Greek civil wars of 1823–1825

Civil conflicts in Greece

* v
* t
* e

Greek War of Independence

Outbreak (1821)

* Wallachian uprising
* Kalamata
* Navarino
* Patras
* Salona
* Livadeia
* Lalas
* Samothrace
* Monemvasia
* Alamana
* Valtetsi
* Doliana
* 1st Acropolis
* Gravia
* Drăgășani
* Trench
* Vasilika
* Sculeni
* Vasilika
* Tripolitsa

* * *

1822–1824

* Acrocorinth
* Chalandritsa
* Chios
* Naousa
* Chios (naval)
* Peta
* Kompoti
* Expedition of Dramali
* Dervenakia
* Agionori
* Battle of Nauplia
* 1st Messolonghi
* Karpenisi
* 2nd Messolonghi
* Kasos
* Psara
* Samos
* Gerontas

* * *

Greek civil wars of 1824–1825

* * *

Egyptian intervention (1825–1826)

* Kremmydi
* Andros
* Sphacteria
* Maniaki
* Mills of Lerna
* Alexandria
* Kakosalesi
* Kleisova
* 3rd Messolonghi
* Kastraki
* Mani
* Varnakova
* 2nd Acropolis
* Arachova
* Kamatero
* Phaleron

* * *

Great powers intervention (1827–1829)

* Volos
* Itea
* Mega Spilaio
* Navarino
* Morea expedition
* Chios expedition
* Martino
* Koronisia
* Petra

The Greek civil wars of 1823-1825 occurred alongside the Greek War of Independence. The conflict had both political and regional dimensions, as it pitted the Roumeliotes, who lived in mainland Greece, and shipowners from the Islands, primarily Hydra island, against the Peloponnesians or Moreotes. It divided the nation, and seriously weakened the military preparedness of the Greek forces in the face of the oncoming Egyptian intervention in the conflict.

## Background

[edit]

By the end of March 1821, Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottoman Empire and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had already captured Kalamata and Tripolitsa. After the fall of Kalamata, the Messenian Senate, the first of the Greeks' local governing councils, held its inaugural session. At almost the same time, the Achean Directorate was summoned in Patras. With the initiative of the Messenian Senate, a Peloponnesian assembly convened, and elected on May 26 a Senate. Assemblies convened also in Central Greece (November 1821) under the leadership of two Phanariots: Alexandros Mavrokordatos in the western part, and Theodoros Negris in the eastern part. These assemblies adopted two local statutes, the Charter of Western Continental Greece and the Legal Order of Eastern Continental Greece. The statutes provided for the creation of two local administrative organs in Central Greece, an Areopagus in the east, and a Senate in the west.[1] The three local statutes were recognized by the First National Assembly, but were later dissolved by the Second National Assembly.[2]

The First National Assembly was formed at Epidaurus in late December 1821, consisted almost exclusively of Peloponnesian notables. The Assembly composed the first Greek Constitution and appointed the members of an executive and a legislative body that were to govern the liberated territories. Mavrokordatos saved the office of president of the executive for himself, while Ypsilantis, who had called for the Assembly, was elected president of the legislative body, a place of no significance.[3] Military leaders and representative of Filiki Eteria were marginalized, but gradually Kolokotronis' political influence grew, and he soon managed to control, along with the captains he influenced, the Peloponnesian Senate, which was not dissolved by the National Assembly. The Senate actually governed Peloponnese, while the central government was too weak to exercise its power. Seeing the impasse and the growing power of the Peloponnesian captains, Mavrokordatos and the Hydriots proposed the dissolution of the Senate and its incorporation into the National Assembly. Mavromichalis accepted the proposal, but the military leaders rejected it. After the rejection of the proposal, the central administration tried to marginalize Kolokotronis. In November 1822, the central administration promulgated the law for the election of representative for the new National Assembly, but Kolokotronis defied the law, and declared[when?] that Peloponnese will organize its own assembly for the elections of the new members of the Senate.[4]

## First civil war

[edit]

First Greek Civil War

Part of the Greek War of Independence

Theodoros Kolokotronis
| Date| Autumn 1823 – June 1824

|

Location|

Peloponnese, First Hellenic Republic

Result|

Partial victory of the military leaders

* Agreement between the two factions

Belligerents

First Hellenic Republic

Most of the primates|  Military leaders
Supporters of Philiki Etaireia
Commanders and leaders
Alexandros Mavrokordatos
Andreas Londos|  Theodoros Kolokotronis
Petros Mavromichalis

