Greta Garbo

Swedish-American actress (1905–1990)

Greta Garbo

Garbo in Inspiration (1931)

Born|

Greta Lovisa Gustafsson

(1905-09-18)18 September 1905

Stockholm, Sweden

Died| 15 April 1990(1990-04-15) (aged 84)

New York City, U.S.

Resting place| Skogskyrkogården Cemetery, Stockholm
Nationality| Swedish
Citizenship|

* Sweden (until 1951)
* United States (from 1951)

Alma mater| Royal Dramatic Training Academy
Occupation| Actress
Years active| 1920–1941
Signature

Greta Garbo[a] (born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson;[b] 18 September 1905 – 15 April 1990) was a Swedish-American[1] actress and a premier star during Hollywood's silent and early golden eras.

Regarded as one of the greatest screen actresses of all time, she was known for her melancholic and somber screen persona, her film portrayals of tragic characters, and her subtle and understated performances. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Garbo fifth on its list of the greatest female stars of classic Hollywood cinema.

Garbo launched her career with a secondary role in the 1924 Swedish film The Saga of Gösta Berling. Her performance caught the attention of Louis B. Mayer, chief executive of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), who brought her to Hollywood in 1925. She stirred interest with her first American silent film, Torrent (1926). Garbo's performance in Flesh and the Devil (1926), her third movie in the United States, made her an international star.[2] In 1928, Garbo starred in A Woman of Affairs, which catapulted her to MGM's highest box-office star, surpassing the long-reigning Lillian Gish. Other well-known Garbo films from the silent era are The Mysterious Lady (1928), The Single Standard (1929), and The Kiss (1929).

With Garbo's first sound film, Anna Christie (1930), MGM marketers enticed the public with the tagline "Garbo talks!" That same year she starred in Romance and for her performances in both films she received her first combined nomination out of three nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress.[3] By 1932 her success allowed her to dictate the terms of her contracts and she became increasingly selective about her roles. She continued in films such as Mata Hari (1931), Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) (1931), Grand Hotel (1932), Queen Christina (1933), and Anna Karenina (1935).

Many critics and film historians consider her performance as the doomed courtesan Marguerite Gautier in Camille (1936) to be her finest and the role gained her a third Academy Award nomination. However, Garbo's career soon declined and she became one of many stars labelled box office poison in 1938. Her career revived with a turn to comedy in Ninotchka (1939), which earned her a fourth Academy Award nomination. Two-Faced Woman (1941), a box-office flop, was the last of her 28 films. Following this commercial failure, she continued to be offered movie roles, though she declined most of them. Those she did accept failed to materialize, either due to lack of funds or because she dropped out during filming. In 1954, Garbo was awarded an Academy Honorary Award "for her luminous and unforgettable screen performances".[4]

Over time, Garbo would decline all opportunities to return to the screen. In her retirement, she shunned publicity, led a private life, and became an art collector whose paintings included works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pierre Bonnard and Kees van Dongen.[5] Although she refused throughout her life to talk to friends about her reasons for retiring, four years before her death, she told Swedish biographer Sven Broman: "I was tired of Hollywood. I did not like my work. There were many days when I had to force myself to go to the studio ... I really wanted to live another life."[6]

## Early life and education

[edit]

Greta Lovisa Gustafsson[7] was born in Södermalm, Stockholm, Sweden at 7:30 pm.[8] She was the third, and youngest, child of Anna Lovisa (née Karlsson, 1872–1944), who worked at a jam factory, and Karl Alfred Gustafsson (1871–1920), a laborer.[9][10] She had an older brother, Sven Alfred (1898–1967), and an older sister, Alva Maria (1903–1926).[11] Garbo was nicknamed Kata, which was how she had mispronounced her first name, for the first ten years of her life.[8]

Her parents met in Stockholm, where her father had been visiting from Frinnaryd. He moved to Stockholm to become independent and worked as a street cleaner, grocer, factory worker and butcher's assistant.[12] He married Anna, who moved from Högsby.[13][14] The family was impoverished and lived in a three-bedroom cold-water flat at Blekingegatan No. 32. They raised their three children in a working-class district regarded as the city's slum.[15] Garbo later recalled:

> It was eternally grey—those long winter's nights. My father would be sitting in a corner, scribbling figures on a newspaper. On the other side of the room, my mother is repairing ragged old clothes, sighing. We children would be talking in very low voices, or just sitting silently. We were filled with anxiety, as if there were danger in the air. Such evenings are unforgettable for a sensitive girl, but also for a girl like me. Where we lived, all the houses and apartments looked alike, their ugliness matched by everything surrounding us.[16]

Garbo was a shy daydreamer as a child.[17] She disliked school[18][19] and preferred to play alone.[20] She was a natural leader[21] who became interested in theatre at an early age.[22] She directed her friends in make-believe games and performances,[23] and dreamed of becoming an actress.[22][24] Later, she would participate in amateur theatre with her friends and frequent the Mosebacke Theatre.[25] At the age of 13, Garbo graduated from school,[26] and, typical of a Swedish working-class girl at that time, she did not attend high school. She later acknowledged a resulting inferiority complex.[27]

The approved application by Greta's mother to allow her name change from Gustafsson to Garbo.

The Spanish flu spread throughout Stockholm in the winter of 1919 and her father, to whom she was very close, became ill and lost his job.[28] Garbo cared for him, taking him to the hospital for weekly treatments. He died in 1920 when she was 14 years old.[14][29]

## Career

[edit]

### 1920–1924: Beginnings

[edit]

Garbo in her first leading role in the Swedish film The Saga of Gösta Berling (1924) with Lars Hanson

Garbo first worked as a soap-lather girl in a barber shop before taking a job in the PUB department store where she ran errands and worked in the millinery department. After modeling hats for the store's catalogues, Garbo earned a more lucrative job as a fashion model at Nordiska Kompaniet.[30][31] In 1920, a director of film commercials for the store cast Garbo in roles advertising women's clothing. Her first commercial premiered on 12 December 1920[32] In 1922, Garbo caught the attention of director Erik Arthur Petschler, who gave her a part in his short comedy, Peter the Tramp.[33]

From 1922 to 1924, she studied at the Royal Dramatic Training Academy in Stockholm. She was recruited in 1924 by the Finnish director Mauritz Stiller to play a principal part in his film The Saga of Gösta Berling, a dramatization of the famous novel by Nobel Prize winner Selma Lagerlöf, which also featured the actor Lars Hanson. Stiller became her mentor, training her as a film actress and managing all aspects of her nascent career.[34] She followed her role in Gösta Berling with a starring role in the German film Die freudlose Gasse (Joyless Street or The Street of Sorrow, 1925), directed by G. W. Pabst and co-starring Asta Nielsen.[35] She praised Asta and said: "In terms of expression and versatility, I am nothing to her."[36]

Accounts differ on the circumstances of her first contract with Louis B. Mayer, at that time vice president and general manager of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Victor Seastrom, a respected Swedish director at MGM, was a friend of Stiller and encouraged Mayer to meet him on a trip to Berlin. There are two recent versions of what happened next. In one,[37] Mayer, always looking for new talent, had done his research and was interested in Stiller. He made an offer, but Stiller demanded that Garbo be part of any contract, convinced that she would be an asset to his career. Mayer balked, but eventually agreed to a private viewing of Gösta Berling. He was immediately struck by Garbo's magnetism and became more interested in her than in Stiller. "It was her eyes," his daughter recalled him saying, "I can make a star out of her." In the second version,[38] Mayer had already seen Gösta Berling before his Berlin trip, and Garbo, not Stiller, was his primary interest. On the way to the screening, Mayer said to his daughter: "This director is wonderful, but what we really ought to look at is the girl ... The girl, look at the girl!" After the screening, his daughter reported, he was unwavering: "I'll take her without him. I'll take her with him. Number one is the girl."[39]

### 1925–1929: Silent film stardom

[edit]

Portrait photograph of Greta Garbo, 1925

In 1925, Garbo, who was unable to speak English, was brought to Hollywood from Sweden at the request of Mayer. After a 10-day crossing on the SS Drottningholm[40] in July, Garbo and Stiller arrived in New York where they remained for more than six months without word from MGM. They decided to travel to Los Angeles on their own but another five weeks passed without contact from the studio.[41][42] On the verge of returning to Sweden, Garbo wrote her boyfriend back home, "You're quite right when you think I don't feel at home here ... Oh, you lovely little Sweden, I promise that when I return to you, my sad face will smile as never before."[43] A Swedish friend in Los Angeles helped by contacting MGM production boss Irving Thalberg, who agreed to give Garbo a screen test. According to author Frederick Sands, "the result of the test was electrifying. Thalberg was impressed and began grooming the young actress the following day, arranging to fix her teeth, making sure she lost weight and giving her English lessons."[43]

