Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria

African church

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Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa

Seal

Classification| Christian
Orientation| Greek Orthodox (Melkite)
Scripture| Septuagint, New Testament
Theology| Eastern Orthodox theology
Polity| Episcopal polity
Primate| Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria
Language| Greek, Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Swahili, Yoruba and many other African languages
Headquarters| Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt
Territory| Africa
Possessions| None
Founder| Mark the Evangelist (according to tradition)
Independence| Apostolic Era
Recognition| Eastern Orthodox Church
Members| 500,000 – 2,950,000[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Official website| www.patriarchateofalexandria.com
Part of a series on the

Eastern Orthodox Church

Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator, Hagia Sophia

Overview

* Structure
* Theology (History of theology)
* Liturgy
* Church history
* Holy Mysteries
* View of Salvation
* View of Mary
* View of icons

Background

* Crucifixion / Resurrection / Ascension
of Jesus

* Christianity
* Christian Church
* Apostolic succession
* Four Marks of the Church
* Orthodoxy

Organization

* Autonomy
* Autocephaly
* Patriarchate
* Ecumenical Patriarch
* Episcopal polity
* Canon law
* Clergy
* Bishops
* Priests
* Deacons
* Monasticism
* Degrees
* Bratstvo

Autocephalous jurisdictions

Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

* Constantinople
* Alexandria
* Antioch
* Jerusalem
* Russia
* Serbia
* Romania
* Bulgaria
* Georgia
* Cyprus
* Greece
* Poland
* Albania
* Czech Lands and Slovakia

Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure:

* America
* North Macedonia

Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:

* Ukraine (OCU)

Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:

* Ukraine (UOC)

Autonomous jurisdictions

* Sinai (JP)
* Finland (EP)
* Estonia (EP)
* Japan (MP)
* China (MP)
* Americas (RP)
* Bessarabia (RP)
* Moldova (MP)

Semi-Autonomous:

* Crete (EP)
* Estonia (MP)
* ROCOR (MP)

Episcopal assemblies

* Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania
* Austria
* Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg
* Canada
* France
* Germany
* Great Britain and Ireland
* Italy and Malta
* Latin America
* Scandinavia
* Spain and Portugal
* Switzerland and Liechtenstein
* United States of America

Noncanonical jurisdictions

* Old Believers
* Spiritual Christianity
* True Orthodoxy
* Catacomb Church
* Old Calendarists
* American Orthodox Catholic Church
* American World Patriarchs

* National churches:

*     * Abkhazia
* Belarus
* Italy
* Latvia
* Montenegro
* Turkey
* UOC–KP

* Evangelical Orthodox

Ecumenical councils

* First Seven Ecumenical Councils:

* Nicaea I
* Constantinople I
* Ephesus
* Chalcedon
* Constantinople II
* Constantinople III
* Nicaea II

* Other possible ecumenical councils:

* Constantinople IV
* Constantinople V

* Other important councils:

* Quinisext Council
* Jassy
* Moscow
* Jerusalem
* Constantinople (1872)

History

* Church Fathers
* Pentarchy
* Byzantine Empire
* Christianization of Georgia
* Christianization of Bulgaria
* Christianization of Kievan Rus'
* Great Schism
* Russia
* Ottoman Empire
* North America
* Moscow–Constantinople schism
* 15th–16th c.
* 1996
* 2018

Theology

* History of Eastern Orthodox theology
* (20th century (Neo-Palamism))

* Apophaticism
* Chrismation
* Contemplative prayer
* Essence vs. Energies
* Hesychasm
* Holy Trinity
* Hypostatic union
* Icons
* Metousiosis
* Mystical theology
* Nicene Creed
* Nepsis
* Oikonomia vs Akribeia
* Ousia
* Palamism
* Philokalia
* Phronema
* Sin
* Theosis
* Theotokos

* Differences from the Catholic Church
* Opposition to the Filioque
* Opposition to papal supremacy

Liturgy and worship

* Divine Liturgy
* Divine Services

* Akathist
* Apolytikion
* Artos
* Ectenia
* Euchologion
* Holy Water
* Iconostasis
* Jesus Prayer
* Aprakos
* Kontakion
* Liturgical entrances
* Liturgical fans
* Lity
* Memorial service
* Memory Eternal
* Omophorion
* Eastern Orthodox bowing
* Eastern Orthodox marriage
* Praxis
* Paraklesis
* Paschal greeting
* Paschal Homily
* Paschal troparion
* Prayer rope
* Prosphora
* Russian bell ringing
* Semantron
* Sign of the cross
* Sticheron
* Troparion
* Vestments
* Use of incense

Liturgical calendar

* Paschal cycle
* 12 Great Feasts
* Other feasts:

