism

Nationalisms
in|

| Africa|

| North Africa|

* Arab
* Berber
* Coptic
* Egyptian
* Pharaonism
* Kabyle
* Sahrawi

|

East Africa|

* Acholi
* Amhara
* Hutu
* Somali
* Tigrayan

Nigeria|

* Igbo
* Ogoni

Southern Africa|

* Afrikaner

Americas|

| North America|

* Chicano
* Greenlandic
* Indigenous Canadian
* Lakota
* Québécois
* Sequoyahan

|

Caribbean|

* Haitian
* Puerto Rican

South America|

* Argentine
* Criollo
* Mapuche
* Peruvian

Asia|

| Middle East|

* Arab
* Assyrian
* Iranian
* Iraqi
* Jewish
* Diaspora
* Zionism
* Jordanian
* Kurdish
* Lebanese
* Palestinian
* Syrian
* Turkish
* in Cyprus
* Zaza

|

Eastern Asia|

* Cantonese
* Chinese
* Han
* chauvinist
* Hongkonger
* Japanese
* Korean
* Manchu
* Okinawan
* Ryukyu
* Taiwanese
* Tibetan

Southern Asia|

* Assamese
* Bengali
* in Bangladesh
* Bodo
* Dravidian
* Hazara
* Meitei
* Naga
* Punjabi
* Sindhi
* Sinhalese
* Tamil
* in Sri Lanka
* Tripuri

South-eastern Asia|

* Filipino
* Khmer
* Malay
* Mon
* Shan
* Thai
* Vietnamese

Northern & Middle Asia|

* Baloch
* Mongolian
* South Mongolia
* Pan-Turkism
* Pashtun
* Siberian
* Uyghur
* Yakut

South Caucasus|

* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Georgian
* Laz

Europe|

| Southeastern Europe|

* Albanian
* in Albania
* in Kosovo
* in North Macedonia
* Aromanian
* Bosniak
* Croatian
* Greek
* in Cyprus
* Macedonian
* Moldovan
* Montenegrin
* Romani (Gypsy)
* Romanian
* Serbian

|

Central Europe|

* Austrian
* Bavarian
* Czech
* Frisian
* German
* in Austria
* Völkisch
* Hungarian
* Polish
* Silesian
* Slovak
* Slovenian

Eastern Europe|

* Belarusian
* Russian
* Ukrainian
* Yiddish

North Caucasus|

* Balkar and Karachay
* Circassian
* Ingush
* Lezgin
* Ossetian

Volga Region|

* Chuvash
* Tatar

Western Europe|

* Breton
* Dutch
* Flemish
* French
* Irish
* Occitan
* Walloon

United Kingdom|

* British
* Cornish
* English
* Scottish
* Ulster
* Welsh

Southern Europe|

* Arpitan
* Basque
* Corsican

Italy|

* Italian
* Lombard
* Padanian
* Sardinian
* Sicilian
* Venetian

Spain|

* Spanish
* Andalusian
* Aragonese
* Asturian
* Basque
* Canarian
* Castilian
* Catalan
* Galician
* Navarrese
* Valencian

Northern Europe|

* Estonian
* Faroese
* Finnish
* Icelandic
* Lithuanian
* Norwegian

Oceania|

* Australian
* Hawaiian
* Indigenous Australian
* Māori

Pan-nationalism|

* African
* Arab
* Asian
* Bangladeshi
* Celtic
* Chinese
* Congolese
* European
* Finnic
* Germanic
* Hispanic
* Iberian
* Indian
* Iranian
* Iraqi
* Korean
* Latin
* Libyan
* Mongolian
* Native American
* Nigerian
* Nordic
* Oceanian
* Pakistani
* Russian
* Scandinavian
* Slavic
* South Slavic
* Tunisian
* Turanian
* Turkic
* Ugandan

Movements|

* Alsace independence movement
* Assam separatist movements
* Assyrian independence movement
* Catalan independence movement
* Champa independence movement
* East Turkestan independence movement
* Faroese independence movement
* Flemish Movement
* Free Aceh Movement
* Free Papua Movement
* Future of Åland
* Galician independence movement (Spain)
* Greenlandic independence
* Guangdong Independence Movement
* Hawaiian sovereignty movement
* Inner Mongolian independence movement
* Kashubian Association
* Māori protest movement
* Mapuche separatist movement
* Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)
* National Liberation Front of Corsica
* Patani United Liberation Organisation
* Ryukyu independence movement
* Scottish independence
* Siberian regionalism
* Silesian Autonomy Movement
* Székely autonomy movement
* Taiwan independence movement
* Tibetan independence movement
* Vojvodina Autonomist Movement
* Wallmapuwen
* Walloon Movement
* Welsh independence

Projects|

* Arakan
* Assyria
* Azawad
* Balawaristan
* Balochistan
* Bangsamoro
* Basque Country (greater region)
* Catalan Countries
* Chameria
* Champa
* Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
* Circassia
* Crimea
* Hatay State
* Hazarajat
* Danzig
* Donetsk
* East Turkestan
* Herzeg-Bosnia
* Hutu Power
* Ilirida
* Karakalpakstan
* Karelia
* Katarism
* Ketuanan Melayu
* Kurdistan
* Lezgistan
* Luhansk
* Manchukuo
* Marathi Abhimaangeet
* Northern Epirus
* Occitania
* Ossetia
* Pashtunistan
* Republika Srpska
* Santa Cruz
* Sápmi
* Saraikistan
* Silesia
* Sindhudesh
* Székely Land
* Tamil Eelam
* Tibet

Other|

* Local (China)
* Racial
* American Indigenous
* Black
* German
* Indigenous
* White

* Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily on ethnic groups are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism.