During her rise to stardom, film historian Mark Vieira notes, "Thalberg decreed that henceforth, Garbo would play a young, but worldly wise, woman."[44] However, according to Thalberg's actress wife, Norma Shearer, Garbo did not necessarily agree with his ideas stating "Miss Garbo at first didn't like playing the exotic, the sophisticated, the woman of the world. She used to complain, "Mr. Thalberg, I am just a young gur-rl!" Irving tossed it off with a laugh. With those elegant pictures, he was creating the Garbo image".[44] Although she expected to work with Stiller on her first film,[45] she was cast in Torrent (1926), an adaptation of a novel by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, with director Monta Bell. She replaced Aileen Pringle, 10 years her senior, and played a peasant girl turned singer, opposite Ricardo Cortez.[46][47] Torrent was a hit, and, despite its cool reception by the trade press,[48] Garbo's performance was well received.[49][50]

Garbo in Flesh and the Devil (1926) with John Gilbert

Garbo's success in her first American film led Thalberg to cast her in a similar role in The Temptress (1926), based on another Ibáñez novel. In this, her second film, she played opposite the popular star Antonio Moreno[51] but was given top billing. Her mentor Stiller, who had persuaded her to take the part, was assigned to direct.[52] For both Garbo (who did not want to play another vamp and did not like the script any more than she did the first one)[53] and Stiller, The Temptress was a harrowing experience. Stiller, who spoke little English, had difficulty adapting to the studio system[54] and did not get on with Moreno,[55] was fired by Thalberg and replaced by Fred Niblo. Re-shooting The Temptress was expensive, and even though it became one of the top-grossing films of the 1926–1927 season,[56] it was the only Garbo film of the period to lose money.[57] However, Garbo received rave reviews,[58][59][60][61] and MGM had a new star.[56][62]

Garbo with John Gilbert in A Woman of Affairs (1928)

After her lightning ascent, Garbo made eight more silent films, and all were hits.[63] She starred in three of them with the leading man John Gilbert.[64] About their first movie, Flesh and the Devil (1926), silent film expert Kevin Brownlow states that "she gave a more erotic performance than Hollywood had ever seen."[65] Their on-screen chemistry soon translated into an off-camera romance, and by the end of the production, they began living together.[66] The film also marked a turning point in Garbo's career. Vieira wrote: "Audiences were mesmerized by her beauty and titillated by her love scenes with Gilbert. She was a sensation."[67] Profits from her third movie with Gilbert, A Woman of Affairs (1928), catapulted her to top Metro star of the 1928–1929 box office season, usurping the long-reigned silent queen Lillian Gish.[68] In 1929, reviewer Pierre de Rohan wrote in the New York Telegraph: "She has glamour and fascination for both sexes which have never been equaled on the screen."[69]

The impact of Garbo's acting and screen presence quickly established her reputation as one of Hollywood's greatest actresses. Film historian and critic David Denby argues that Garbo introduced a subtlety of expression to the art of silent acting and that its effect on audiences cannot be exaggerated. She "lowers her head to look calculating or flutters her lips," he says. "Her face darkens with a slight tightening around the eyes and mouth; she registers a passing idea with a contraction of her brows or a drooping of her lids. Worlds turned on her movements."[70]

During this period, Garbo began to require unusual conditions during the shooting of her scenes. She prohibited visitors—including the studio brass—from her sets and demanded that black flats or screens surround her to prevent extras and technicians from watching her. When asked about these eccentric requirements, she said: "If I am by myself, my face will do things I cannot do with it otherwise."[71]

Despite her status as a star of silent films,[72] the studio feared that her Swedish accent might impair her work in sound, and delayed the shift for as long as possible.[73][74] MGM itself was the last Hollywood studio to convert to sound,[75] and Garbo's last silent film, The Kiss (1929), was also the studio's.[76] Despite the fears, Garbo became one of the biggest box-office draws of the next decade.

### 1930–1939: Transition to sound and continued success

[edit]

Garbo in her first sound film Anna Christie (1930).

In late 1929, MGM cast Garbo in Anna Christie (1930), a film adaptation of the 1922 play by Eugene O'Neill, her first speaking role. The screenplay was adapted by Frances Marion, and the film was produced by Irving Thalberg and Paul Bern. Sixteen minutes into the film, she famously utters her first line, "Gimme a whiskey, ginger ale on the side, and don't be stingy, baby." The film premiered in New York City on 21 February 1930, publicized with the catchphrase "Garbo talks!", and was the highest-grossing film of the year.[77] Her performance received positive reviews; Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times remarked that Garbo was "even more interesting through being heard than she was in her mute portrayals. She reveals no nervousness before the microphone and her careful interpretation of Anna can scarcely be disputed."[78] Garbo received her first Academy Award for Best Actress nomination for her performance, although she lost to MGM colleague Norma Shearer. Her nomination that year included her performance in Romance (1930). After filming ended, Garbo—along with a different director and cast—filmed a German-language version of Anna Christie that was released in December 1930.[79] The film's success certified Garbo's successful transition to talkies. In her follow-up film, Romance, she portrayed an Italian opera star, opposite Lewis Stone. She was paired opposite Robert Montgomery in Inspiration (1931), and her profile was used to boost the career of the relatively unknown Clark Gable in Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) (1931). Although the films did not match Garbo's success with her sound debut, she was ranked as the most popular female star in the United States in 1930 and 1931.

Garbo followed with two of her best-remembered roles. She played the World War I German spy in the lavish production of Mata Hari (1931), opposite Ramón Novarro. When the film was released, it "caused panic, with police reserves required to keep the waiting mob in order."[80] The following year, she played a Russian ballerina in Grand Hotel (1932), opposite an ensemble cast, including John Barrymore, Joan Crawford, and Wallace Beery, among others. The film won that year's Academy Award for Best Picture. Both films were MGM's highest-earning films of 1931 and 1932, respectively, and Garbo was dubbed "the greatest money-making machine ever put on screen".[29][81][82][83] Garbo's close friend Mercedes de Acosta then penned a screenplay for her to portray Joan of Arc,[84] but MGM rebuffed the idea, and the project was shelved. By this time she had a fanatical worldwide following and the phenomenon of "Garbomania" reached its peak.[85] After appearing in As You Desire Me (1932), the first of three films in which Garbo starred opposite Melvyn Douglas, her MGM contract expired, and she returned to Sweden.

In Camille (1936)

After nearly a year of negotiations, Garbo agreed to renew her contract with MGM on the condition that she would star in Queen Christina (1933), and her salary would be increased to $300,000 per film. The film's screenplay had been written by Salka Viertel; although reluctant to make the movie, MGM relented at Garbo's insistence. For her leading man, MGM suggested Charles Boyer or Laurence Olivier, but Garbo rejected both, preferring her former co-star and lover John Gilbert. The studio balked at the idea of casting Gilbert, fearing his declining career would hurt the film's box-office, but Garbo prevailed.[86][87] Queen Christina was a lavish production, becoming one of the studio's biggest productions at the time. Publicized as "Garbo returns", the film premiered in December 1933 to positive reviews and box-office triumph and became the highest-grossing film of the year. The movie, however, met with controversy upon its release; censors objected to the scenes in which Garbo disguised herself as a man and kissed a female co-star.[88][89]

Although her domestic popularity was undiminished in the early 1930s, high profits for Garbo's films after Queen Christina depended on the foreign market for their success.[88][89] The type of historical and melodramatic films she began to make on the advice of Viertel were highly successful abroad, but considerably less so in the United States. In the midst of the Great Depression, American screen audiences seemed to favor "home-grown" screen couples, such as Clark Gable and Jean Harlow. David O. Selznick wanted to cast Garbo as the dying heiress in Dark Victory (eventually released in 1939 with other leads), but she chose Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina (1935), in which she played another of her renowned roles.[90] Her performance won her the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress. The film was successful in international markets, and had better domestic rentals than MGM anticipated.[91] Still, its profit was significantly diminished because of Garbo's exorbitant salary.[92]

Garbo selected George Cukor's romantic drama Camille (1936) as her next project. Thalberg cast her opposite Robert Taylor and former co-star, Lionel Barrymore. Cukor carefully crafted Garbo's portrayal of Marguerite Gautier, a lower-class woman, who becomes the world-renowned mistress Camille. Production was marred, however, by the sudden death of Thalberg, then only thirty-seven, which plunged the Hollywood studios into a "state of profound shock", writes David Bret.[93]: 272 Garbo had grown close to Thalberg and his wife, Norma Shearer, and had often dropped by their house unannounced. Her grief for Thalberg, some believe, was more profound than for John Gilbert, who died earlier that same year.[93]: 272 His death also added to the sombre mood required for the closing scenes of Camille. When the film premiered in New York on 12 December 1936, it became an international success, Garbo's first major success in three years. She won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress for her performance, and she was nominated once more for an Academy Award. Garbo regarded Camille as her favorite out of all of her films.[94]

Garbo and Charles Boyer in Conquest (1937)

Garbo's follow-up project was Clarence Brown's lavish production of Conquest (1937), opposite Charles Boyer. The plot was the dramatized romance between Napoleon and Marie Walewska. It was MGM's biggest and most-publicized movie of its year, but upon its release, it became one of the studio's biggest failures of the decade at the box office.[89] When her contract expired soon thereafter, she returned briefly to Sweden. On 3 May 1938, Garbo was among the many stars—including Joan Crawford, Norma Shearer, Luise Rainer, Katharine Hepburn, Mae West, Marlene Dietrich, Fred Astaire, and Dolores del Río, among others—dubbed to be "Box Office Poison" in an article published by Harry Brandt on behalf of the Independent Theatre Owners of America.