* Feast of Orthodoxy
* Intercession of the Theotokos

* The four fasting periods:

* Nativity Fast
* Great Lent
* Apostles' Fast
* Dormition Fast

Major figures

Saints (Russian (until 15th century), Russian (post-15th century), Serbian, American)

* Justin Martyr
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Ephraim the Syrian
* Basil of Caesarea
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* John Chrysostom
* Cyril of Alexandria
* John Climacus
* Maximus the Confessor
* John of Damascus
* Theodore the Studite
* Kassia
* Cyril and Methodius
* Photius I of Constantinople
* Vladimir the Great
* Sava I of Serbia
* Gregory Palamas
* Innocent of Alaska

Other topics

* Architecture
* Folk
* Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs
* Cross
* Saint titles
* Statistics by country

* v
* t
* e

The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa (Ancient Greek: Πατριαρχεῖον Ἀλεξανδρείας καὶ πάσης Ἀφρικῆς, romanized: Patriarkheîon Alexandreías ke pásīs Afrikês, lit. 'The Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa'), also known as the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, is an autocephalous patriarchate that is part of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Its seat is in Alexandria, and it has canonical responsibility for the entire African continent.

It is commonly called the Greek or Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria to distinguish it from the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. Members of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate were once referred to as "Melkites" by non-Chalcedonian Christians because they remained in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople after the schism that followed the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Mark the Evangelist is considered the founder of the See, and the Patriarchate's emblem is the Lion of Saint Mark.

The head bishop of the Patriarchate of Alexandria is the Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa, currently Theodore II of Alexandria. His full title is "His Most Divine Beatitude the Pope and Patriarch of the Great City of Alexandria, Libya, Pentapolis, Ethiopia, all the land of Egypt, and all Africa, Father of Fathers, Shepherd of Shepherds, Prelate of Prelates, thirteenth of the Apostles, and Judge of the Œcumene". Like the Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and the Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria, he claims to have succeeded the Apostle Mark the Evangelist in the office of Bishop of Alexandria, who founded the church in the 1st century, and therefore marked the beginning of Christianity in Africa. It is one of the five ancient patriarchates of the early church, called the Pentarchy. The seat of the patriarchate is the Cathedral of the Annunciation, also known as the Cathedral of Evangelismos, in Alexandria.

## History

[edit]

Patriarch Mark III with a black African attendant Cathedral of Evangelismos, Alexandria

The history of the Patriarchate of Alexandria includes some of the greatest and most renowned fathers of the Church, especially the histories of Athanasius and Cyril, who were patriarchs of Alexandria at the ecumenical councils of Nicaea and Ephesus respectively. In the schism that was created by the political and Christological controversies at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the Church of Alexandria split in two. The majority of the native (i.e., Coptic) population did not accede to the Council of Chalcedon, adhering instead to the Miaphysite Christology of the Oriental Orthodox communion, and became known as the Coptic Orthodox Church. A small portion of the Church of Alexandria followed Chalcedonian Christology, and this is called the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, since it used Greek as its liturgical language. These Greek Chalcedonian believers were loyal to the Eastern Roman Emperor and in communion with the Patriarchs in Rome, Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. A healthy correspondence of Eulogius of Alexandria with Gregory the Great of Rome is evident from the fourteen books of Gregory's letters called the Registrum.[7] After the Arab conquest of Egypt in the 7th century – which permanently separated the region from the Byzantine Empire – the Greek Chalcedonians became an isolated minority in the region, even among Christians, and the church has remained small for centuries. These Alexandrian Christians remained in ecclesiastical communion with the Patriarch of Constantinople, who likewise recorded their names and also the Pope of Rome in his diptychs. During the Crusades, they also gave no hint of schism with Rome, since the Greek Patriarch of Alexandria administered holy communion to Latin merchants and prisoners and allowed Latin priests to use their own ritual books. Patriarch Nicholas I ordained a priest for the Latin rite and sent a representative to the Fourth Lateran Council. The first recorded sign of schism was the Bishop of Rome's appointing a titular Latin Patriarch of Alexandria in 1310.[8]

### Diaspora growth in the 19th century

[edit]

In the 19th century Orthodoxy in Africa began to grow again. One thing that changed this in the 19th century was the Orthodox diaspora. People from Greece, Syria and Lebanon, in particular, went to different parts of Africa, and some established Orthodox Churches. Many Greeks also settled in Alexandria from the 1840s and Orthodoxy began to flourish there again, and schools and printing presses were established.

For a while there was some confusion, especially outside Egypt. As happened in other places, Orthodox immigrants would establish an ethnic "community", which would try to provide a church, school, sporting and cultural associations. They would try to get a priest for the community in the place they had emigrated from, and there was some confusion about which bishops were responsible for these priests.