The provisional government decided that the National Assembly would take place in Nafplio (taken meanwhile in the end of December 1822), and asked Kolokotronis to return the fort to the government. Kolokotronis refused, and proposed that the Assembly take place in Nafplion, while the city remained under his control. His stance divided his supporters and weakened him politically. Most of the members of the Peloponnesian Senate obeyed the decisions of the government, and the captains were forced to negotiate their participation in the Assembly. Finally, the Second National Assembly was gathered in March 1823 in Astros. Central governance was strengthened at the expense of regional bodies, a new constitution was voted, and new members were elected for the executive and legislative bodies.[5]

Trying to coax the military leaders, the central administration proposed to Kolokotronis to participate in the executive body as vice-president. Kolokotronis accepted, but his actions caused a serious crisis when he prevented Mavrokordatos, who had been elected president of the legislative body, from assuming his position. His attitude towards Mavrokordatos caused the rage of the members of the legislative body, which was controlled by the Roumeliotes and the Hydriots. Both Kolokotronis and his president in the executive, Petros Mavromichalis, were harshly criticized by the members of the legislative body.[6] The crisis culminated when the legislative overturned the executive and dismissed its members. Kolokotronis and most of the Peloponnesian notables and captains supported Mavromichalis, who remained president of his executive in Tripolitsa. However, a second executive, supported by the islanders, the Roumeliotes, some Achaean notables--Andreas Zaimis and Andreas Londos were the most prominent--and others, such as Papaflessas, was formed at Kranidi with Kountouriotis as president.

Actual fighting started in early March 1824, when the government asked Panos Kolokotronis to surrender Nafplion. Panos Kolokotronis refused and the government decided to besiege the city. On 22 March 1824, the forces of the new executive besieged Tripolitsa, and after two weeks of fighting an agreement was reached between Kolokotronis, from the one side, and Londos and Zaimis, from the other. The old executive was finally dissolved, and Kolokotronis fled the city. On 22 May the first phase of the civil war officially ended. Most members of the new executive however wanted a complete victory over their opponents, and were thus displeased by the moderate terms of the agreement that Londos and Zaimis brokered. Kolokotronis and Mavromichalis retreated, but they intended to regroup their forces and launch a new offensive. Additionally, Panos Kolokotronis agreed to surrender Nafplion only to Londos and Zaimis, an arrangement which again resulted in the intensification of the mistrust of the government towards the two Achaean notables, who were still allies of the central administration.[7]

## Second civil war

[edit]

Second Greek Civil War

Part of the Greek War of Independence

Georgios Kountouriotis
| Date| October 1824 – February 1825

|

Location|

Peloponnese, First Hellenic Republic

Result|

Victory of the government

* Imprisonment of Kolokotronis

Belligerents
First Hellenic Republic
Roumeliotes
Hydriotes|  Moreotes
Commanders and leaders
Georgios Kountouriotis
Ioannis Kolettis
Alexandros Mavrokordatos
Yannis Makriyannis|  Theodoros Kolokotronis
Andreas Londos
Kanellos Deligiannis

During this period the two first instalments of the English loan had arrived, an event which strengthened the position of the government; but the infighting was not yet over. Zaimis and the other Peloponnesians who supported Kountouriotis came into conflict with the executive body when they were excluded from most government posts after the elections of 3 October 1824. Prominent persons from both sides proposed negotiations and the convening of a new National Assembly, but most members of the executive (especially Papaflessas and Ioannis Kolettis) wished the complete subjugation of the Peloponnesians.

The military conflict resumed when Kolokotronis roused the residents of Tripolitsa against the local tax collectors of the government. Papaflessas and Yannis Makriyannis failed to suppress the rebellion, which spread throughout the Peloponnese, but neither Kolokotronis nor Londos or Zaimis attempted to occupy Tripolitsa. Kolokotronis remained inactive for some period because of an additional reason: he could not overcome the death of his son, Panos, killed by his opponents. While the Peloponnesians were undecided about their further moves, the government regrouped its armies, which now consisted mainly of Roumeliotes and Souliots, several of whom previously served the Peloponnesians. The plan of the government was implemented by Kolettis, who ordered two bodies of Roumeliotes and Souliots to invade the Peloponnese. On 23 November, the first of these bodies under Gouras occupied Corinth and raided the province. The second body under Georgios Karaiskakis, Kitsos Tzavelas and others, attacked in Achaea Londos and Zaimis, who retreated and then fled to Kalamos. In January 1825, a Roumeliote force, led by Kolettis himself, raided once again Peloponnese, and arrested Kolokotronis, Deligiannis' family and others. The next month Mavrokordatos assumed the position of the president of the executive. In May 1825, under the pressure of the Egyptian intervention of Ibrahim Pasha, those imprisoned were released and granted amnesty.[8]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Koliopoulos & Veremis, Greece: the Modern Sequel, pp. 14-17.
* Papageorgiou, "First Year of Freedom", pp. 67-70.
2. ^ Koliopoulos & Veremis, Greece: the Modern Sequel, pp. 19-20.
* Theodoridis, "A Modern State", pp. 129-130.
3. ^ Dakin, The Greek Struggle for independence, pp. 87-9.
4. ^ Rotzokos, "Civil Wars", 143-148
5. ^ Rotzokos, "Civil Wars", 148-151
6. ^ Rotzokos, "Civil Wars", 152-154
7. ^ Dimitropoulos, Theodoros Kolokotronis, 79-81
* Rotzokos, "Civil Wars", 154-161
8. ^ Dimitropoulos, Theodoros Kolokotronis, 79-81
* Rotzokos, "Civil Wars", 164-170.