After the box-office failure of Conquest, MGM decided a change of pace was needed to resurrect Garbo's career. For her next movie, the studio teamed her with producer-director Ernst Lubitsch to film Ninotchka (1939), her first comedy. The film was one of the first Hollywood movies which, under the cover of a satirical, light romance, depicted the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin as being rigid and gray when compared to Paris in its pre-war years. Ninotchka premiered in October 1939, publicized with the catchphrase "Garbo laughs!", commenting on the departure of Garbo's serious and melancholy image as she transferred to comedy. Favoured by critics and box-office success in the United States and abroad, it was banned in the Soviet Union.

### 1941–1948: Last work and retirement

[edit]

Garbo and Melvyn Douglas in Two-Faced Woman (1941)

With George Cukor's Two-Faced Woman (1941), MGM attempted to capitalize on Garbo's success in Ninotchka by re-teaming her with Melvyn Douglas in another romantic comedy which sought to transform her into a chic, modern woman. She played a "double" role that featured her dancing the rhumba, swimming, and skiing. The film was a critical failure, but, contrary to popular belief, it performed reasonably well at the box office.[95] Garbo referred to the film as "my grave".[96] Two-Faced Woman was her last film; she was thirty-six and had made 28 feature films in a span of 16 years.

Although Garbo felt humiliated by the negative reviews of Two-Faced Woman, she did not intend to retire at first.[97] But her films depended on the European market, and when it fell through because of the war, finding a vehicle was problematic for MGM.[98][99] Garbo signed a one-picture deal in 1942 to make The Girl from Leningrad, but the project quickly dissolved.[98] She still thought she would continue when the war was over,[98][100] though she was ambivalent and indecisive about returning to the screen. Salka Viertel, Garbo's close friend and collaborator, said in 1945: "Greta is impatient to work. But on the other side, she's afraid of it."[101] Garbo also worried about her age. "Time leaves traces on our small faces and bodies. It's not the same anymore, being able to pull it off."[101] George Cukor, director of Two-Faced Woman, and often blamed for its failure, said: "People often glibly say that the failure of Two-Faced Woman finished Garbo's career. That's a grotesque over-simplification. It certainly threw her, but I think that what really happened was that she just gave up. She didn't want to go on."[100]

Still, Garbo signed a contract in 1948 with producer Walter Wanger, who had produced Queen Christina, to shoot a picture based on Balzac's La Duchesse de Langeais. Max Ophüls was slated to adapt and direct.[102][103][104] She made several screen tests, learned the script, and arrived in Rome in the summer of 1949 to shoot the picture. However, the financing failed to materialize, and the project was abandoned.[105] The screen tests—the last time Garbo stepped in front of a movie camera—were thought to have been lost for 41 years until they were re-discovered in 1990 by film historians Leonard Maltin and Jeanine Basinger.[106] Parts of the footage were included in the 2005 TCM documentary Garbo.[107]

In 1949, she was offered the role of fictional silent-film star Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard, directed by Ninotchka co-writer Billy Wilder. However, after a meeting with film producer Charles Brackett, she insisted that she had no interest in the part whatsoever.[108]

She was offered many roles both in the 1940s and throughout her retirement years but rejected all but a few of them. In the few instances when she did accept them, the slightest problem led her to drop out.[109] Although she refused throughout her life to talk to friends about her reasons for retiring, four years before her death, she told Swedish biographer Sven Broman: "I was tired of Hollywood. I did not like my work. There were many days when I had to force myself to go to the studio ... I really wanted to live another life."[6]

## Public persona

[edit]

From the early days of her career, Garbo avoided industry social functions, preferring to spend her time alone or with friends. She never signed autographs or answered fan mail, and rarely gave interviews.[110][111] Nor did she ever appear at Oscar ceremonies, even when she was nominated.[112] Her aversion to publicity and the press was undeniably genuine,[113][114] and exasperating to the studio at first. In an interview in 1928, she explained that her desire for privacy began when she was a child, stating, "As early as I can remember, I have wanted to be alone. I've always been moody. I detest crowds, I don't like many people."[115][116] The artist James Montgomery Flagg said in 1933[117] that when he was allowed to sketch Garbo at a director's party in Hollywood some years earlier she told him she suffered from melancholia. At that time she had a Swedish phonograph record of laughs of all kinds which she played when visiting, to observe her hosts' response.[118] In 1937, in a letter to her friend, Austrian actress and writer Salka Viertel, she wrote: "I go nowhere, see no one... It is hard and sad to be alone, but sometimes it's even more difficult to be with someone..."[119] In another letter in 1970 she wrote: "I feel very tired and cannot seem to get myself together to plan where to go... I am sorry but something always seem to go a little wrong with me, and it is not in my head either..."[120]

Because Garbo was suspicious and mistrustful of the media, and often at odds with MGM executives, she spurned Hollywood's publicity rules. She was routinely referred to by the press as the "Swedish Sphinx". Her reticence and fear of strangers perpetuated the mystery and mystique she projected both on screen and in real life. MGM eventually capitalized on it, for it bolstered the image of the silent and reclusive woman of mystery.[121][112][122] In spite of her strenuous efforts to avoid publicity, Garbo paradoxically became one of the twentieth century's most publicized women.[29][123] She is closely associated with a line from Grand Hotel, one which the American Film Institute in 2005 voted the 30th-most memorable movie quote of all time,[124] "I want to be alone; I just want to be alone." The theme was a running gag in her movies that began during the silent period.[125][c] According to a 1955 piece in LIFE magazine, Garbo explained that she'd said: "I want to be let alone", not "I want to be alone".[127][128][129]

Fashion and personal style

After starring in Torrent (1926), she became known as "the Art Deco Diva".[116] She favored men's shoes and clothes[130] and her style has been described as "trench coat, simple shoes, shirts, cigarette pants, slouch hat and big sunglasses."[116] Garbo has been credited with popularizing the "slouchy hat".[131]

## Personal life

[edit]

### Retirement

[edit]

Garbo signing her US citizenship papers in February 1951

In her retirement, Garbo generally led a private life of simplicity and leisure. She made no public appearances and assiduously avoided the publicity she loathed.[132] Contrary to myth, from the beginning she had many friends and acquaintances with whom she socialized and travelled,[133][134] although it has also been said that in later years she did not trust many people and therefore did not have many close friends. Her usual response to anyone asking her about a comeback was "I have made enough faces", as she once said to David Niven.[135]

Garbo was often perplexed about what to do and how to spend her time, always struggling with her many eccentricities[134][136] and her life-long melancholy and moodiness.[137][138] ("Drifting" was the word she frequently used; in 1946 she told reporters, "I have no plans, either for the movies or anything else. I'm just drifting."[139]) As she approached her sixtieth birthday in 1965, she told a frequent walking companion, "In a few days, it will be the anniversary of the sorrow that never leaves me, that will never leave me for the rest of my life."[140] She told another friend in 1971, "I suppose I suffer from very deep depression."[141] One biographer claims that she could have been bipolar. "I am very happy one moment, the next there is nothing left for me", she said in 1933.[141]

Beginning in the 1940s, Garbo became an art collector. Although many of the paintings she owned were of negligible monetary value, she also owned valuable works by Renoir, Rouault, Kandinsky, Bonnard[142] and Jawlensky.[143] Her art collection was worth millions of dollars when she died in 1990.[144]