Eventually, in the 1920s it was agreed that all Orthodox churches in Africa would be under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and so Africa has managed to avoid the jurisdictional confusion that has prevailed in places like America and Australia.

### Mission growth in the 20th century

[edit]

In Africa south of the Sahara most of the growth in Christianity began as a result of mission initiatives by Western Christians; Roman Catholic, Protestant and especially in the 20th century adherents to Western-origin Christian bodies that do not fit into this old dichotomy. These Western-initiated churches were, however, very often tied to Western culture. The Greek missions to African outposts followed Greek-speaking settlers, as with the missions to America and Australia, and still provide cultural links to Greece and the Greek patriarchy in Egypt.

Saint George Church in Cairo

African-initiated churches interested in the various forms of Orthodoxy, but finding it difficult to make contact with historic Orthodoxy in the parts of Africa where they lived, sought further afield. In the 1920s some of them made contact with the so-called African Orthodox Church in the USA (not a part of the canonical community of Eastern Orthodox Churches), notably Daniel William Alexander in South Africa, and Ruben Spartas Mukasa in Uganda.

In the 1930s, Daniel William Alexander visited first Uganda, and later Kenya. Spartas, however, also made contact with Fr Nikodemos Sarikas, a missionary priest in Tanganyika, and through him made contact with the Greek Patriarch of Alexandria. In 1946 the African Orthodox groups in Kenya and Uganda were received into the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria.

In the 1950s, however, the Orthodox Church in Kenya suffered severe oppression at the hands of the British colonial authorities during the Mau Mau Uprising. Most of the clergy were put in concentration camps, and churches and schools were closed. Only the Cathedral in Nairobi (which had a largely Greek membership) remained open. Archbishop Makarios III of Cyprus preached an anti-colonialist sermon at the cathedral on his way home from exile, and this led to friendship between him and the leader of the anti-colonial struggle in Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta.

After Kenya became independent in 1963 the situation eased, and the Greek-speaking Church of Cyprus helped to get the presence of the Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya once more, building a seminary and sending missionary teachers.

### Late 20th-early 21st century

[edit]

In recent years, a considerable missionary effort was enacted by Pope Petros VII. During his seven years as patriarch (1997–2004), he worked tirelessly to spread the Orthodox Christian faith in Arab nations and throughout Africa, raising up native clergy and encouraging the use of local languages in the liturgical life of the church. Particularly sensitive to the nature of Christian expansion into Muslim countries, he worked to promote mutual understanding and respect between Orthodox Christians and Muslims. He also worked to improve ecumenical relations with the Coptic Orthodox Church, signing a joint declaration allowing intermarriage and setting the stage for improved relations between the two ancient patriarchates.[citation needed] His efforts were ended as the result of a helicopter crash on September 11, 2004, in the Aegean Sea near Greece, killing him and several other clergy, including Bishop Nectarios of Madagascar, another bishop with a profound missionary vision. The metropolitans and bishops of this expanding church remain overwhelmingly of Greek or Cypriot origin.

Today, some 300,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians constitute the Patriarchate of Alexandria in Egypt, the highest number since the Roman Empire. The current primate of the Greek Church of Alexandria is Theodoros II, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa.

### 2019 schism with Moscow

[edit]

On 27 December 2019 the Russian Orthodox Church officially cut ties with the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate in Alexandria over the latter's recognition of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, which is rejected by the Russian Orthodox Church and several other Orthodox churches. This was done after Theodore II announced support for the OCU.[9] The Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church noted that it remains in communion with clerics of the Alexandria church who reject Theodore II's decision.[citation needed]

### Ordination of women

[edit]

In 2016, the Holy Synod of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria voted to reinstate the female diaconate; in the following year, it ordained six female subdeacons in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2024 the Patriarchate ordained its first female deacon, Angelic Molen, in Zimbabwe, making her the first female deacon in the modern history of the Eastern Orthodox Church.[10][11][12] Women had been ordained deaconesses in the Byzantine Church through the 9th century CE after which the practice fell into disuse.[13][14]

## Offikialoi of the Throne

[edit]

The institution of the Offikialoi has its roots in the Hierarchy of the Byzantine Empire and primarily came into the ecclesiastical world around the 9th century, beginning with the Ecumenical patriarchate in Constantinople, where the offices existed hierarchically in three pentads. There are ecclesiastical offices, for both the clergy and lay people. However, the offices for lay people acquired greater validity and dissemination during the Ottoman period whence they were gradually disseminated to the other ancient Patriarchates of the East.

