Greek tortoise

Species of tortoise

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)

This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (August 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Greek tortoise" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

(Learn how and when to remove this message)

Greek tortoise

Temporal range: Pliocene–Holocene

PreꞒ

Possible Late Miocene record

T. g. nabeulensis
male in Tunisia

Conservation status

Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Reptilia
Order:  | Testudines
Suborder:  | Cryptodira
Superfamily:  | Testudinoidea
Family:  | Testudinidae
Genus:  | Testudo
Species:  |

T. graeca

Binomial name
Testudo graeca

Linnaeus, 1758

Note allopatric ranges of "Maghreb" (T. g. graeca) and "Greek" (T. g. ibera) populations
Synonyms[2]

List

* T. g. graeca
* Testudo graeca
Linnaeus, 1758
* Testudo pusilla
Linnaeus, 1758
* Chersine pusilla
— Merrem, 1820
* Testudo mauritanica
A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1835
* Testudo mauritonica
Kercado, 1835 (ex errore)
* Testudo whitei
Bennett, 1836
* Peltastes mauritanicus
— Gray, 1873
* Testudo graeca graeca
— Mertens, 1946
* Testudo gracea
Nutaphand, 1979 (ex errore)
* Testudo whitie
Highfield & Martin, 1989 (ex errore)
* Furculachelys whitei
— Highfield, 1990
* Testudo graeca sarda
Ballasina, 1995 (nomen nudum)
* Testudo graeca whitei
— Artner, 1996
* T. g. anamurensis
* Testudo graeca anamurensis
Weissinger, 1987
* Testudo ibera anamurensis
— Highfield, 1990
* Testudo terrestris anamurensis
— David, 1994
* Testudo anamurensis
— Vetter, 2002
* Testudo graeca amurensis
Ferri, 2002 (ex errore)
* T. g. antakyensis
* Testudo antakyensis
Perälä, 1996
* Testudo graeca antakyensis
— Zwartepoorte, 2000
* Testudo terrestris antakyensis
— Bour, 2002
* Testudo ibera antakyensis
— Artner, 2003
* T. g. armeniaca
* Testudo graeca armeniaca
Chkhikvadze, 1989
(nomen nudum)
* Testudo graeca armeniaca
Chkhikvadze & Bakradze, 1991
* Testudo graeca armaniaca
Chkhikvadze & Bakradze, 1991
(ex errore)
* Testudo armeniaca
— Vetter, 2002
* Testudo terrestris armeniaca
— Bour, 2002
* T. g. buxtoni
* ? Testudo ecaudata
Pallas, 1814
* Testudo buxtoni
Boulenger, 1921
* Testudo terrestris buxtoni
— Bour, 2002
* Testudo ibera buxtoni
— Artner, 2003
* ; T. g. cyrenaica
* Testudo graeca cyrenaica
Pieh & Perälä, 2002
* Testudo cyrenaica
— Vetter, 2002
* Testudo cyrenaika
Stettner, 2004 (ex errore)
* T. g. floweri
* Testudo floweri
Bodenheimer, 1935
* Testudo graeca floweri
— Mertens, 1946
* Testudo terrestris floweri
— David, 1994
* Testudo ibera floweri
— Artner, 2003
* T. g. ibera
* Testudo ibera
Pallas, 1814
* Chersus iberus
— Brandt, 1852
* Testudo iberia
Blyth, 1853 (ex errore)
* Medaestia ibera
— Wussow, 1916
* Testudo ibera racovitzai
Călinescu, 1931
* Testudo graeca ibera
— Mertens, 1946
* Testudo ibera ibera
— Gmira, 1993
* Testudo terrestris ibera
— David, 1994
* T. g. lamberti
* Testudo graeca lamberti
Pieh & Perälä, 2004
* Testudo lamberti
— Perälä, 2004
* T. g. marokkensis
* Testudo graeca marokkensis
Pieh & Perälä, 2004
* Testudo marokkensis
— Perälä, 2004
* T. g. nabeulensis
* ? Testudo flavominimaralis
Highfield & Martin, 1989
* Furculachelys nabeulensis
Highfield, 1990
* Testudo nabeulensis
— Welch, 1994
* ? Testudo graeca flavominimaralis
— Artner, 1996
* Testudo graeca nabeulensis
— Artner, 1996
* T. g. nikolskii
* Testudo graeca nikolskii
Chkhikvadze & Tuniyev, 1986
* Testudo ibera nikolskii
— Highfield, 1990
* Testudo terrestris nikolskii
— David, 1994
* Testudo graeca niiolskii
Paull, 1997 (ex errore)
* Testudo nikolskii
— Vetter, 2002
* T. g. pallasi
* Testudo graeca pallasi
Chkhikvadze, 1989
(nomen nudum)
* Testudo graeca pallasi
Chkhikvadze & Bakradze, 2002
* Testudo pallasi
— Danilov & Milto, 2004
* T. g. perses
* Testudo perses
Perälä, 2002
* Testudo ibera perses
— Artner, 2003
* T. g. soussensis
* Testudo graeca soussensis
Pieh, 2001
* Testudo soussensis
— Vetter, 2002
* T. g. terrestris
* Testudo terrestris
Forsskål, 1775
* ? Testudo zolhafa
Forsskål, 1831 (nomen nudum)
* ? Testudo zolkafa
Forsskål, 1831 (nomen nudum)
* ? Testudo zohalfa
Forsskål, 1835 (nomen nudum)
* Testudo graeca terrestris
— Wermuth, 1958
* Testudo terrestris terrestris
— David, 1994
* Testudo ibera terrestris
— Artner, 2003
* T. g. zarudnyi
* Testudo zarudnyi
Nikolsky, 1896
* Testudo graeca zarudnyi
— Mertens, 1946
* Testudo ibera zarudnyi
— Gmira, 1993
* Testudo terrestris zarudnyi
— David, 1994

Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca), also known as the spur-thighed tortoise or Moorish tortoise, is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae. It is a medium sized herbivorous testudinae, widely distributed in the Mediterranean region.[3][4]

Testudo graeca is recognized for its longevity, with verified lifespans exceeding 100 years and anecdotal reports suggesting ages over 125 years.[5] Among reptiles, it has one of the largest known genomes.[6]

## Geographic range

[edit]

The geographic distribution of the Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca) includes North Africa, Southern Europe, and Southwest Asia. It is commonly found along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, extending from Anapa, Russia, to Sukhumi, Abkhazia, Georgia. Additional populations are present in parts of Georgia, Armenia, Iran, and Azerbaijan.[7]

## Evolution

[edit]

The oldest confirmed fossil attributed to Testudo graeca originates from the Early Pliocene of Greece.[8] However, fossils tentatively identified as Testudo cf. graeca have also been reported from the Middle and Late Miocene of both Greece and Turkey, suggesting a more ancient and geographically diverse origin.[9][10]

## Characteristics

[edit]

The Greek tortoise (T. g. ibera) is often confused with Hermann's tortoise (T. hermanni ). However, notable differences enable them to be distinguished.

Greek tortoise | Hermann's tortoise

|

Large symmetrical markings on the top of the head | Only small scales on the head
Large scales on the front legs | Small scales on the front legs
Undivided supracaudal scute over the tail | Supracaudal scute almost always divided
Notable spurs on each thigh | No spurs
Isolated flecks on the spine and rib plates | Isolated flecks only on the spinal plates
Dark central fleck on the underside | Two black bands on the underside
Shell somewhat oblong rectangular | Oval shell shape
Widely stretched spinal plates | Small spinal plates
Movable posterior plates on underside | Fixed plates on underside
No tail spur | Tail bears a spur at the tip

## Subspecies

[edit]

The classification of the Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca) into subspecies is complex and sometimes inconsistent due to its extensive distribution across North Africa, Southern Europe, and Southwest Asia. Diverse environmental conditions across this range have resulted in a wide array of morphological variations. As of 2023, at least 20 subspecies have been described, with the following 12 currently recognized as valid:[11]

* T. g. graeca Linnaeus, 1758 – Northern Africa, Southern Spain
* T. g. soussensis Pieh, 2000 – Southern Morocco
* T. g. marokkensis Pieh & Perälä, 2004 – Northern Morocco
* T. g. nabeulensis Highfield, 1990 – Tunisia
* T. g. cyrenaica Pieh & Perälä, 2002 – Libya
* T. g. ibera Pallas, 1814 – Turkey
* T. g. armeniaca Chkhikvadze & Bakradse, 1991 – Armenia
* T. g. buxtoni Boulenger, 1921 – Caspian Sea region
* T. g. terrestris Forskål, 1775 – Israel, Jordan, Lebanon
* T. g. zarudnyi Nikolsky, 1896 – Azerbaijan, Iran
* T. g. whitei Bennett in White, 1836 – Algeria
* T. g. perses Perälä, 2002 – Turkey, Iran, Iraq

The recognition and delimitation of these subspecies are challenging due to overlapping morphological traits such as body size, shell shape, color patterns, and the degree of curvature at the carapace edges. Some populations formerly assigned to T. graeca have since been reassigned to different species or genera.