On 9 February 1951, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States,[145][1] and bought a seven-room apartment at 450 East 52nd Street in Manhattan in 1953,[146] where she lived for the rest of her life.[145] Her New York apartment buzzer was identified by a solitary G and the interior was a "light and airy study in pink".[135] In order to protect her privacy, she preferred being addressed as "Miss [Harriet] Brown".[130] Her close friends were only allowed to call her Miss Garbo or G.G.; if they called her Greta, she wouldn't respond.[147]

Garbo was a dinner guest at the White House on 13 November 1963, just nine days before the assassination of President Kennedy.[148] She spent the night at the Washington, D.C. home of philanthropist Florence Mahoney.[149][150] Garbo's niece reported that Garbo had always spoken of it as a "magical evening".[151]

Italian film director Luchino Visconti allegedly attempted to bring Garbo back to the screen in 1969 with the small part of Maria Sophia, Queen of Naples in his adaptation of Proust's Remembrance of Things Past. He exclaimed: "I am very pleased with the idea that this woman, with her severe and authoritarian presence, should figure in the decadent and rarefied climate of the world described by Proust."[152] Claims that Garbo was interested in the part cannot be substantiated.[153][152]

In 1971, Garbo vacationed in Southern France at the summer home of her close friend Baroness Cécile de Rothschild[154] who introduced her to Samuel Adams Green, an art collector and curator in New York City.[155] Green became an important friend and walking companion. He was in the habit of tape-recording all of his telephone calls, including many of his conversations with Garbo. He did so with her permission, but Garbo ended the friendship in 1981 after being falsely told that Green had played the tapes to friends.[156] In his last will and testament, Green bequeathed all of the tapes in 2011 to the film archives at Wesleyan University.[157] The tapes reveal Garbo's personality in later life, her sense of humor, and various eccentricities. In 1977, Garbo wrote to Frederick Sands: "I am forever running away from something or somebody"... "Unconsciously I have always known that I was not destined for real and lasting happiness."[135]

Although she was increasingly withdrawn in her final years,[158] Garbo became close to her cook and housekeeper Claire Koger, who worked for her for 31 years. "We were very close—like sisters," Koger said.[159]

Throughout her life, Garbo was known for taking long daily walks with companions or by herself. In retirement, she walked the streets of New York City, dressed casually and wearing large sunglasses. "Garbo-watching" became a sport for photographers, the media, admirers, and curious New Yorkers,[160] but she strictly maintained her privacy and her elusive mystique followed her to the end.

Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann, who was dubbed "The New Greta Garbo",[161] and played Anna Christie on Broadway in 1977,[162] saw Garbo in the street and ran after her, in hopes of meeting her and telling her she was playing Anna Christie. Garbo ran away from her and disappeared into Central Park. Ullmann gave up the chase after she saw that Garbo looked "frightened". She said: "Yes, she outpaced me. But when she turned and looked so frightened I gave up and didn't follow her. I was younger; I could have made it, but I didn't."[163]

### Relationships

[edit]

Garbo never married or had any children, and lived alone for most of her adult life. Her most famous romance was with her frequent MGM co-star John Gilbert, with whom she lived intermittently in 1926 and 1927.[164] Soon after their romance began, Gilbert began helping her develop acting skills on the set and teaching her how to behave like a star, socialize at parties, and deal with studio bosses.[165] They co-starred again in three more hits: Love (1927), A Woman of Affairs (1928), and Queen Christina (1933). Gilbert allegedly proposed to Garbo numerous times and she finally accepted, but backed out just before the wedding.[165][2][166] "I was in love with him," she said. "But I froze. I was afraid he would tell me what to do and boss me. I always wanted to be the boss." In later years when asked about Gilbert, Garbo said "I can't remember what I ever saw in him."[165] According to Ava Gardner's autobiography, Garbo admitted to her that Gilbert was the only man she'd ever really loved but he had "let [her] down" by having a "superstitious affair" with "a little extra" during their last film and she had never forgiven him.[167]

In 1937, Garbo met Leopold Stokowski, then conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra, with whom she had a brief, but highly publicized relationship while the pair traveled throughout Europe the following year; whether the relationship was romantic or platonic is uncertain.[168][169] In his diary, Erich Maria Remarque discusses a liaison with Garbo in 1941,[170] and in his memoir, Cecil Beaton described an affair with her in 1947 and 1948.[171][172] In 1941, she met the Russian-born millionaire George Schlee, who was introduced to her by his wife, fashion designer Valentina. Nicholas Turner, Garbo's close friend for 33 years, said that, after she bought an apartment in the same building, "Garbo moved in and took Schlee from Valentina right away."[165] Schlee would divide his time between the two, becoming Garbo's close companion and advisor until his death in 1964.[173][174]

Garbo once said: "If I were ever to love anyone, it would be Mauritz Stiller."[175]

Recent biographers and others have speculated that because it can be assumed she had intimate relationships with women as well as men, Garbo was bisexual, possibly even "predominantly lesbian".[d] In 1927, Garbo was introduced to stage and screen actress Lilyan Tashman, and they may have had an affair, according to some writers.[182][183] Silent film star Louise Brooks stated that she and Garbo had a brief liaison the following year.[184]

In 1931, Garbo befriended the writer and acknowledged lesbian Mercedes de Acosta, whom she met through Salka Viertel, and, according to Garbo's and de Acosta's biographers, began a sporadic and volatile romance.[185][186] The two remained friends—with ups and downs—for almost 30 years, during which time Garbo wrote de Acosta 181 letters, cards, and telegrams, now at the Rosenbach Museum and Library in Philadelphia.[187][188] Garbo's family, which controls her estate,[189] has made only 87 of these items publicly available.[190]

In 2005, Mimi Pollak's estate released 60 letters Garbo had written to her in their long correspondence. Several letters suggest she may have had romantic feelings for Pollak for many years. After learning of Pollak's pregnancy in 1930, for example, Garbo wrote: "We cannot help our nature, as God has created it. But I have always thought you and I belonged together."[191] In 1975, she wrote a poem about not being able to touch the hand of her friend with whom she might have been walking through life.[192]

## Death

[edit]

Garbo's grave at Skogskyrkogården Cemetery

Garbo was successfully treated for breast cancer in 1984.[193][194] Towards the end of her life, only Garbo's closest friends knew she was receiving six-hour dialysis treatments three times a week at The Rogosin Institute in New York Hospital. A photograph appeared in the media in early 1990, showing Koger assisting Garbo, who was walking with a cane, into the hospital.

Garbo died on Easter Sunday, 15 April 1990, aged 84, in the hospital, as a result of pneumonia and renal failure.[195] Daum later claimed that towards the end, she also suffered from gastrointestinal and periodontal ailments.

Garbo was cremated and her ashes were interred nine years later in 1999 at Skogskyrkogården Cemetery just south of her native Stockholm.[196]

Garbo made numerous investments, primarily in stocks and bonds, and left her entire estate of $32 million (equivalent to $77,000,000 in 2024) to her niece.[197]

## Legacy

[edit]

Garbo was an international movie star during the late silent era and the "Golden Age" of Hollywood who became a screen icon.[198][199] For most of her career, Garbo was the highest-paid star at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, making her for many years the studio's "premier prestige star".[200][201] After her death, the Los Angeles Times published an obituary calling her "the most alluring, vibrant and yet aloof character to grace the motion-picture screen."[202] The April 1990 Washington Post obituary said that "at the peak of her popularity, she was a virtual cult figure."[123]

Garbo possessed a subtlety and naturalism in her acting that set her apart from other actors and actresses of the period.[203] About her work in silents, film critic Ty Burr said: "This was a new kind of actor—not the stage actor who had to play to the far seats, but someone who could just look and with her eyes literally go from rage to sorrow in just a close-up."[204]

Film historian Jeffrey Vance said that Garbo communicated her characters' innermost feelings through her movement, gestures, and, most importantly, her eyes. With the slightest movement of them, he argues, she subtly conveyed complex attitudes and feelings toward other characters and the truth of the situation. "She doesn't act," said Camille co-star Rex O'Malley, "she lives her roles."[205] Clarence Brown, who directed seven of Garbo's pictures, told an interviewer, "Garbo has something behind the eyes that you couldn't see until you photographed it in close-up. You could see thought. If she had to look at one person with jealousy, and another with love, she didn't have to change her expression. You could see it in her eyes as she looked from one to the other. And nobody else has been able to do that on screen."[206] Director George Sidney adds: "You could call it underplaying, but in underplaying, she overplayed everyone else."[207]

Many critics have said that few of Garbo's 24 Hollywood films are artistically exceptional, and that many are simply bad.[208] It has been said, however, that her commanding and magnetic performances usually overcome the weaknesses of plot and dialogue.[208][123] As one biographer put it, "All moviegoers demanded of a Garbo production was Greta Garbo."[209]