The offices are awarded by "patriarchal esteem and intention" as a recompense to the Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa, while in earlier years they were connected to particular positions within the patriarchal court and the administrative mechanism of the Patriarchate, which over the years slackened.

## Administrative structures and hierarchy

[edit]

Cross of St Mark. Honorary religious medal of the Patriarchate Dioceses and Archdioceses of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria and of All Africa

### Patriarch

[edit]

* Patriarch Theodore II (Choreftakis), Pope and Patriarch of the Holy Archdiocese of Alexandria in Egypt, Primate of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa.

### Archbishops (Metropolitans)

[edit]

* Metropolitan Narcissus (Gammo) of the Holy Archdiocese of Accra with jurisdiction over Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and Mali
* Metropolitan Peter (Giakoumelos) of the Holy Archdiocese of Axum, seated in Addis Ababa with jurisdiction over the Horn of Africa
* Metropolitan Gennadius (Stantzios) of the Holy Archdiocese of Botswana
* Metropolitan Pantaleon (Arathymos) of the Holy Archdiocese of Brazzaville and Gabon, with jurisdiction over the Congo and Gabon
* Metropolitan Gregory (Stergiou) of the Holy Archdiocese of Cameroon with jurisdiction over Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe
* Metropolitan Meletius (Koumanis) of the Holy Archdiocese of Carthage, seated in Tunis with jurisdiction over Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia
* Metropolitan Demetrius (Zacharengas) of the Holy Archdiocese of Dar es Salaam with jurisdiction over eastern Tanzania and the Seychelles
* Metropolitan Sergius (Kykkotis) of the Holy Archdiocese of Good Hope, seated in Cape Town with jurisdiction over the South African provinces of the Eastern, Northern, and Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, and Free State as well as Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland
* Metropolitan Nicholas (Antoniou) of the Holy Archdiocese of Hermopolis, seated in Tanta with jurisdiction over the Arabic-speaking Orthodox Christians of Egypt
* Metropolitan Damascene (Papandreou) of the Holy Archdiocese of Johannesburg and Pretoria with jurisdiction over northeastern South Africa
* Metropolitan Jonah (Lwanga) of the Holy Archdiocese of Kampala with jurisdiction over Uganda
* Metropolitan Meletius (Kamiloudis) of the Holy Archdiocese of Katanga, seated in Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Metropolitan Nicephorus (Konstantinou) of the Holy Archdiocese of Kinshasa with jurisdiction over the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Metropolitan Gabriel (Raftopoulos) of the Holy Archdiocese of Leontopolis, seated in Ismailia with jurisdiction over northeastern Egypt
* Metropolitan Ignatius (Sennis) of the Holy Archdiocese of Madagascar with jurisdiction over Madagascar, the Comoros, Mayotte, Mauritius, and Réunion
* Metropolitan Nicodemus (Priangelos) of the Holy Archdiocese of Memphis, seated in Heliopolis
* Metropolitan Jerome (Muzeeyi) of the Holy Archdiocese of Mwanza, seated in Bukoba with jurisdiction over western Tanzania
* Metropolitan Macarius (Telyridis) of the Holy Archdiocese of Nairobi with jurisdiction over Kenya
* Metropolitan Nicodemus (Totkas) of the Holy Archdiocese of Nigeria with jurisdiction over Nigeria, Niger, Benin and Togo.
* Metropolitan Savvas (Cheimonetos) of the Holy Archdiocese of Nubia, seated in Khartoum with jurisdiction over Sudan and South Sudan
* Metropolitan Nephon (Tsavaris) of the Holy Archdiocese of Pelusium, seated in Port Said
* Metropolitan Emmanuel (Kagias) of the Holy Archdiocese of Ptolemais, seated in Minya with jurisdiction over Upper Egypt
* Metropolitan Theophylact (Tzoumerkas) of the Holy Archdiocese of Tripoli with jurisdiction over Libya
* Metropolitan Yohanis (Ιιοανις)(Tsaftaridis) of the Holy Archdiocese of Zambia, Mozambique and Malawi, seated in Lusaka
* Metropolitan Seraphim (Iakovou) of the Holy Archdiocese of Zimbabwe and Angola, seated in Harare
* Metropolitan Innocentius (Byakatonda) of the Holy Archdiocese of Burundi and Rwanda

### Bishops

[edit]

* Bishop Chrysostome (Karagounis) of the Holy Diocese of Mozambique
* Bishop Neophytos (Kongai) of the Holy Diocese of Nyeri and Mount Kenya
* Bishop Athanasius (Akunda) of the Holy Diocese of Kisumu and Western Kenya(Posthumously)
* Bishop Agathonicus (Nikolaidis) of the Holy Diocese of Arusha and Central Tanzania
* Bishop Silvestros (Kisitu) of the Holy Diocese of (Gulu) and eastern Uganda