## Sources

[edit]

* Dakin, Douglas (1973). The Greek struggle for independence, 1821-1833. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02342-0.
* Dimitropoulos, Dimitris (2009). "Kolokotronis during the Infighting". Theodoros Kolokotronis (in Greek). Athens: Ta Nea. ISBN 978-960-469-707-6.
* Koliopoulos, John S.; Veremis, Thanos M. (2004). "A Regime to Suit the Nation". Greece: the Modern Sequel. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-463-8.
* Rotzokos, Nikos (2003). "The Civil Wars". In Panagiotopoulos, Vassilis (ed.). History of Modern Hellenism (in Greek). Vol. III. Athens: Ellinika Grammata. pp. 143–170\. ISBN 960-406-540-8.

* v
* t
* e

Greek War of Independence (1821–1829)

Background

Ottoman Greece|

| People|

* Armatoles
* Proestoi
* Klephts
* Dionysius the Philosopher
* Daskalogiannis
* Panagiotis Benakis
* Nikolaos Galatis
* Konstantinos Kolokotronis
* Lambros Katsonis
* Cosmas of Aetolia
* Ali Pasha
* Maniots
* Phanariots
* Rum Millet
* Souliotes
* Gregory V of Constantinople

|

Events|

* Orlov Revolt
* Souliote War (1789–1793)
* Souliote War (1803)

Greek Enlightenment|

| People|

* John Caradja
* Athanasios Christopoulos
* Theoklitos Farmakidis
* Rigas Feraios
* Anthimos Gazis
* Theophilos Kairis
* Adamantios Korais
* Eugenios Voulgaris

|

Organizations|

* Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio
* Filiki Eteria
* Nikolaos Skoufas
* Athanasios Tsakalov
* Emmanuil Xanthos
* Panagiotis Anagnostopoulos
* Philomuse Society
* Society of the Phoenix

Publications|

* Adelphiki Didaskalia
* Asma Polemistirion
* Hellenic Nomarchy
* Pamphlet of Rigas Feraios
* Salpisma Polemistirion
* Thourios or Patriotic hymn

European intervention and
Greek involvement in
the Napoleonic Wars|

* Russo-Turkish war (1768–1774)
* Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
* Greek Plan of Catherine the Great
* Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
* French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
* Fall of the Republic of Venice
* Republican French rule in the Ionian Islands
* Septinsular Republic
* Greek Legion
* Imperial French rule in the Ionian Islands
* Albanian Regiment
* Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814
* 1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry
* United States of the Ionian Islands

Ideas|

* Greek nationalism
* Eastern Orthodox Christianity
* Liberalism
* Constitutionalism
* Monarchism

Events

Sieges|

* Patras
* Salona
* Navarino
* Livadeia
* 1st Acropolis
* Tripolitsa
* Arta
* Acrocorinth
* Nauplia
* 1st Messolonghi
* 2nd Messolonghi
* 3rd Messolonghi
* 2nd Acropolis

Battles|

* Kalamata
* Wallachian uprising
* Alamana
* Gravia
* Valtetsi
* Doliana
* Lalas
* Vasilika
* Drăgășani
* Sculeni
* Vasilika
* Trench
* Peta
* Dervenakia
* Karpenisi
* Greek civil wars
* Sphacteria
* Maniaki
* Morea
* Lerna Mills
* Mani
* Distomo
* Arachova
* Kamatero
* Phaleron
* Chios expedition
* Martino
* Koronisia
* Petra

Massacres|

* Constantinople
* Thessaloniki
* Navarino
* Tripolitsa
* Naousa
* Samothrace
* Chios
* Psara
* Kasos
* Cyprus

Naval conflicts|

* Eresos
* Chios
* Nauplia
* Samos
* Andros
* Sphacteria
* Gerontas
* Souda
* Alexandria
* Volos
* Itea
* Navarino