Film historian Ephraim Katz: "Of all the stars who have ever fired the imaginations of audiences, none has quite projected a magnetism and a mystique equal to Garbo. 'The Divine', the 'dream princess of eternity', the 'Sarah Bernhardt of films', are only a few of the superlatives writers used in describing her over the years ... She played heroines that were at once sensual and pure, superficial and profound, suffering and hopeful, world-weary and life-inspiring."[210]

American film actress Bette Davis: "Her instinct, her mastery over the machine, was pure witchcraft. I cannot analyze this woman's acting. I only know that no one else so effectively worked in front of a camera."[211]

Mexican film actress Dolores del Río: "The most extraordinary woman (in art) that I have encountered in my life. It was as if she had diamonds in her bones and in her interior light struggled to come out through the pores of her skin."[212]

American film director George Cukor: "She had a talent that few actresses or actors possess. In close-ups, she gave the impression, the illusion of great movement. She would move her head just a little bit, and the whole screen would come alive, like a strong breeze that made itself felt."[213]

American film actor Gregory Peck: "If you ask me my favorite actress of all time, I will tell you that it is Greta Garbo. She shared her emotions with the camera and the audience. They were very truthful emotions. To my mind, she was an early practitioner of the Method. She felt everything she did and had the intelligence to go with it. ... And that is the key for the audience. If they believe it, then they've spent a couple of good hours at the cinema."[214]

American film actress Kim Novak: "You know, my idol, I idolize Greta Garbo. I just loved her work so much. She was, again, so real. She was not -- to me, she wasn't stylized. You could see any of her work right now. She was just amazing, and what I loved about it also was there was an air of mystery about her work. There was always something more. She didn't give you everything. She held back, and I like that. I probably -- she was my role model."[215]

### Documentary portrayals

[edit]

Garbo is the subject of several documentaries, including four made in the United States between 1990 and 2005, and one made for the BBC in 1969:

* Garbo (1969), BBC, written by Alexander Walker (critic), narrated by Joan Crawford
* The Divine Garbo (1990), TNT, produced by Ellen M. Krass and Susan F. Walker, narrated by Glenn Close[216]
* Greta Garbo: The Mysterious Lady (1998), Biography Channel, narrated by Peter Graves[217]
* Greta Garbo: A Lone Star (2001), AMC[218]
* Garbo (2005), TCM, directed by Kevin Brownlow, narrated by Julie Christie[219]

### In art and literature

[edit]

Greta Garbo Memorial by Tomas Qvarsebo in Stockholm

Sculpture of Garbo in Stockholm

Garbo's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Garbo on a 2005 Romanian postal stamp

Garbo has been memorialized in art and literature both during and after her life. Garbo was one of the subjects of French composer Charles Koechlin's "Seven Stars Symphony" (1933), which consisted of seven movements, each dedicated to a Hollywood star.[220]

Author Ernest Hemingway provided an imaginary portrayal of Garbo in his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940): "Maybe it is like the dreams you have when someone you have seen in the cinema comes to your bed at night and is so kind and lovely ... He could remember Garbo still ... Maybe it was like those dreams the night before the attack on Pozoblanco, and [Garbo] was wearing a soft silky wool sweater when he put his arms around her, and when she leaned forward, and her hair swept forward and over his face, and she said why had he never told her that he loved her when she had loved him all this time? ... and it was as true as though it had happened ..."[221]

Garbo was portrayed by Betty Comden in the film Garbo Talks (1984). The plot concerns a dying Garbo fan (Anne Bancroft) whose last wish is to meet her idol. Her son (played by Ron Silver) diligently searches for the elusive Garbo, determined to fulfill his mother's wish.

A statue of Greta Garbo titled "Statue of Integrity" by Jón Leifsson sits isolated deep in the forest in Härjedalen.[222]

The Cole Porter song "You're the Top" makes a passing reference to the importance of her salary. Garbo is mentioned in The Kinks' 1972 song "Celluloid Heroes" and the 1977 song "Right Before Your Eyes" by Ian Thomas, which was covered by America in 1982. Greta Garbo is mentioned in the 1981 Kim Carnes hit song "Bette Davis Eyes" and she was the subject of the 1985 Freddie Mercury song, "Living On My Own". The 1988 song, "Garbo" by Austrian musician Falco serves as a tribute in the form of a love song. In the 1990 song "Vogue" by Madonna, Greta Garbo is the first mentioned of a list of stars from Hollywood's Golden Age.

In 2023, notable artist William Kentridge included a drawing of Garbo in his solo museum exhibition at The Broad in Los Angeles.[223]

Pornographic film director Peter de Rome shot footage of Garbo walking across First Avenue that he inserted into his 1974 feature Adam & Yves. Its presence was explained by having one of the characters recalling how he once saw the elusive star.[224][225] The Garbo footage was used without the star's knowledge or permission, and she was not paid for her appearance.[226]

## Awards and honors

[edit]

Garbo was nominated four times for the Academy Award for Best Actress. In 1930, a performer could receive a single nomination for their work in more than one film. Garbo received her nomination for her work in both Anna Christie and for Romance.[227][228] She lost out to Irving Thalberg's wife, Norma Shearer, who won for The Divorcee. In 1937, Garbo was nominated for Camille, but Luise Rainer won for The Good Earth. Finally, in 1939, Garbo was nominated for Ninotchka, but again came away empty-handed. Gone With the Wind swept the major awards, including Best Actress, which went to Vivien Leigh.[229][230] In 1954, however, she was awarded an Academy Honorary Award "for her luminous and unforgettable screen performances".[4] Predictably, Garbo did not show up at the ceremony, and the statuette was mailed to her home address.[229]

Garbo twice received the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress: for Anna Karenina in 1935, and for Camille in 1936. She won the National Board of Review Best Acting Award for Camille in 1936; for Ninotchka in 1939; and for Two-Faced Woman in 1941. The Swedish royal medal Litteris et Artibus, which is awarded to people who have made important contributions to culture (especially music, dramatic art, or literature) was presented to Garbo in January 1937.[231] In a 1950 Daily Variety opinion poll, Garbo was voted "Best Actress of the Half Century",[232] In 1957, she was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.[233]

In November 1983, she was made a Commander of the Swedish Order of the Polar Star by order of King Carl XVI Gustaf, the King of Sweden.[234] In 1985, she was awarded the Illis quorum by the government of Sweden.[235] In 1985, a star was nicknamed after her.[236] For her contributions to cinema, in 1960, she was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard.[237]

Garbo appears on a number of postage stamps, and in September 2005, the United States Postal Service and Swedish Posten jointly issued two commemorative stamps bearing her image.[238][239][240] On 6 April 2011, Sveriges Riksbank announced that Garbo's portrait was to be featured on the 100-krona banknote, beginning in 2014–2015.[241]

## Filmography

[edit]

Silent films  Year  | Title  | Role  | Notes

|
|
|

1920  | Mr. and Mrs. Stockholm Go Shopping | Elder sister  | An advertisement. Garbo's segment[242] is often known as How Not to Dress.[32][243]
1921  | A Fortune Hunter[244] | Extra  | Uncredited; lost film
1921  | Our Daily Bread | Companion  | An advertising film[243]
1922  | Peter the Tramp | Greta  | Garbo's first part in a commercial film[243]
1924  | The Saga of Gosta Berling | Elizabeth Dohna  | Garbo's first leading part in a feature-length film; Swedish, dir. Mauritz Stiller.
1925  | The Joyless Street | Greta Rumfort  | German film directed by G.W. Pabst
1926  | Torrent | Leonora Moreno aka La Brunna  | Garbo's first American film. All of Garbo's subsequent movies were made in Hollywood and produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
1926  | The Temptress | Elena  |
1926  | Flesh and the Devil | Felicitas  | The first of seven Garbo films directed by Clarence Brown, and first of four movies with co-star John Gilbert
1927  | Love | Anna Karenina | Adapted from the novel Anna Karenina by Tolstoy
1928  | The Divine Woman | Marianne  | The film is lost; only a 9-minute reel exists.
1928  | The Mysterious Lady | Tania Fedorova  |
1928  | A Woman of Affairs | Diana Merrick Furness  | The first of seven Garbo films with actor Lewis Stone, who, with the exception of Wild Orchids, played secondary roles.
1929  | Wild Orchids | Lillie Sterling  |
1929  | A Man's Man | Herself  | Garbo and John Gilbert make cameo appearances; this film is lost.
1929  | The Single Standard | Arden Stuart Hewlett  |
1929  | The Kiss | Irene Guarry  | Garbo's, and MGM's, last silent picture
Sound films  Year  | Title  | Role  | Notes