Genetic diversity within T. graeca is further demonstrated by interbreeding between geographically distinct populations, resulting in variable offspring. For this reason, geographical origin is often considered the most reliable method of identification.

Among the most distinctive subspecies is the Tunisian tortoise (T. g. nabeulensis), noted for its bright coloration and small size. However, it is also one of the most sensitive, poorly suited for outdoor enclosures in temperate climates, and incapable of prolonged hibernation.

Populations from northeastern Turkey are notably robust. Some of the largest individuals, weighing up to 7 kg (15 lb).

* in Greece

* T. g. ibera in Turkey

* T. g. ibera, 4 years

* juvenile T. g. nabeulensis in Tunisia

## Sexing

[edit]

Males of T. graeca exhibit several distinct physical characteristics that differentiate them from females. They are typically smaller in size and possess longer tails that taper evenly to a point. The male's cloacal opening is situated farther from the base of the tail. On the plastron, or underside of the shell, males show a slight concavity, which aids in mounting during mating, whereas females have a flat plastron. Additionally, the posterior portion of a male’s carapace is usually broader than its length, and the rear marginal scutes often curve outward.

## Behavior

[edit]

### Brumation

[edit]

Testudo graeca brumates during cold months, emerging as early as February in hot coastal areas. Individual tortoises may emerge during warm days even during winter.[12]

### Mating and reproduction

[edit]

A pair of Testudo graeca mating in Mountain Yamanlar Nature Park, İzmir Province, Turkey

Reproductive behavior in T. graeca begins shortly after emerging from hibernation.[13] Males actively pursue females, displaying courtship behaviors such as circling, biting at the limbs, ramming, and mounting attempts. During copulation, males emit squeaking sounds and display a red tongue by opening their mouths.

Females generally remain still during copulation, bracing with their front legs and moving rhythmically in response to the male’s actions. A single successful mating can result in multiple clutches of eggs. In captivity, males and females are often kept separate to avoid aggression. If multiple males are housed together, dominant behavior may occur, including attempts to mount other males. An imbalanced male-to-female ratio can lead to serious aggression and injury.[14]

Prior to oviposition, females become noticeably restless, engaging in behaviors such as sniffing and digging to locate suitable nesting sites. In the final days before laying, females may display dominant behavior, such as mock mounting and vocalizations. This behavior may help establish social dominance and ensure minimal disturbance during egg laying. The specifics of oviposition resemble those observed in related species like the marginated tortoise.

## Trade

[edit]

The Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca) is frequently traded as a pet, particularly in source countries such as Morocco and Spain, despite existing legal restrictions on the trade of wild-caught individuals.[15][16][17]

This practice poses a conservation risk, as it may contribute to unsustainable removal of individuals from wild populations for both local sale and international export. Furthermore, concerns have been raised regarding the welfare conditions under which the tortoises are kept and transported, with reports of inadequate housing and care leading to high mortality rates in captivity.[18][19]

## Food

[edit]

In captivity, Greek tortoises (Testudo graeca) commonly consume a variety of leafy greens, with a particular preference for dandelion leaves and similar vegetation. While they may readily eat lettuce, it is generally not recommended as a staple food, as it lacks the essential nutrients required to support their long-term health and survival.[20][21]

## See also

[edit]