Ships|

* Agamemnon
* Aris
* Hellas
* Karteria

Greek regional councils and statutes|

* Messenian Senate
* Directorate of Achaea
* Peloponnesian Senate
* Senate of Western Continental Greece
* Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece
* Provisional Regime of Crete
* Military-Political System of Samos

Greek national assemblies|

* First (Epidaurus) (Executive of 1822)
* Second (Astros)
* Third (Troezen)
* Fourth (Argos)
* Fifth (Nafplion)

International Conferences,
treaties and protocols|

* Congress of Laibach
* Congress of Verona
* Protocol of St. Petersburg (1826)
* Treaty of London
* Conference of Poros
* London Protocol of 1828
* London Protocol of 1829
* Treaty of Adrianople
* London Protocol of 1830
* London Conference
* Treaty of Constantinople
* Proposals for the monarch of Greece

Related|

* Greek expedition to Syria (1825)
* Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)

Personalities

Greece|

* Chian Committee
* Odysseas Androutsos
* Fotos Bomporis
* Kostas Botsaris
* Markos Botsaris
* Notis Botsaris
* Tousias Botsaris
* Laskarina Bouboulina
* Constantin Denis Bourbaki
* Stefanos Chalis
* Sotiris Charalampis
* Giannis Chondrogiannis
* Dimitrios Christidis
* Panagiotis Danglis
* Hatzimichalis Dalianis
* Dimitrios Deligeorgis
* Dimitrakis Deligiannis
* Kanellos Deligiannis
* Athanasios Diakos
* Dionysis Diakos
* Konstantinos Dimidis
* Ioannis Dimoulitsas
* Adam Doukas
* Georgios Drakos
* Yiannis Dyovouniotis
* Georgios Filippopoulos
* Asimakis Fotilas
* Panagiotakis Fotilas
* Angelis Gatsos
* Antonios Georgantas
* Germanos III of Old Patras
* Georgios Gevidis
* Konstantinos Gofas
* Vasileios Goudas
* Ioannis Gouras
* Dimitrios Gouvelis
* Konstantinos Gouvelis
* Angelis Govios
* Dimitrios Indares
* Isaiah of Salona
* Antonios Kalamogdartis
* George Kalaras
* Dimitrios Kallergis
* Athanasios Kampetis
* Athanasios Kanakaris
* Konstantinos Kanaris
* Stefanos Kanellos
* Ioannis Kapodistrias
* Viaros Kapodistrias
* Stamatios Kapsas
* Georgakis Kapsokalyvas
* Anastasios Karatasos
* Panagiotis Karatzas
* Georgios Karaiskakis
* Aristeidis Karnalis
* Nikolaos Kasomoulis
* Ioannis Kolettis
* Apostolis Kolokotronis
* Ioannis Kolokotronis
* Panos Kolokotronis
* Theodoros Kolokotronis
* Michail Komninos Afentoulief
* Alexandros Kontostavlos
* Panos Koronaios
* Georgios Kountouriotis
* Lazaros Kountouriotis
* Michalis Kourmoulis
* Ioannis Krestenitis
* Lykourgos Krestenitis
* Stamatis Krestenitis
* Antonios Kriezis
* Nikolaos Kriezotis
* Kyprianos of Cyprus
* Konstantinos Lagoumitzis
* Georgios Lassanis
* Georgios Lechouritis
* Leonardos Leonardopoulos
* Georgios Liologlou
* Lykourgos Logothetis
* Andreas Londos
* Yiannis Makriyiannis
* Ioannis Mamouris
* Anastasios Manakis
* Manto Mavrogenous
* Alexandros Mavrokordatos
* Antonios Mavromichalis
* Demetrios Mavromichalis
* Georgios Mavromichalis
* Konstantinos Mavromichalis
* Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
* Petrobey Mavromichalis
* Dimitrios Meletopoulos
* Andreas Metaxas
* Konstantinos Metaxas
* Hatzigiannis Mexis
* Andreas Miaoulis
* Antonios Miaoulis
* Panagiotis Michanidis
* Spyros Milios
* Nikolaos Mykonios
* Zachos Milios
* Alexander Negris
* Konstantinos Negris
* Theodoros Negris
* Diamantis Nikolaou
* Konstantinos Nikolopoulos
* Ioannis Notaras
* Antonis Oikonomou
* Ioannis Orlandos
* Andronikos Paikos
* Georgios Panou
* Dimitrios Panourgias
* Nakos Panourgias
* Grigorios Papaflessas
* Anagnostis Papageorgiou
* Dimitrios Papanikolis
* Emmanouel Pappas
* Christoforos Perraivos
* Nikolaos Petimezas
* Vasileios Petimezas
* Dionysios Petrakis
* Andreas Pipinos
* Kyriakos Pittakis
* Anastasios Polyzoidis
* Konstantinos Rados
* Ioannis Rangos
* Panagiotis Rodios
* Dionysios Romas
* Georgios Sachtouris
* Georgios Sekeris
* Theofanis Siatisteus
* Georgios Sisinis
* Ioannis Skandalidis
* Zisis Sotiriou
* Nikitas Stamatelopoulos
* Georgios Stavros
* Joseph Stephanini
* Ioannis Stratos
* Sotirios Theocharopoulos
* Zafeirakis Theodosiou
* Emmanouil Tombazis
* Iakovos Tombazis
* Ioannis Trikoupis
* Anastasios Tsamados
* Melchisedek Tsouderos
* Kitsos Tzavellas
* Theodoros Tzinis
* Loukas Vagias
* Thanasoulas Valtinos
* Dimitrios Varis
* Meletis Vasileiou
* Domna Visvizi
* Alexakis Vlachopoulos
* Konstantinos Vlachopoulos
* Pieros Voidis
* Liolios Xirolivaditis
* Demetrios Ypsilantis
* Christoforos Zachariadis
* Andreas Zaimis
* Germanos Zapheiropoulos
* Evangelos Zappas
* Marigo Zarafopoula
* Nikolaos Zervas