* v
* t
* e

Greek nationalism

Ideology|

* Modern Greek Enlightenment
* Megali Idea
* Hellenization
* Grecoman
* Venizelism
* Metaxism
* Enosis
* Greek Cypriot nationalism

Organizations|

* Filiki Eteria
* Ethniki Etaireia
* Macedonian Committee
* Military League
* National Youth Organisation
* EDES
* Northern Epirus Liberation Front
* EOKA
* EOKA B

Political parties|

* Napist Party
* New Party (1873)
* National Party
* Liberal Party
* Freethinkers' Party
* National Party of Greece
* New Party (1947)
* Politically Independent Alignment
* Greek Rally
* Progressive Party
* 4th of August Party
* National Democratic Union
* National Alignment
* United Nationalist Movement
* Party of Hellenism
* National Political Union
* Greek Unity
* Political Spring
* Golden Dawn
* Hellenic Front
* Front Line
* Popular Orthodox Rally
* Democratic Revival
* Patriotic Alliance
* ELAM (Cyprus)
* Panhellenic Macedonian Front
* National Hope
* United Popular Front
* National Unity Association
* Creation
* Independent Greeks
* National Front
* Union for the Homeland and the People
* Assembly of Greeks
* LEPEN
* National Unity
* New Right
* Greek Solution
* Spartans
* Victory
* National Popular Consciousness
* National Party – Greeks
* Free People
* Patriots
* National Accord
* National Creation
* Patriotic Force for Change
* Voice of Reason

People|

* Adamantios Korais
* Rigas Feraios
* Alexander Ypsilantis
* Ioannis Kapodistrias
* Athanasios Diakos
* Theodoros Kolokotronis
* Dionysios Solomos
* Constantine Paparrigopoulos
* Aristotelis Valaoritis
* Alexandros Koumoundouros
* Theodoros Diligiannis
* Kostis Palamas
* Pavlos Melas
* Ion Dragoumis
* Eleftherios Venizelos
* Nikolaos Plastiras
* Ioannis Metaxas
* Angelos Sikelianos
* Alexandros Papagos
* Napoleon Zervas
* Georgios Grivas
* Georgios Papadopoulos
* Dimitrios Ioannidis
* Antonis Samaras

Historical events|

* Greco-Persian Wars
* Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
* Greek War of Independence
* Epirus Revolt of 1854
* 1854 Macedonian rebellion
* 1867 Macedonian rebellion
* Cretan revolt (1866–1869)
* Cretan revolt (1878)
* Epirus Revolt of 1878
* 1878 Macedonian rebellion
* 1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion
* Greco-Turkish War (1897)
* Macedonian Struggle
* Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre
* Theriso revolt
* Greece in the Balkan Wars
* Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
* Greece during World War I
* Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
* 1931 Cyprus revolt
* 4th of August Regime
* Greek resistance
* Cyprus Emergency (1955–59)
* Cyprus crisis of 1963–64
* Bloody Christmas (1963)
* Greek junta (1967–74)
* 1974 Cypriot coup d'état
* 1990 Komotini events

Policies|

* Aromanian question
* Geographical name changes
* Greek language question

* v
* t
* e

Irredentism

Africa|

* Mauritania
* Morocco
* Somalia
* South Africa

North America|

* Canada
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* Mexico
* Saint Martin
* United States
* Canada
* Greenland
* Mexico
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic

South America|

* Argentina
* Chile
* Colombia

Western Asia|

* Armenia
* Artsakh
* Karabakh
* Assyria
* Azerbaijan
* Western Azerbaijan
* Cyprus
* Kurdistan
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Gathering of Israel
* Zionism
* Syria
* Turkey
* Aegean dispute
* Cyprus
* Pan-Turkism
* Yemen

Southern Asia|

* Bangladesh
* India
* Akhand Bharat
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* East Pakistan
* Kashmir
* Pashtunistan
* Tamil Nadu

Eastern and Southeastern Asia|

* Cambodia
* China
* unification with Taiwan
* annexation of Tibet
* Indonesia
* Japan
* Korea
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Philippines
* Thailand
* Timor
* Vietnam

Central and Eastern Europe|

* Belarus
* Czechoslovakia
* Hungary
* Moldova
* Poland
* Romania
* unification with Moldova
* Russia
* annexation and occupation of Crimea
* proposed annexation of South Ossetia
* invasion and occupation of Ukraine
* Slovenia
* Ukraine

Southern Europe|

* Albania
* unification with Kosovo
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Greece
* Aegean dispute
* Cyprus
* Enosis
* Megali Idea
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* Kosovo Myth
* partition of Kosovo
* Spain
* Galicia
* Yugoslavia

Italy|

* Italy
* Corfu
* Corsica
* Dalmatia
* Istria
* Italian Grisons
* Malta
* Nice
* Savoy
* Ticino

Northern Europe|

* Finland
* Karelia

Western Europe|

* Belgium
* Celtics
* France
* Wallonia
* Germany
* Austria
* annexation of Austria
* Pan-Germanism
* Greater Germanic Reich
* Lebensraum
* Ireland
* Netherlands
* Switzerland

Oceania|

* Australia
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa

Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state
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