## Greek Orthodox Churches in Egypt

[edit]

List of Greek Orthodox Churches in Egypt[15]

* St. Constantine and St. Helena Church – Cairo
* St. Spyridon Church – Helwan
* Patriarchal Monastery of St. George – Old Cairo
* St. Nicholas Church - Heliopolis
* Church of the Archangels - Al-Zahir
* Our Lady of El Nayah Church – Alexandria
* St. Anthony the Great Shatby – Alexandria
* The Annunciation of the Virgin Mary Church – Mansheya, Alexandria
* Patriarchal Monastery of Saint Savvas of the Blessed Virgin of Alexandria[16]
* Church of the Entry of Christ into the Temple – Tanta
* St. George Church – Tanta[17]
* Saint Nicholas Church – Mansoura
* Saint Nicholas Church – Port Said
* St. Nicholas Church – Old Patriarchate, Damietta
* The Most Holy Theotokos Church - Heliopolis

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pentarchy (Patriarchate of Alexandria).

* List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria
* Greek Orthodox Church
* Greeks in Egypt
* Syro-Lebanese in Egypt

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa | World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. January 1, 1948.
2. ^ "President Lauds Orthodox faith on 100 Years | Uganda Media Centre".
3. ^ "Kenya: A Fruitful Land". 4 December 2019.
4. ^ "Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa - Construction - Stavros Niarchos Foundation".
5. ^ "Ορθόδοξη Διασπορά και Ιεραποστολή στην Αφρική".
6. ^ ""Metropolis of Cameroon - Η ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΙΣ"". Archived from the original on 2018-06-15. Retrieved 2024-12-06.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
7. ^ The Letters of Gregory the Great Translated and Introduction nand Notes by John R.C. Martyn. 3 vols. (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2004) q.v. 1.24; 5.41; 6.61; 7.5, 31, 37; 8.28, 28; 9.176; 10.14, 21; 12.16; 13.42, 43
8. ^ Steven Runciman. The Eastern Schism. (Oxford, 1955). p. 99-100.
9. ^ Isachenkov, Vladimir (December 27, 2019). "Russian Orthodox Church cuts ties with Alexandria patriarch". Crux Now. Associated Press. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
10. ^ "Breaking with tradition, Greek Orthodox Church ordains first woman deacon in Africa". La croix international. 13 May 2024.
11. ^ Barillas, Martin (2024-05-09). "Orthodox Church Ordains Female Deacon". National Catholic Register.
12. ^ "Eastern Orthodox Church ordains Zimbabwean woman as its first deaconess". The Christian Century.
13. ^ Karras, Valerie A. (2004). "Female Deacons in the Byzantine Church". Church History. 73 (2): 272–316\. doi:10.1017/S000964070010928X. ISSN 0009-6407. JSTOR 4146526.
14. ^ Taft, Robert F. (1998). "Women at Church in Byzantium: Where, When-And Why?". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 52: 27–87\. doi:10.2307/1291777. ISSN 0070-7546. JSTOR 1291777.
15. ^ "Archived copy". www.goac-pa-eg.com. Archived from the original on 2020-02-17. Retrieved 2021-11-06.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
16. ^ "Πατριαρχική Μονή Οσίου Σάββα". patriarchateofalexandria.com (in Greek). Archived from the original on 2021-11-06. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
17. ^ www.goac-pa-eg.com http://www.goac-pa-eg.com/bg6j.htm. Retrieved 2021-11-06. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)

## Literature

[edit]

* Brakke, David (2008). "The East: Egypt and Palestine". The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 344–364\. ISBN 978-0-19-927156-6.
* Dick, Iganatios (2004). Melkites: Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholics of the Patriarchates of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem. Roslindale, MA: Sophia Press. Archived from the original on 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
* Grillmeier, Aloys (1975) [1965]. Christ in Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (451). Vol. 1 (2nd revised ed.). Atlanta: John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664223014.
* Grillmeier, Aloys; Hainthaler, Theresia (1996). Christ in Christian Tradition: The Church of Alexandria with Nubia and Ethiopia after 451. Vol. 2/4. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664223007.
* Hayes, Stephen (November 1996). "Orthodox mission in tropical Africa". Missionalia. 24 (3): 383–398\. Archived from the original on 2006-11-17. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
* Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs. Wildside Press LLC. ISBN 9781434458766.
* Koukousas, Vasileios (2012). "The Representation of the Patriarchate of Alexandria at Ferrara-Florence and the Fight against Proselytization in the Provinces from the 15th to 18th century: Investigation on the Basis of the Sources". Εκκλησιαστικός Φάρος. 94: 260–289.
* Loon, Hans van (2009). The Dyophysite Christology of Cyril of Alexandria. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9004173224.
* Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 9780881410563.
* Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
* Panchenko, Constantin A. (2021). Orthodoxy and Islam in the Middle East: The Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries. Jordanville, NY: Holy Trinity Publications. ISBN 9781942699330.
* Roussos, Sotiris (2010). "Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the Middle East". Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 107–119\. ISBN 9781135193713.
* Roussos, Sotiris (2011). "The Greek Orthodox Church in Interwar Egypt: Between Lay Constitutionalism and Diaspora Politics". Journal of Eastern Christian Studies. 63 (1–2): 127–142.1–2&rft.pages=127-142&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Roussos&rft.aufirst=Sotiris&rft_id=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318445943&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Greek+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988">