Philhellenes|

* António Figueira d'Almeida
* Joseph Balestra
* Samuel Barff
* Paul Marie Bonaparte
* Karl Rudolf Brommy
* Lord Byron
* François-René de Chateaubriand
* Richard Church
* Giuseppe Chiappe
* Lord Cochrane
* Giacinto Collegno
* Charles Fabvier
* Adam Friedel
* Vincenzo Gallina
* Thomas Gordon
* Constantin Guys
* Emmanuel Han
* Frank Abney Hastings
* Carl von Heideck
* Samuel Gridley Howe
* George Jarvis
* Karl Krazeisen
* Henrik Nikolai Krøyer
* Ludwig I of Bavaria
* Ernst Michael Mangel
* Sophie de Marbois-Lebrun, Duchess of Plaisance
* Vasos Mavrovouniotis
* Johann Jakob Meyer
* Ellinika Chronika
* Jonathan Miller
* Julius Michael Millingen
* August Myhrberg
* Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels
* Hadži-Prodan
* Maurice Persat
* Theobald Piscatory
* Maxime Raybaud
* Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
* Giuseppe Rosaroll
* Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa
* Friedrich Thiersch
* Auguste Hilarion Touret
* Edward John Trelawny
* German Legion [el]
* Serbs
* David Urquhart
* Olivier Voutier
* James Jakob Williams

Moldavia and Wallachia
(Danubian Principalities)
Sacred Band|

* Athanasios Agrafiotis
* Anastasios Christopoulos
* Diamandi Djuvara
* Stefanos Kanellos
* Alexandros Kantakouzinos
* Georgios Kantakouzinos
* Rallou Karatza
* Stamatios Kleanthis
* Georgios Lassanis
* Constantine Levidis
* Dimitrie Macedonski
* Anastasios Manakis
* Giorgakis Olympios
* Yiannis Pharmakis
* Michael Soutzos
* Roxani Soutzos
* Athanasios Tsakalov
* Tudor Vladimirescu
* Konstantinos Xenokratis
* Alexander Ypsilantis
* Demetrios Ypsilantis
* Nikolaos Ypsilantis
* Christoforos Zachariadis

Ottoman Empire, Algeria, and Egypt|

* Sultan Mahmud II
* Hurshid Pasha
* Nasuhzade Ali Pasha
* Ismael Gibraltar
* Omer Vrioni
* Kara Mehmet
* Mahmud Dramali Pasha
* Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
* Reşid Mehmed Pasha
* Yussuf Pasha
* Ibrahim Pasha
* Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi

Britain, France and Russia|

* George Canning
* Stratford Canning
* Edward Codrington
* Henri de Rigny
* Lodewijk van Heiden
* Alexander I of Russia
* Nicholas I of Russia

Financial aid|

* London Philhellenic Committee
* Ludwig I of Bavaria
* Jean-Gabriel Eynard
* Lazaros Kountouriotis
* Ioannis Papafis
* Georgios Stavros
* Ioannis Varvakis
* Rothschild & Co