|
|
|

1930  | Anna Christie | Anna Christie | Nominated – Academy Award for Best Actress
1930  | Romance | Madame Rita Cavallini  | Nominated – Academy Award for Best Actress
1930  | Anna Christie | Anna Christie  | MGM's German version of Anna Christie was also released in 1930
1931  | Inspiration | Yvonne Valbret  |
1931  | Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) | Susan Lenox  |
1931  | Mata Hari | Mata Hari | After the multi-star Grand Hotel, Garbo's highest-grossing film
1932  | Grand Hotel | Grusinskaya  | Academy Award for Best Picture
1932  | As You Desire Me | Zara aka Marie  | The first of three Garbo films with co-star Melvyn Douglas
1933  | Queen Christina | Queen Christina |
1934  | The Painted Veil | Katrin Koerber Fane  |
1935  | Anna Karenina | Anna Karenina  | New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
1936  | Camille | Marguerite Gautier | New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
National Board of Review Best Acting Award
Nominated – Academy Award for Best Actress
1937  | Conquest | Countess Marie Walewska |
1939  | Ninotchka | Nina Ivanovna "Ninotchka" Yakushova  | National Board of Review Best Acting Award
Nominated – Academy Award for Best Actress
Nominated – New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
1941  | Two-Faced Woman | Karin Borg Blake / Katherine Borg  | National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Best Acting Award

### Box-office ranking

[edit]

See also: Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll

* 1929 – 17th
* 1930 – 6th
* 1931 – 10th
* 1932 – 5th

## See also

[edit]