* Mediterranean tortoise
* Timothy (tortoise)
* Jackson ratio

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Tortoise.; Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). "Testudo graeca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21646A9305693. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21646A9305693.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
2. ^ Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 296–300\. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. ISSN 1864-5755. S2CID 87809001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
3. ^ Alsafy, Mohamed A. M.; El-sharnobey, Nermin K. A.; El-Gendy, Samir A. A.; Abumandour, Mohamed A.; Ez Elarab, Samar M.; Rashwan, Ahmed M.; Hanafy, Basma G. (October 2024). "Macroscopic, microscopic, and immunofluorescent characterization of the Greek tortoise ( Testudo graeca graeca ) oropharyngeal floor with concern to its feed adaptation as a herbivorous land reptile". Microscopy Research and Technique. 87 (10): 2385–2398\. doi:10.1002/jemt.24619. ISSN 1059-910X. PMID 38808586.
4. ^ Sereau, Matthieu; Lagarde, Frédéric; Bonnet, Xavier; El Mouden, El Hassan; Slimani, Tahar; Dubroca, Laurent; Trouvé, Colette; Dano, Stéphanie; Lacroix, André (1 June 2010). "Does testosterone influence activity budget in the male Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca graeca)?". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 167 (2): 181–189\. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.03.002. ISSN 0016-6480. PMID 20226191.
5. ^ Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (31 October 2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 149–368\. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. ISSN 2625-8498.
6. ^ Pritchard, Peter C. H. (1979). Encyclopedia of Turtles. Neptune, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-87666-918-6. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
7. ^ Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). "Testudo graeca (Greek Tortoise)". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21646A9305693.en. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
8. ^ Vlachos E (2015). "The Fossil Chelonians of Greece. Systematics – Evolution – Stratigraphy – Palaeoecology". Scientific Annals of the School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. 173: 1–479.
9. ^ Vlachos E, Tsoukala E (2014). "Testudo cf. graeca from the new Late Miocene locality of Platania (Drama basin, N. Greece) and a reappraisal of previously published specimens". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece. 48: 27–40. doi:10.12681/bgsg.11046.
10. ^ Staesche K, Karl HV, Staesche U (2007). "Fossile Schildkröten aus der Türkei". In: Fossile Schildkröten aus Drei Kontinenten. 98: 91–149.
11. ^ Genus Testudo at The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
12. ^ Pritchard, Dr. Peter C. H. (1979). Encyclopedia of Turtles. Neptune, New Jersey: T. F. H. Publications. ISBN 0-87666-918-6.
13. ^ "ClinicalKey". www.clinicalkey.com.au. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
14. ^ Highfield, Andy (1996). Practical Encyclopedia of Keeping and Breeding Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles. Carapace Press. ISBN 1873943067.
15. ^ Pérez, Irene et al. (2012). "Exurban sprawl increases the extinction probability of a threatened tortoise due to pet collections". Ecological Modelling. 245: 19–30. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.03.016.
16. ^ Bergin, Daniel & Nijman, Vincent (2014). "Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets, TRAFFIC Bulletin". Retrieved 23 March 2015.
17. ^ Nijman, V. & Bergin, D. (2017). "Trade in spur-thighed tortoises Testudo graeca in Morocco: Volumes, value and variation between markets". Amphibia-Reptilia. 38 (3): 275–287.
18. ^ Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2018). "An Assessment of Welfare Conditions in Wildlife Markets across Morocco". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 22 (3): 279–288. doi:10.1080/10888705.2018.1492408.
19. ^ Nijman, Vincent; Bergin, Daniel (2017). "Trade in spur-thighed tortoises Testudo graeca in Morocco: Volumes, value and variation between markets". Amphibia-Reptilia. 38 (3): 275–287\. doi:10.1163/15685381-00003109.
20. ^ "Helpful advice for your tortoise diet". www.tortoisecentre.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
21. ^ "Greek Tortoise Diet". Tortoise Trust. Retrieved 3 April 2024.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Testudo graeca.

* European Tortoises. (in German).
* Broasca Testoasa Greaca - Testudo graeca. (in Romanian).

* v
* t
* e

Tortoise family

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Reptilia
* Subclass: Anapsida
* Order: Testudines
* Suborder: Cryptodira
* Superfamily: Testudinoidea
* Family: Testudinidae

Genera|

Species of the tortoise family

Agrionemys|

* Russian tortoise

Aldabrachelys|

* Aldabra giant tortoise (subspecies:
* A. g. arnoldi
* †A. g. daudinii
* A. g. hololissa)
* †Aldabrachelys abrupta
* †Aldabrachelys grandidieri

Astrochelys|

* Angonoka tortoise
* Radiated tortoise
* †Astrochelys rogerbouri

Centrochelys|

* African spurred tortoise
* †Centrochelys atlantica
* †Centrochelys burchardi
* †Centrochelys vulcanica

Chelonoidis|

* Chaco tortoise
* Red-footed tortoise
* Yellow-footed tortoise
* †Chelonoidis alburyorum
* †Chelonoidis cubensis
* †Chelonoidis lutzae
* †Chelonoidis monensis
* †Chelonoidis sellovii
* †Chelonoidis sombrerensis

Galápagos tortoise

Chelonoidis complex

* Cerro Azul giant tortoise
* Chatham Island giant tortoise
* Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise
* Fernandina Island tortoise
* †Floreana Island tortoise
* Hood Island giant tortoise (Diego)
* Santa Fe Island tortoise
* †Pinta Island tortoise †(Lonesome George)
* Santiago Island giant tortoise
* Pinzón Island giant tortoise
* Sierra Negra giant tortoise
* Volcán Alcedo giant tortoise
* Volcán Darwin giant tortoise
* Volcán Wolf giant tortoise
* Western Santa Cruz tortoise