Morea expedition|

| Military|

* Nicolas Joseph Maison
* Antoine Simon Durrieu
* Antoine Virgile Schneider
* Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
* Camille Alphonse Trézel

|

Scientific|

* Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent
* Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois
* Pierre Peytier
* Stamatis Voulgaris
* Guillaume-Abel Blouet
* Gabriel Bibron
* Prosper Baccuet
* Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval
* Pierre-Narcisse Guérin
* Charles Lenormant
* Edgar Quinet

Historians/Memoirists|

* Dimitrios Ainian
* Fotis Chrysanthopoulos
* Ioannis Filimon
* George Finlay
* Ambrosios Frantzis
* Lambros Koutsonikas
* Konstantinos Metaxas
* Panoutsos Notaras
* Panagiotis Papatsonis
* Anastasios Polyzoidis
* Georgios Tertsetis
* Spyridon Trikoupis

Art|

* Eugène Delacroix
* Louis Dupré
* Peter von Hess
* Victor Hugo
* François Pouqueville
* Alexander Pushkin
* Karl Krazeisen
* Andreas Kalvos
* Dionysios Solomos
* Theodoros Vryzakis
* Hellas
* The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi
* Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi
* Le siège de Corinthe
* The Massacre at Chios
* The Free Besieged
* Hymn to Liberty
* The Archipelago on Fire
* Loukis Laras
* The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos

Remembrance|

* 25 March (Independence Day)
* Hymn to Liberty
* Eleftheria i thanatos
* Pedion tou Areos
* Propylaea (Munich)
* Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi)
* Royal Phalanx
* Evzones (Presidential Guard)

* v
* t
* e

Greece topics

* Basic topics
* Alphabetical index of topics

History

| Prehistory (pre-1100 BC)|

* Neolithic Age
* Bronze Age
* Pelasgians
* Cycladic civilization
* Minoan civilization
* Helladic period
* Mycenaean period
* Bronze Age collapse

|

Antiquity (1100 BC-330 AD)|

* Greek Dark Ages
* Iron Age migrations
* Archaic period
* Greco-Persian Wars
* Classical period
* Delian and Peloponnesian League
* Peloponnesian War
* League of Corinth
* Wars of Alexander the Great
* Hellenistic period
* Wars of the Diadochi
* Roman–Greek wars
* Roman era
* Foundation of Constantinople

Middle Ages (330–1453)|

* Byzantine period
* Persecution of paganism
* Migration period
* Plague of Justinian
* Arab–Byzantine wars
* Iconoclasm
* Macedonian Renaissance
* East–West Schism
* Fourth Crusade
* Frankokratia
* Empire of Nicaea, Despotate of Epirus and Despotate of the Morea
* Fall of Constantinople

Early modern
and Modern era (post-1453)|

* Stato da Màr (Venetian Ionian islands, Kingdom of Candia)
* Ottoman Greece
* Modern Greek Enlightenment
* Septinsular Republic
* War of Independence
* First Republic
* Kingdom
* Balkan Wars
* World War I
* National Schism
* Greco-Turkish War
* History of Greece (1923–1940)
* Second Republic
* 4th of August Regime
* World War II
* Civil war
* Military junta
* Democratization
* Third Republic

By topic|

* Ancient regions and tribes
* Byzantine and Ottoman Greeks
* Christianization
* Colonization
* Coups d'état
* Demographic (Modern)
* Economic
* Geographical name changes
* Greek countries and regions
* Greek Muslims
* Renaissance scholars
* Hellenic languages and Proto-Greek
* Inventions and discoveries
* Language question
* Military
* Monarchy (Kings and royal family)
* Phanariotes
* Polis
* Population exchange of 1923

Geography

| Overview|

* Borders
* Cities (capital and co-capital)
* Extreme points
* Place names

|

Regions|

* Central Greece (Aetolia-Acarnania (Aetolia, Acarnania), Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, Evrytania, Phocis, Phthiotis, Saronic Islands)
* Crete (Chania, Heraklion, Rethymno, Lasithi)
* Cyclades (Andros, Delos, Kea, Kythnos, Milos, Mykonos, Naxos, Paros, Santorini, Syros, Tinos)
* Dodecanese (Agathonisi, Astypalaia, Chalki, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kos, Leipsoi, Leros, Nisyros, Patmos, Rhodes, Symi, Tilos, Kastellorizo)
* Epirus (Arta, Ioannina, Preveza, Thesprotia)
* Ionian Islands (Corfu, Ithaca, Kefalonia, Kythira, Lefkada, Paxi, Zakynthos)
* Macedonia (Chalkidiki, Drama, Florina, Grevena, Imathia, Kastoria, Kavala, Kilkis, Kozani, Pella, Pieria, Serres, Thasos, Thessaloniki)
* North Aegean islands (Chios, Ikaria, Lemnos, Lesbos, Samos)
* Peloponnese (Arcadia, Argolis, Corinthia, Laconia, Messenia, Achaea, Elis)
* Thessaly (Karditsa, Larissa, Magnesia, Trikala, Sporades)
* Thrace (Evros, Rhodope, Xanthi)