* Cultural depictions of Greta Garbo
* Images of Greta Garbo
* List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories
* List of Academy Award records – first Nordic to be nominated for acting, in Anna Christie (1930)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɡrêːta ˈɡǎrːbʊ] ⓘ
2. ^ pronounced [ˈɡrêːta lʊˈvîːsa ˈɡɵ̂sːtafˌsɔn]
3. ^ For example, in Love (1927), a title card reads, "I like to be alone"; in The Single Standard (1929), her character says: "I am walking alone because I want to be alone"; in the same film, she sails to the South Seas with her lover on a boat called the All Alone; in Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) (1931), she says to a suitor: "This time, I rise ... and fall ... alone"; in Inspiration (1931), she tells a fickle lover: "I just want to be alone for a little while"; in Mata Hari (1931), she says to her new amour: "I never look ahead. By next spring, I shall probably be ... quite alone." By the early 1930s, the motif had become indelibly linked to Garbo's public and private personae.[125][126] It is lampooned in Ninotchka (1939) when emissaries from Russia ask her: "Do you want to be alone, comrade?" "No", she says bluntly. But about her private life, she later remarked: "I never said, 'I want to be alone'; I only said, 'I want to be let alone.' There is a world of difference."[125][126]
4. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[176][177][178][179][180][181]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "1951 Greta Garbo becomes U.S. citizen... - RareNewspapers.com". www.rarenewspapers.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
2. ^ a b Vieira 2005, p. 38.
3. ^ "Session Timeout – Academy Awards® Database – AMPAS". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
4. ^ a b "The Official Academy Awards Database". Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
5. ^ Reif, Rita (19 July 1990). "Garbo's Collection and a van Gogh Are to Be Sold". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
6. ^ a b Broman 1990, p. 271.
7. ^ "Asks Citizenship". Las Cruces Sun-News. Vol. 60, no. 181\. 4 November 1940. p. 3\. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020 - via Newspapers.com.
8. ^ a b Bret, David (2012). Greta Garbo: A Divine Star. Biteback. ISBN 978-1-84954-353-8. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
9. ^ Ware, Susan; Braukman, Stacy Lorraine (2004). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century. Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 227–228\. ISBN 978-0-674-01488-6. Retrieved 24 July 2010.227-228&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01488-6&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Braukman,+Stacy+Lorraine&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSaMu4F06AQC&pg;=PA227&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Greta+Garbo" class="Z3988">
10. ^ Sjölander, Ture (1971). Garbo. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-06-013926-1. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
11. ^ Furhammar, Leif; Svenska filminstitutet (1991). Filmen i Sverige: en historia i tio kapitel (in Swedish). Höganäs: Wiken. p. 129\. ISBN 978-91-7119-517-3. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
12. ^ Souhami 1994, p. 64.
13. ^ "Karl Alfred Gustafsson" Archived 20 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
14. ^ a b Bainbridge 1955b, p. 76.
15. ^ D'Amico, Silvio (1962). Enciclopedia dello spettacolo (in Italian). Rome: Casa editrice Le Maschere. p. 901\. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
16. ^ "Greta Garbo". Lektyr (in Swedish). 9 (3). 17 January 1931.
17. ^ Liberty. Liberty Library Corporation. 1974. pp. 27–31 & 54–57. Retrieved 4 August 2010.[dead link‍]
18. ^ Biery 1928a. I hated school. I hated the bonds they put on me. There were so many things outside. I liked history best, but I was afraid of the map—geography you call it. But I had to go to school like other children. The public school, just as you have in this country.
19. ^ "After Twelve Years Greta Garbo Wants to Go Home to Sweden". Life. 8 November 1937. p. 81\. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
20. ^ Biery 1928a. I didn't play much. Except skating and skiing and throwing snowballs. I did most of my playing by thinking. I played a little with my brother and sister, pretending we were in shows. Like other children. But usually, I did my own pretending. I was up and down. Very happy one moment, the next moment – there was nothing left for me.
21. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 25.
22. ^ a b Biery 1928a. Then I found a theater. I must have been six or seven. Two theaters, really. One was a cabaret; one a regular theater, – across from one another. And there was a back porch to both of them. A long plank on which the actors and actresses walked to get in the back door. I used to go there at seven o'clock in the evening, when they would be coming in, and wait until eight-thirty. Watch them come in; listen to them getting ready. The big back door was always open even in the coldest weather. Listen to their voices doing their parts in the productions. Smell the greasepaint! There is no smell in the world like the smell of the backyard of a theater. No smell that will mean as much to me—ever. Night after night, I sat there dreaming. Dreaming when I would be inside—getting ready.
23. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 26.
24. ^ Biery 1928a. When I wasn't thinking, wasn't wondering what it was all about, this living; I was dreaming. Dreaming how I could become a player.
25. ^ Jean Lacouture (1999). Greta Garbo: La Dame aux Caméras (in French). Paris: Liana Levi. p. 22\. ISBN 978-2-86746-214-6. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
26. ^ Robert Payne (November 1976). The Great Garbo. London: W. H. Allen. p. 22\. ISBN 978-0-491-01538-7. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2010. "In June 1919, she left school, and never returned."
27. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 32.
28. ^ Parish, James Robert (2007). The Hollywood Book of Extravagance: The Totally Infamous, Mostly Disastrous, and Always Compelling Excesses of America's Film and TV Idols. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. p. 76\. ISBN 978-0-470-05205-1. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
29. ^ a b c NYTimes 1990.
30. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 36.
31. ^ Strömquist, Susanna (2021). Nordens Paris. NK:s Franska damskrädderi 1902–1966 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Nordic Museum. p. 65\. ISBN 978-91-7108-619-8.
32. ^ a b "Herrskapet Stockholm ute på inköp (1920)" Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Swedish Film Database, Swedish Film Institute. Retrieved 3 April 2012. (in Swedish)
33. ^ Paris 1994, p. 34.
34. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 54–61.
35. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 67–69.
36. ^ "Asta Nielsen, the silent film star who taught Garbo everything | Movies | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
37. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 72–74.
38. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 80–83.
39. ^ Vieira 2005, p. 9.
40. ^ Reisfeld, Scott (September 2007). "Greta Garbo's War on Hollywood" (PDF). Scanorama. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
41. ^ Paris 1994, p. 84.
42. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 85.
43. ^ a b Sands, Frederick. The Divine Garbo, Grosset & Dunlap (1979) pp. 69–73
44. ^ a b Vieira, Mark A. (2010). Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince, Univ. of California Press. pp. 70–71
45. ^ Wollstein, Hans J. (1994). Strangers in Hollywood: The History of Scandinavian Actors in American Films from 1910 to World War II. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. p. 95\. ISBN 978-0-8108-2938-1. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
46. ^ Katchmer, George A. (1991). Eighty Silent Film Stars: Biographies and Filmographies of the Obscure to the Well Known. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 193\. ISBN 978-0-89950-494-0. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
47. ^ Walker, Alexander; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1980). Garbo: A Portrait. New York: Macmillan. p. 41\. ISBN 978-0-02-622950-0. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
48. ^ Jacobs, Lea (2008). The Decline of Sentiment: American Film in the 1920s. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 258–259. ISBN 978-0-520-25457-2. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
49. ^ "The Torrent Review". Variety. 1 January 1926. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2010. "Greta Garbo, making her American debut as a screen star, has everything with looks, acting ability, and personality. When one is a Scandinavian and can put over a Latin characterization with sufficient power to make it most convincing, need there be any more said regarding her ability? She makes The Torrent worthwhile."
50. ^ Hall, Hadaunt (22 February 1926). "A New Swedish Actress". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2010. "In this current effort Greta Garbo, a Swedish actress, who is fairly well known in Germany, makes her screen bow to American audiences. As a result of her ability, her undeniable prepossessing appearance and her expensive taste in fur coats, she steals most of the thunder in this vehicle"
51. ^ Rivera-Viruet, Rafael J.; Resto, Max (2008). Hollywood... Se Habla Español: Hispanics in Hollywood Films ... Yesterday, today and tomorrow. New York: Terramax Entertainment. pp. 31–37\. ISBN 978-0-9816650-0-9. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2010.31-37&rft.pub=Terramax+Entertainment&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9816650-0-9&rft.aulast=Rivera-Viruet&rft.aufirst=Rafael+J.&rft.au=Resto,+Max&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=hk52WGdUmbEC&pg;=PA37&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Greta+Garbo" class="Z3988">
52. ^ Thomsen, Bodil Marie (1997). Filmdivaer: Stjernens figur i Hollywoods melodrama 1920–40. Copenhagen. p. 129\. ISBN 978-87-7289-397-6. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2010.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
53. ^ Flamini, Roland (1994). Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-58640-2. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
54. ^ Biery 1928c. Mr. Stiller is an artist. He does not understand the American factories. He has always made his own pictures in Europe, where he is the master. In our country it is always the small studio. He does not understand the American Business. He could speak no English. So he was taken off the picture. It was given to Mr. Niblo. How I was broken to pieces, nobody knows. I was so unhappy I did not think I could go on.
55. ^ Golden, Eve (2001). Golden images: 41 essays on silent film stars. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 106\. ISBN 978-0-7864-0834-4. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
56. ^ a b Vieira 2009, p. 67.
57. ^ Koszarski, Richard (1994). An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915–1928. History of the American Cinema. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 253\. ISBN 978-0-520-08535-0. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
58. ^ Brown, John Mason (1965). The worlds of Robert E. Sherwood: Mirror to His Times, 1896–1939. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-313-20937-6. Retrieved 20 July 2010. "I want to go on record as saying that Greta Garbo in The Temptress knocked me for a loop. I had seen Miss Garbo once before, in The Torrent. I had been mildly impressed by her visual effectiveness. In The Temptress, however, this effectiveness proves positively devastating. She may not be the best actress on the screen. I am powerless to formulate an opinion on her dramatic technique. But there is no room for argument as to the efficacy of her allure ... [She] qualifies herewith as the official Dream Princess of the Silent Drama Department of Life."
59. ^ Conway, Michael; McGregor, Dion; Ricci, Mark (1968). The Films of Greta Garbo. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press. p. 51\. ISBN 978-0-86369-552-0. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2010. "Harriette Underhill in the New York Herald Tribune: 'This is the first time we have seen Miss Garbo and she is a delight to the eyes! We may also add that she is a magnetic woman and a finished actress. In fact, she leaves nothing to be desired. Such a profile, such grace, such poise, and most of all, such eyelashes. They swish the air at least a half-inch beyond her languid orbs. Miss Garbo is not a conventional beauty, yet she makes all other beauties seem a little obvious.'"
60. ^ Zierold, Norman J. (1969). Garbo. New York: Stein and Day. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-8128-1212-1. Retrieved 20 July 2010. "'Greta Garbo vitalizes the name part of this picture. She is the Temptress. Her tall, swaying figure moves Cleopatra-ishly from delirious Paris to the virile Argentine. Her alluring mouth and volcanic, slumbrous eyes enfire men to such passion that friendships collapse.' Dorothy Herzog, New York Mirror (1926):"
61. ^ Hall, Morduant (11 October 1926). "The Temptress Another Ibanez Story". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
62. ^ Paris 1994, p. 108.
63. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 568–570.
64. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 124–125.
65. ^ Brownlow, Kevin (2005). Garbo (Television production). Turner Classic Movies. 13:00–14:00 minutes in.
66. ^ Paris 1994, p. 121.
67. ^ Vieira 2009, p. 69.
68. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 193.
69. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 220.
70. ^ Denby, David (27 February 2012). "The Artists". The New Yorker. pp. 74–78\. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.74-78&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Denby&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2012/02/27/120227crat_atlarge_denby&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Greta+Garbo" class="Z3988">
71. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 301–320.
72. ^ Crafton 1999, pp. 495–496, "In December 1929, according to the volume of Photoplay fan mail ... Garbo remained the leading female star."