†Cheirogaster|

* †Cheirogaster bacharidisi
* †Cheirogaster gymnesica
* †Cheirogaster schafferi

Chersina|

* Angulate tortoise

Chersobius|

* Nama padloper
* Karoo padloper
* Speckled padloper

†Cylindraspis|

* †Domed Mauritius giant tortoise
* †Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
* †Réunion giant tortoise
* †Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise
* †Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise

Geochelone|

* Burmese star tortoise
* Indian star tortoise

Gopherus|

* Bolson tortoise
* Desert tortoise
* Goode's thornscrub tortoise
* Gopher tortoise
* Sonoran Desert tortoise
* Texas tortoise

†Hadrianus|

* †Hadrianus corsoni
* †Hadrianus majusculus
* †Hadrianus octonaria
* †Hadrianus robustus
* †Hadrianus schucherti
* †Hadrianus utahensis
* †Hadrianus vialovi

†Hesperotestudo|

* †Hesperotestudo percrassa

Homopus|

* Common padloper
* Greater padloper

Indotestudo|

* Elongated tortoise
* Forsten's tortoise
* Travancore tortoise

Kinixys|

* Bell's hinge-back tortoise
* Forest hinge-back tortoise
* Home's hinge-back tortoise
* Lobatse hinge-back tortoise
* Natal hinge-back tortoise
* Speke's hinge-back tortoise

Malacochersus|

* Pancake tortoise

Manouria|

* Asian forest tortoise
* Impressed tortoise

†Megalochelys|

* †Megalochelys atlas
* †Megalochelys cautleyi
* †Megalochelys margae
* †Megalochelys sondaari

Psammobates|

* Geometric tortoise
* Serrated tortoise
* Tent tortoise

Pyxis|

* Flat-backed spider tortoise
* Spider tortoise

Stigmochelys|

* Leopard tortoise

†Stylemys|

* †Stylemys botti
* †Stylemys calaverensis
* †Stylemys canetotiana
* †Stylemys capax
* †Stylemys conspecta
* †Stylemys copei
* †Stylemys emiliae
* †Stylemys frizaciana
* †Stylemys karakolensis
* †Stylemys nebrascensis
* †Stylemys neglectus
* †Stylemys oregonensis
* †Stylemys pygmea
* †Stylemys uintensis
* †Stylemys undabuna

Testudo|

* Hermann's tortoise
* Kleinmann's tortoise
* Marginated tortoise
* Spur-thighed tortoise
* †Testudo brevitesta

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. Key: †=extinct.

* v
* t
* e

Testudines

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Reptilia
* Clade: Diapsida
* Order: Testudines

Suborder|

| Superfamily|

| Family|

Genus

Cryptodira|

| Chelonioidea
(Sea turtles)|

| Cheloniidae|

* †Allopleuron
* Caretta
* †Carolinochelys
* Chelonia
* †Eochelone
* Eretmochelys
* †Gigantatypus
* †Glarichelys
* †Itilochelys
* Lepidochelys
* †Mexichelys
* †Miocaretta
* Natator
* †Pacifichelys
* †Syllomus
* †Tasbacka

|

Dermochelyidae|

* †Arabemys
* †Corsochelys
* †Cosmochelys
* Dermochelys
* †Eosphargis
* †Mesodermochelys
* †Psephophorus

* †Euclastes
* †Peritresius
* †Procolpochelys
* †Protosphargis
* †Puppigerus

Kinosternoidea|

| Dermatemydidae|

* Dermatemys

|

Kinosternidae|

* Claudius
* †Hoplochelys
* Kinosternon
* Staurotypus
* Sternotherus

Testudinoidea|

| Emydidae|

* †Acherontemys
* Chrysemys
* Clemmys
* Deirochelys
* Emys
* Actinemys
* Emydoidea
* Glyptemys
* Graptemys
* Malaclemys
* Pseudemys
* Terrapene
* Trachemys
* †Wilburemys

|

Geoemydidae|

* Batagur
* †Banhxeochelys
* Cuora
* Cyclemys
* Geoclemys
* Geoemyda
* Hardella
* Heosemys
* Leucocephalon
* Malayemys
* Mauremys
* Melanochelys
* Morenia
* Notochelys
* Orlitia
* Pangshura
* Rhinoclemmys
* Sacalia
* Siebenrockiella
* Vijayachelys