Terrain|

* Canyons and gorges
* Caves
* Geology
* Islands (Aegean, Ionian, Crete)
* Mountains (Olympus, Pindus, Rhodopes)
* Peninsulas
* Plains
* Volcanoes

Water|

* Coasts
* Lakes
* Rivers
* Mediterranean Sea
* Aegean Sea (Sea of Crete, Icarian Sea, Myrtoan Sea, Thracian Sea)
* Ionian Sea
* Libyan Sea

Environment|

* Climate
* Natural disasters (earthquakes)
* Ecoregions
* Environmental issues
* Forests
* Mammals and birds
* National Parks
* Protected areas

Politics

| Constitution|

* Constitutional amendments (1986, 2001, 2008, 2019)
* Constitutions (1822, 1827, 1844, 1864, 1911)
* Supreme Special Court

|

Executive|

* Cabinet
* Government (Government Gazette)
* President (Presidential Mansion)
* Prime Minister (Maximos Mansion)

Legislature|

* Conference of Presidents
* Hellenic Parliament (Speaker)
* Parliamentary Committees
* Presidium

Elections|

* Nationality law
* Parataxis
* Parliamentary constituencies
* Pasokification
* Political parties

Judicial system|

* Council of State
* Court of Audit
* Supreme Court

Security|

* Police
* Capital punishment
* Corruption
* Crime (Greek mafia)
* Life imprisonment
* Terrorism
* Coast Guard

Foreign relations|

* Aegean dispute
* Cyprus dispute
* Council of Europe
* European Union
* Macedonia naming dispute (Language naming dispute)
* NATO
* Passport
* Treaties
* United Nations

Military|

* Air Force
* Alliances
* Army
* Conscription
* Military ranks
* Navy
* Evzones (Presidential Guard)
* National Guard
* Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

Social issues|

* Abortion
* Cannabis
* Education (universities)
* Healthcare (hospitals, obesity, smoking)
* Human rights
* Human rights abuses
* LGBT rights
* Prostitution
* Political scandals
* Racism

Ideologies|

* Conservatism (Monarchism)
* Fascism (Metaxism)
* Liberalism (Republicanism, Venizelism)
* Nationalism (Hellenocentrism, Megali Idea, Enosis)
* New Social Movements (Environmentalism, Feminism, Pacifism)
* Socialism (Laocracy, Trotskyism)
* Anarchism

Administrative divisions|

* Municipalities and communities
* Administrative regions
* Regional units
* Decentralized administrations

Economy

* Agriculture
* Airports
* Athens Stock Exchange (companies)
* Banking (Central bank)
* Central bank
* Brands
* Companies (electric power)
* Debt crisis (Grexit)
* Drachma
* Energy (renewable, nuclear)
* Euro coins
* Greece and the International Monetary Fund
* Greek economic miracle
* Highways
* Laiki agora
* Ports
* Public pensions
* Railways (history)
* Rankings
* Science and technology
* Shipping (Merchant Marine)
* Space Agency
* Subdivisions by GDP
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Thessaloniki International Fair
* Tourism
* Trade unions
* Transportation (Rio–Antirrio bridge, Athens Metro, Thessaloniki Metro)
* Water supply and sanitation

Society

| Demographics|

* Diaspora
* Greeks (names of Greece and the Greeks)
* Immigration
* Minorities (Muslim minority, Jews, Arvanites, Aromanians (Aromanian question), Megleno-Romanians, Slavophones, Roma)
* Women
* Life expectancy

|

Culture|

* Anastenaria
* Caryatid
* Clean Monday
* Concept of kingship
* Dress (Chiton, Chlamys, Exomis, Fustanella, Himation, Mariner's cap, Peplos, Perizoma, Tsarouchi, Vraka)
* Eastern Party
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Greek East and Latin West
* Greektown
* Hellenization
* Hospitality
* Carols (Christmas, New Year's, Theophany's)
* Mangas
* Mountza
* Naming customs
* Paideia
* Philhellenism and Hellenophobia
* Plate smashing
* Philosophy
* Public holidays (Independence Day, Ohi Day)
* Rouketopolemos
* Souliotic songs
* Theophany
* Tsiknopempti
* Units of measurement
* Worry beads

Art|

* Architecture (Castles)
* Cretan and Heptanese school
* Modern art (19th century)
* Theatre (Ancient)
* Religious art