## External links

[edit]

* The Patriarchate of Alexandria (Official Site)
* Archdiocese of Lagos (Official Site)
* Archdiocese of Mwanza Archived 2011-02-02 at the Wayback Machine (Official Site)
* Uganda Orthodox Church (Official Site)
* Orthodox Church of Kenya (Official Site)
* Orthodox Church in Tanzania Archived 2021-11-06 at the Wayback Machine (Official Site)
* Orthodox Archbishopric of Good Hope, Cape Town Archived 2014-08-02 at the Wayback Machine (Official Site)
* Website of the Arabic-speaking Alexandrian Orthodox Christians of Egypt Archived 2011-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
* CNEWA Profile of the Alexandrian Orthodox Church by Ronald Roberson

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Greek Orthodox Church

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Sovereign states|

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States with limited
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Dependencies and
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Autocephalous and autonomous churches of Eastern Orthodoxy

Autocephalous churches|

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Junior patriarchates|

* Russia[a]
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* Georgia
* Ilia II

Autocephalous
archdioceses/metropolises|

* Cyprus
* George
* Greece
* Ieronymos II
* Albania
* John
* Poland
* Sawa
* Czech Lands and Slovakia
* Rastislav
* America[b]
* Tikhon
* Ukraine[b]
* Epiphanius
* Ohrid[b]
* Stefan

Autonomous churches|

Sinai (Jerusalem Patriarchate)
Finland (Ecumenical Patriarchate)
Estonian AOC (Ecumenical Patriarchate)[b]
Estonian COC (Moscow Patriarchate)[b]
Japan (Moscow Patriarchate)[b]
China (Moscow Patriarchate)[b]
Ukraine (Moscow Patriarchate)[c]
Americas (Romanian Patriarchate)
Bessarabia (Romanian Patriarchate)[b]
Moldova (Moscow Patriarchate)[b]

Semi-autonomous churches
Crete (Ecumenical Patriarchate)
Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (Moscow Patriarchate)[d]
North America (Antiochian Patriarchate)

Diaspora
Assemblies|

Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania
Austria
Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg
Canada
France
Germany
Great Britain and Ireland
Italy and Malta
Latin America
Scandinavia
Spain and Portugal
Switzerland and Liechtenstein
United States of America

History|

Apostles in the New Testament
First seven ecumenical councils
Church Fathers
Great Church
State church of the Roman Empire
East–West Schism
Raskol

Old Believers
Catacomb Church
Old Calendarists
Moscow–Constantinople schisms

15th–16th c.
1996
2018

Liturgy|

Byzantine Rite

Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom
Liturgy of Saint Basil
Liturgy of Saint James
Liturgy of Saint Mark
Western Rite

Other|

* Unrecognized Eastern Orthodox churches
* Eastern Orthodoxy by country
* Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Christianity portal

1. ^ The ROC severed full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the primates of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized.
3. ^ UOC-MP was moved to formally cut ties with the ROC as of May 27th 2022.
4. ^ Semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church whose autonomy is not universally recognized.

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Patriarchs of Alexandria

Patriarchs prior to the
Chalcedonian schism
(43–451)|

* Mark I the Evangelist (founder)
* Anianus
* Avilius
* Kedronos
* Primus
* Justus
* Eumenius
* Markianos*
* Celadion
* Agrippinus
* Julian
* Demetrius I
* Heraclas
* Dionysius
* Maximus
* Theonas
* Peter I
* Achillas
* Alexander I
* Athanasius I
* Peter II
* Timothy I
* Theophilus I
* Cyril I
* Dioscorus I