Platysternidae|

* Platysternon

Testudinidae|

* Aldabrachelys
* Astrochelys
* Centrochelys
* Chelonoidis
* Chersina
* Cylindraspis
* †Cymatholcus
* †Floridemys
* Geochelone
* Gopherus
* †Hadrianus
* †Hesperotestudo
* Homopus
* Indotestudo
* Kinixys
* Malacochersus
* Manouria
* †Megalochelys
* †Oligopherus
* Psammobates
* Pyxis
* †Solitudo
* Stigmochelys
* †Stylemys
* Testudo

Trionychia|

| Carettochelyidae|

* †Allaeochelys
* †Anosteira
* Carettochelys

|

Trionychidae|

* Amyda
* Apalone
* †Axestemys
* Chitra
* Cyclanorbis
* Cycloderma
* †Drazinderetes
* Dogania
* †Gilmoremys
* †Hutchemys
* †Khunnuchelys
* Lissemys
* Nilssonia
* Palea
* †Palaeoamyda
* Pelochelys
* Pelodiscus
* Rafetus
* Trionyx

* †Basilochelys
* †Sinaspideretes

| Chelydridae|

* Chelydra
* †Chelydrops
* †Chelydropsis
* †Emarginachelys
* †Macrocephalochelys
* Macrochelys
* †Planiplastron
* †Protochelydra

|

†Nanhsiungchelyidae|

* †Anomalochelys
* †Basilemys
* †Jiangxichelys

†Protostegidae|

* †Alienochelys
* †Archelon
* †Atlantochelys
* †Bouliachelys
* †Calcarichelys
* †Cratochelone
* †Desmatochelys
* †Iserosaurus
* †Notochelone
* †Ocepechelon
* †Pneumatoarthrus
* †Protostega
* †Rhinochelys
* †Santanachelys
* †Terlinguachelys

* †Adocus
* †Argillochelys
* †Bashuchelys
* †Ctenochelys
* †Prionochelys
* †Toxochelys

Pleurodira|

|  |

| †Araripemydidae|

* †Araripemys

|

†Bothremydidae|

* †Araiochelys
* †Arenila
* †Azabbaremys
* †Bothremys
* †Cearachelys
* †Chedighaii
* †Chupacabrachelys
* †Eotaphrosphys
* †Foxemys
* †Galianemys
* †Ilatardia
* †Inaechelys
* †Itapecuruemys
* †Jainemys
* †Kinkonychelys
* †Kurmademys
* †Labrostochelys
* †Nigeremys
* †Phosphatochelys
* †Polysternon
* †Puentemys
* †Rosasia
* †Rhothonemys
* †Sankuchemys
* †Taphrosphys
* †Ummulisani
* †Zolhafah

Chelidae|

* Acanthochelys
* Chelodina
* Chelus
* Elseya
* Elusor
* Emydura
* Hydromedusa
* †Lomalatachelys
* Mesoclemmys
* Myuchelys
* Phrynops
* Platemys
* †Prochelidella
* Pseudemydura
* Rheodytes
* Rhinemys
* †Yaminuechelys

Pelomedusidae|

* Pelomedusa
* Pelusios

Podocnemididae|

* †Albertwoodemys
* †Bauruemys
* †Brontochelys
* †Caninemys
* †Carbonemys
* †Cerrejonemys
* †Cordichelys
* Erymnochelys
* †Lapparentemys
* †Latentemys
* Peltocephalus
* Podocnemis
* †Stupendemys

†Sahonachelyidae|

* †Sahonachelys
* †Sokatra

|  |

|  |

* †Caribemys
* †Caririemys
* †Tacuarembemys

|

* Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct.

* See also List of Testudines families

Taxon identifiers

Testudo graeca|

* Wikidata: Q504549
* Wikispecies: Testudo graeca
* ADW: Testudo_graeca
* BioLib: 341
* BOLD: 81514
* CoL: 55JSJ
* EoL: 1055221
* EPPO: TSTDGR
* Fauna Europaea: 214789
* Fauna Europaea (new): 3c82b587-faee-4a59-96ff-9c8a81c0341d
* GBIF: 2441461
* iNaturalist: 40023
* ITIS: 551865
* IUCN: 21646
* NBN: NHMSYS0000375751
* NCBI: 86975
* Observation.org: 79931
* OBIS: 1498232
* Open Tree of Life: 207423
* Paleobiology Database: 364325
* RD: graeca
* Species+: 3993

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template