Cuisine|

* Breads (Daktyla, Kritsini, Lagana, Paximadi, Tsoureki)
* Desserts (Diples, Halva, Koulourakia, Kourabiedes, Loukoumades, Melomakarona, Pasteli, Spoon sweets, Vasilopita)
* List of dishes
* Drinks (Mastika, Metaxa, Ouzo, Rakomelo, Sideritis, Tentura, Tsipouro, Tsikoudia, Frappé coffee)
* Cheeses (Anthotyros, Feta, Graviera, Kasseri, Kefalotyri, Ladotyri, Manouri, Metsovone, Mizithra)
* Filo (Amygdalopita, Bougatsa, Galaktoboureko, Karydopita, Spanakopita, Tiropita)
* Greek salad (Dakos)
* Meze
* Pasta (Gogges, Flomaria, Hilopites)
* Restaurants (Kafenio, Ouzeri, Taverna)
* Sauces (Skordalia, Taramosalata, Tirokafteri, Tzatziki)
* Souvlaki
* Varieties (Heptanesean, Cretan, Epirote, Macedonian)
* Wine (Agiorgitiko, Aidini, Assyrtiko, Athiri, Kotsifali, Lesbian, Limnio, Mavrodafni, Mandilaria, Malagousia, Malvasia, Moschofilero, Retsina, Robola, Savatiano, Vilana, Xinomavro)

Languages|

* Greek alphabet (History, Orthography, Diacritics, Braille, Cyrillization, Romanization (Greeklish) and numerals
* Greek language (Demotic, Katharevousa) and dialects (Cappadocian, Cretan, Cypriot, Greco-Australian, Maniot, Pontic, Tsakonian, Yevanic)
* Greek Sign Language
* History (Mycenaean Greek, Ancient Greek, Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, Modern Greek)
* Literature (Ancient, Medieval, Modern)
* Minority languages (Albanian language (Arvanitika), Aromanian, Balkan Romani, Bulgarian, Ladino, Macedonian, Megleno-Romanian, Turkish)
* Proverbs
* Words for love

Media|

* Cinema
* Internet
* Newspapers
* Television
* Media freedom
* Corruption

Music|

* Church music
* Dances (Ai Georgis, Angaliastos, Antikristos, Ballos, Dionysiakos, Fisounis, Gaitanaki, Geranos, Hasapiko, Ikariotikos, Kalamatianos, Kangeli, Kastorianos, Kerkiraikos, Koftos, Pidikhtos, Leventikos, Maniatikos, Metsovitikos, Ntames, Palamakia, Partalos, Pentozali, Proskinitos, Pyrrhichios, Rougatsiarikos, Sirtaki, Sousta, Syrtos, Trata, Tsakonikos, Tsamikos, Zeibekiko, Zervos)
* Éntekhno
* Folk music (Cretan, Epirote, Heptanesian, Macedonian, Nisiotika, Peloponnesian, Pontic, Thessalian, Thracian)
* Hip Hop
* Ionian School
* Laïko (Skyladiko)
* Musical instruments (Askomandoura, Aulos, Bouzouki, Byzantine lyra (Cretan, Macedonian, Politiki, Pontic), Crotala, Floghera, Gaida, Harp, Laouto, Lyre, Organo, Pan flute, Phorminx, Psaltery, Salpinx, Santouri, Souravli, Tambouras, Tambourine, Trigono, Tsampouna, Tympano, Zilia)
* Rebetiko
* Rock (Punk)

Religion and lore|

* Ancient religion (Origins, Modern Revival)
* Aerico
* Buddhism
* Catholicism
* Drosoulites
* Eastern Orthodox Church (Timeline: Antiquity, Early Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages, Early Modern Era, 19th century, Early 20th century, Late 20th century, Contemporary)
* Fairy tales
* Gello
* Greek Orthodox Church (Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Church of Greece, Flag)
* Greek Old Calendarists
* Hinduism
* Hypertimos
* Islam
* Judaism (History)
* Kallikantzaros
* Lamia
* Mormo
* Mount Athos
* Mythology (Primordial deities, Titans, Twelve Olympians, Heracles, Odysseus, Jason, Oedipus, Perseus, Daedalus, Orpheus, Theseus, Bellerephon, Satyr, Centaur)
* Nymph
* Protestantism
* Psychai
* Sikhism
* Thymiaterion
* Name days
* Vrykolakas
* Wayside shrine

Sport|

* Ancient Olympics
* Baseball
* Basketball
* Cricket
* Football
* Hockey
* Ice hockey
* Modern Olympics (1896, 1906, 2004)
* Rugby league

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Flag and national colours
* Flags
* Motto
* Orders and decorations
* World Heritage Sites

* Category
* Portal

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template