Coptic Orthodox
Popes and Patriarchs
(451–present)|

* Timothy II
* Peter III
* Athanasius II
* John I
* John II
* Dioscorus II
* Timothy III
* Theodosius I
* Peter IV
* Damian
* Anastasius
* Andronicus
* Benjamin I
* Agathon
* John III
* Isaac
* Simeon I
* Alexander II
* Cosmas I
* Theodore I
* Michael I
* Mina I
* John IV
* Mark II
* James
* Simeon II
* Joseph I
* Michael II
* Cosmas II
* Shenouda I
* Michael III
* Gabriel I
* Cosmas III
* Macarius I
* Theophilus II
* Mina II
* Abraham
* Philotheos
* Zacharias
* Shenouda II
* Christodoulos
* Cyril II
* Michael IV
* Macarius II
* Gabriel II
* Michael V
* John V
* Mark III
* John VI
* Cyril III
* Athanasius III
* John VII
* Gabriel III
* John VII
* Theodosius III
* John VIII
* John IX
* Benjamin II
* Peter V
* Mark IV
* John X
* Gabriel IV
* Matthew I
* Gabriel V
* John XI
* Matthew II
* Gabriel VI
* Michael VI
* John XII
* John XIII
* Gabriel VII
* John XIV
* Gabriel VIII
* Mark V
* John XV
* Matthew III
* Mark VI
* Matthew IV
* John XVI
* Peter VI
* John XVII
* Mark VII
* John XVIII
* Mark VIII
* Peter VII
* Cyril IV
* Demetrius II
* Cyril V
* John XIX
* Macarius III
* Joseph II
* Cyril VI
* Shenouda III
* Tawadros II (current)

Greek Orthodox
Popes and Patriarchs
(451–present)|

* Proterius
* Timothy II
* Timothy III
* John I
* Peter III
* Athanasius II
* John II
* John III
* Dioscorus II
* Timothy IV
* Theodosius I
* Gaianus
* Paul
* Zoilus
* Apollinarius
* John IV
* Eulogius
* Theodore I
* John V
* George I
* Cyrus
* Peter IV
* Peter V
* Peter VI
* Cosmas I
* Politianus
* Eustatius
* Christopher I
* Sophronius I
* Michael I
* Michael II
* Christodoulos
* Eutychius
* Sophronius II
* Isaac
* Job
* Elias I
* Arsenius
* Theophilus II
* George II
* Leontius
* Alexander II
* John VI
* Cyril II
* Sabbas
* Sophronius III
* Elias II
* Eleutherius
* Mark III*
* Nicholas I
* Gregory I
* Nicholas II
* Athanasius III
* Gregory II
* Gregory III
* Niphon
* Mark IV
* Nicholas III
* Gregory IV
* Nicholas IV
* Athanasius IV
* Mark V
* Philotheus
* Mark VI
* Gregory V
* Joachim I
* Silvester
* Meletius I Pegas
* Cyril III
* Gerasimus I
* Metrophanes
* Nicephorus
* Joannicius
* Paisius
* Parthenius I
* Gerasimus II
* Samuel
* Cosmas II
* Cosmas III
* Matthew
* Cyprian
* Gerasimus III
* Parthenius II
* Theophilus III
* Hierotheus I
* Artemius
* Hierotheus II
* Callinicus
* Jacob
* Nicanor
* Nilus
* Sophronius IV
* Photius
* Meletius II
* Nicholas V
* Christopher II
* Nicholas VI
* Parthenius III
* Peter VII
* Theodore II (current)

Latin Catholic
(1276–1954)|

* Atanasio (Athanasius)
* Egidio da Ferrara (Giles)
* ?Humbert II, Dauphin of Vienne
* Juan (John)
* Guillaume de Chanac
* Arnaud Bernard du Pouget (Arnaldo Bernardi)
* uncanonical Jean de Cardaillac
* Pietro Amely di Brunac
* ? Johannes Walteri von Sinten
* uncanonical Simon of Cramaud
* Pietro Amely di Brunac
* Leonardo Dolfin
* Ugo Roberti
* Pietro Amaury di Lordat
* Lancelotus de Navarra
* Giovanni Contarini
* Pietro
* Vitalis di Mauléon
* Giovanni Vitelleschi
* Marco Condulmer
* Jean d'Harcourt
* Arnaldo Rogerii de Palas
* Pedro de Urrea
* Pedro González de Mendoza
* Diego Hurtado de Mendoza
* Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo
* Bernardino Carafa
* Cesare Riario
* Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora
* Ottaviano Maria Sforza
* Julius Gonzaga
* Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte
* Jacques Cortès
* Tommaso
* Alessandro Riario
* Enrico Caetani
* Giovanni Battista Albani
* Camillo Caetani
* Séraphin Olivier-Razali
* Alessandro di Sangro
* Honoratus Caetani
* Federico Borromeo
* Allesandro Crescenzi
* Aloysius Bevilacqua
* Petrus Draghi Bartoli
* Gregorio Giuseppe Gaetani de Aragonia
* Carlo Ambrosio Mezzabarba
* Filippo Carlo Spada
* Girolamo Crispi
* Giuseppe Antonio Davanzati
* Lodovico Agnello Anastasi
* Francisco Mattei
* Augustus Foscolo
* Paolo Angelo Ballerini
* Domenico Marinangeli
* Paolo de Huyn
* Luca Ermenegildo Pasetto

Melkite Catholic
(1724–present)|

* Cyril VI Tanas
* Athanasius IV Jawhar
* Maximos II Hakim
* Theodosius V Dahan
* Athanasius IV Jawhar
* Cyril VII Siaj
* Agapius II Matar
* Ignatius IV Sarrouf
* Athanasius V Matar
* Macarius IV Tawil
* Ignatius V Qattan
* Maximos III Mazloum
* Clement Bahouth
* Gregory II Youssef-Sayur
* Peter IV Geraigiry
* Cyril VIII Geha
* Demetrius I Qadi
* Cyril IX Moghabghab
* Maximos IV Sayegh
* Maximos V Hakim
* Gregory III Laham
* Youssef I Absi

Coptic Catholic
(1824–present)|

* Maximos Jouwed
* Kyrillos Makarios
* Stéphanos I Sidarouss
* Stéphanos II Ghattas
* Antonios I Naguib
* Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak

* *Markianos is considered Mark II on the Greek side of the subsequent schism, hence this numbering of Mark III.
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* Commons

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Patriarchates in Christianity

Traditional ecclesiastical jurisdictions of primates in Christianity, sorted according to earliest apostolic legacy and branched where multiple denominational claimants:
bold blue = Catholic Church, light blue = Eastern Orthodox Church (* unrecognized), bold/light green = Oriental Orthodoxy, italic blue = Nestorianism, bold italic blue = pre-schism

Early
Christianity
(Antiquity)
(30–325/476)|

| Pentarchy
(five
apostolic
sees)|

| Patriarch of Rome (1st cent.)|

* Holy See (since 1st cent.)

|

Patriarch of Constantinople
(451)|

* Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 330)
* Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople (1204–1964)
* Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 1461)
* Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate (since 1924*)

Patriarch of Antioch
(1st cent.)|

* Patriarchate of Antioch (1st cent.–518)
* Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 518)
* Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 519)
* Maronite Patriarchate (since 685)
* Latin Patriarchate of Antioch (1099–1964)
* Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1668)
* Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1724)

* Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia (since 1058)
* Patriarchate of Cilicia (since 1740)

Patriarch of Alexandria
(1st cent.)|

* Patriarchate of Alexandria (1st cent.–451)
* Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451)
* Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451)
* Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria (1219–1964)
* Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 1824)

Patriarch of Jerusalem (451)|

* Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 451)
* Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 638)
* Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 1099)

Other|

| Patriarch of Carthage (2nd cent.)|

* Patriarch of Carthage (2nd cent.–1076)

|

Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
(280)|

* Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (280–1552)
* Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad (since 1553)
* Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Eliya line) (1558–1830)
* Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Shimun line) (1692–1830)
* Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1830)
* Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1968)

Patriarch of Armenia (301)|

* Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin) (since 301)

* Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia (since 1058)
* Patriarchate of Cilicia (since 1740)

Middle Ages
(476–1517)|

* Patriarchate of Aquileia (568–1751)
* Patriarchate of Grado (725–1451)
* Patriarchate of Bulgaria (919*/927–1018)
* Patriarchate of Georgia (1010–1811)
* Patriarchate of Cyprus (1185*–1191)
* Primate of Bulgaria (1204–1235)
* Tarnovo Patriarchate of Bulgaria (1235–1394)
* Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (1346*/1375–1463)
* Patriarchate of Venice (since 1451)
* Catholicate of Abkhazia (15.*/16. century–1814)

Early Modern era
(1517–1789) |

* Patriarchate of the West Indies (since 1524)
* Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia (1555–1663)
* Patriarchate of the East Indies (since 1572)
* Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (1557–1766)
* Patriarchate of Moscow (since 1589)
* Patriarchate of Lisbon (since 1716)

Late Modern era
(since 1789)|

* Patriarchate of Karlovci (1848–1920)
* Patriarchate of Georgia (since 1917*/1990)
* Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (since 1920)
* Patriarchate of Romania (since 1925)
* Patriarchate of Croatia (*1942–1945)
* Patriarchate of Bulgaria (since 1953)
* Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia (since 1959)
* Patriarchate of Kyiv (1992*–2018; since 2019*)
* Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea (since 1994)

Related|

* Apostolic Throne
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|

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