73. ^ Crafton 1999, p. 295.
74. ^ Limbacher, James L. (1968). Four Aspects of the Film. Aspects of film. New York: Brussel & Brussel. p. 219\. ISBN 978-0-405-11138-9. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
75. ^ Crafton 1999, pp. 206–207.
76. ^ Vieira 2005, p. 100.
77. ^ Vieira 2005, p. 111.
78. ^ Hall, Mordaunt (15 March 1930). "The Screen; Miss Garbo's First Talker". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
79. ^ Paris 1994, p. 570.
80. ^ qtd in Swenson 1997, p. 266
81. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 244.
82. ^ Paris 1994, p. 284.
83. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.
84. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 269–270.
85. ^ qtd in Swenson 1997, p. 244
86. ^ Vieira 2005, p. 183.
87. ^ Vieira 2005, p. 181.
88. ^ a b Paris 1994, pp. 572–573.
89. ^ a b c Swenson 1997, p. 316.
90. ^ Vieira 2005, pp. 207–210.
91. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 172, 571.
92. ^ Vieira 2005, p. 216.
93. ^ a b Bret, David. Greta Garbo: Divine Star, Robson Press (2012)
94. ^ Armstrong, Richard (2007). The Rough Guide to Film. Rough Guides UK. p. 118\. ISBN 978-1-84836-125-6. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
95. ^ Paris 1994, p. 573.
96. ^ Bainbridge 1955c, p. 129.
97. ^ Paris 1994, p. 381.
98. ^ a b c Vieira 2005, p. 268.
99. ^ Paris 1994, p. 281.
100. ^ a b Paris 1994, p. 383.
101. ^ a b Vieira 2005, p. 270.
102. ^ Reid, John Howard (January 2006). Cinemascope 3: Hollywood Takes the Plunge. Morrisville, NC: Lulu Press. p. 44\. ISBN 978-1-4116-7188-1. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
103. ^ Kellow, Brian (2004). The Bennetts: An Acting Family. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-8131-2329-5. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
104. ^ Forrest, Jennifer; Koos, Leonard R. (2002). Dead Ringers: The Remake in Theory and Practice. SUNY Series, Cultural Studies in Cinema/Video. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 151–152\. ISBN 978-0-7914-5169-4. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2010.151-152&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5169-4&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Koos,+Leonard+R.&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1CRyD4Bs44C&pg;=PA151&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Greta+Garbo" class="Z3988">
105. ^ Bainbridge 1955c, p. 130.
106. ^ Paris 1994, p. 426.
107. ^ "Garbo: A TCM Original Documentary". Turner Classic Movies. 12 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
108. ^ Susman, Gary. "'Sunset Blvd.': 15 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About the Hollywood Classic". moviefone. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
109. ^ Vieira 2005, p. 271.
110. ^ Bainbridge 1955a, p. 12.
111. ^ NYTimes 1936. For the first time since she achieved international eminence in the motion-picture world, Miss Garbo granted an interview to the press and received the reporters en masse in the smoking lounge while the ship was at Quarantine.
112. ^ a b Krutzen 1992, p. 46.
113. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 129, 156–157, 243.
114. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 196.
115. ^ Biery, April 1928
116. ^ a b c "To die for: Greta Garbo". Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
117. ^ Gilbert 1935, pp. 16, 19.
118. ^ Robinson 2007, pp. 150–151.
119. ^ "'I go nowhere, I see no one': Garbo letters reveal lonely life of film icon | Greta Garbo | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
120. ^ "Garbo Greta Archive of over 65 letters to her close friend 251938 758781". catalogue.swanngalleries.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
121. ^ Paris 1994, p. 179.
122. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 196–197.
123. ^ a b c Barnes 1990.
124. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes". Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
125. ^ a b c NYTimes 1990. A declaration often attributed to her was, "I want to be alone." Actually, she said, "I want to be let alone."
126. ^ a b Shapiro, Fred R., ed. (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-300-10798-2. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
127. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Katz, Brigit. "The Profound Loneliness of Greta Garbo". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
128. ^ "GarboForever - The 'I vant to be alone' quote". www.garboforever.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
129. ^ "Greta Garbo - Press Articles (Life - January 1955)". www.garboforever.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
130. ^ a b Conrad, Peter (2 January 2022). "Garbo by Robert Gottlieb review – distant darling of the silver screen". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
131. ^ McEvoy, Anne (2009). Costume and Fashion Source Books: The 1920s and 1930s. New York: Chelsea House. p. 56.
132. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 5, 57, 156–158 passim.
133. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 244, 508–509 passim.
134. ^ a b Paris 1994.
135. ^ a b c Hall, Chris (29 August 2021). "From the archive: looking back at Greta Garbo's private world, 1979". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
136. ^ Swenson 1997.
137. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 8–9, 107–108, 167, 329–330, 506–511 passim.
138. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 87, 91, 115, 143 passim.
139. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 417, 445.
140. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 526.
141. ^ a b Paris 1994, p. 506.
142. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 426–427, 530.
143. ^ Broman 1990, p. 227.
144. ^ Paris 1994, p. 344.
145. ^ a b Who's Who of American Women, 1983–1984. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. 1983. p. 279\. ISBN 978-0-8379-0413-9. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
146. ^ Kalins Wise, Dorothy (20 May 1968). McGrath, Norman (ed.). "Appraising the Most Expensive Apartment Houses in the City". New York. 1 (7). New York Media: 18. ISSN 0028-7369. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
147. ^ "The Garbo Next Door". Vanity Fair | The Complete Archive. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
148. ^ Pitts, David (2007). Jack and Lem: John F. Kennedy and Lem Billings: The Untold Story of an Extraordinary Friendship. New York: Carroll & Graf. pp. 205–206\. ISBN 978-0-7867-1989-1. OCLC 123539117. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2019.205-206&rft.pub=Carroll+&+Graf&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info:oclcnum/123539117&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1989-1&rft.aulast=Pitts&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZhKDgAAQBAJ&pg;=PA205&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Greta+Garbo" class="Z3988">
149. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 468–469.
150. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 519–520.
151. ^ "JFK's Missing 'Tooth' Found". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. 10 May 2000. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
152. ^ a b Paris 1994, p. 460.
153. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 541.
154. ^ Vickers 2002.
155. ^ "Sam Green – Obituary". The Daily Telegraph. 18 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
156. ^ Paris 1994, p. 526.
157. ^ "Sam Green Obituary". warholstars.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
158. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 506–511.
159. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 537–538.
160. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 495–505.
161. ^ Holden, Stephen (12 December 2013). "A Filmmaker's Hold on His Muse". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
162. ^ Barnes, Clive (15 April 1977). "Theater: Liv Ullmann's 'Anna Christie'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
163. ^ "Liv Ullmann: 'I ran after Greta Garbo in the street. She outpaced me' | Movies | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
164. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 122–127, 129–135.
165. ^ a b c d Gross, Michael. New York magazine, "Garbo's Last Days", 21 May 1990, pp. 39–46
166. ^ Paris 1994, p. 125.
167. ^ "GarboForever Garbo Story by Ava Gardner". www.garboforever.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
168. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 368–382.
169. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 349–351, 353–355.
170. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 414–415.
171. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 457–460.
172. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 404–409.
173. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 428–504.
174. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 412–552.
175. ^ Hall, Chris (27 October 2019). "From the archive: the story of how Greta Garbo became a star". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
176. ^ Paris 1994, p. 249: "Garbo was technically bisexual, predominantly lesbian, and increasingly asexual ...".
177. ^ "I think it is fair to say that a same-sex relationship was her obvious choice, despite numerous affairs with men." Daum, Raymond (7 May 1995). "The Private Garbo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
178. ^ Vickers 1994.
179. ^ Vieira 2005, pp. 134–136 passim.
180. ^ Schanke 2003, pp. 103–113 passim.
181. ^ "Spirit of Garbo". Laramie, Moon (2018). Spirit of Garbo. London: Martin Firrell Company Ltd. ISBN 978-1-912622-02-3, p. 43.
182. ^ Paris 1994, pp. 251–255.
183. ^ Vieira 2005, p. 26.
184. ^ Brooks, Louise; Jaccard, Roland (1976). Louise Brooks: Portrait d'une anti star [Louise Brooks: Portrait of an Anti-star] (in French). Paris: Phébus. ISBN 978-2-85940-012-5.
185. ^ Schanke 2003.
186. ^ De Acosta, a theosophist, was interested in esoteric spirituality. According to biographer Moon Laramie, her relationship with de Acosta prompted Garbo's interest in both theosophy and the occult."Spirit of Garbo". Laramie, Moon (2018). Spirit of Garbo. London: Martin Firrell Company Ltd. ISBN 978-1-912622-02-3, pp. 129–132.
187. ^ Swenson 1997, pp. 381, 511.
188. ^ Paris 1994, p. 264.
189. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 559.
190. ^ Smith, Dinitia (18 April 2000). "Letters Push Garbo Slightly into View". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
191. ^ Smith, Alex Duval (10 September 2005). "Lonely Garbo's love secret is exposed". The Observer. London. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
192. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 542.
193. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 549.
194. ^ Greg Gibson (2009). It Takes a Genome: How a Clash Between Our Genes and Modern Life Is Making Us Sick. Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press. p. 20\. ISBN 978-0-13-713746-6. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2010. "The list of famous women who have had breast cancer ..."
195. ^ Paris 1994, p. 541.
196. ^ Ohlsen, Becky (2004). Stockholm. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 86\. ISBN 978-1-74104-172-9. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2010. "The Unesco World Heritage-listed graveyard Skogskyrkogården ... is also known as the final resting place of Hollywood actress Greta Garbo"
197. ^ Paris 1994, p. 540.
198. ^ Paris 1994, p. 4.
199. ^ Vieira 2005, p. 6.
200. ^ Vieira 2005, p. 7.
201. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 406.
202. ^ "Greta Garbo". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
203. ^ Vance, Jeffrey (2005). The Mysterious Lady, The Garbo Silents Collection: Audio commentary, DVD; Disk 1/3. (TCM Archives.)
204. ^ Cole, Steve (director) (2001). Greta Garbo: A Lone Star (Television production). American Movie Classics. 10:57–11:07. minutes in.
205. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 357.
206. ^ Stevenson, Swanson (27 October 2005). "A Century After Her Birth, Greta Garbo's Allure Lives On". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
207. ^ Cole, Steve (director) (2001). Greta Garbo: A Lone Star (Television production). American Movie Classics. 11:26–11:30. minutes in.
208. ^ a b Vieira 2005, pp. 6–8.
209. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 282.
210. ^ The Film Encyclopedia: The Complete Guide to Film and the Film IndustryKatz, Ephraim (1979). The Film Encyclopedia: The Complete Guide to Film and the Film Industry (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. p. 465\. ISBN 978-0-690-01204-0.
211. ^ Davis, Bette (1990) [1962]. The Lonely Life. New York: Berkley Books. p. 116\. ISBN 978-0-425-12350-8.
212. ^ Hall, Linda (2013). Dolores del Río: Beauty in Light and Shade. Stanford University Press. p. 153\. ISBN 978-0-8047-8407-8.
213. ^ Long, Robert Emmet (2001). George Cukor: Interviews. Conversations with Filmmakers. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p. 47\. ISBN 978-1-57806-387-1.
214. ^ Peck, Gregory, "Los Angeles Times", November 2000
215. ^ Larry King Live: Interview with Kim Novak, January 5, 2004
216. ^ O'Connor, John J. (3 December 1990). "Reviews/Television; A Life of Garbo, Mostly Through Films". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
217. ^ "'Biography' Greta Garbo: The Mysterious Lady". Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2011.'Biography'+Greta+Garbo:+The+Mysterious+Lady&rft.pub=Internet+Movie+Database&rft_id=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0411067/combined&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Greta+Garbo" class="Z3988">
218. ^ Linan, Steven (4 September 2011). "'Garbo' Paints a Full Portrait of Star". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
219. ^ "TCM offers close-up of silent star Garbo". Associated Press. 6 September 2005. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
220. ^ "A fabulous, forgotten French symphony pays tribute to Hollywood stars of yesteryear". Los Angeles Times. 16 July 2022. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
221. ^ Sarris, 1998. p. 374
222. ^ "The Statue of Integrity: In Memory of Greta Garbo". The Statue of Integrity (official site) (in Swedish). Fotografiska. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021. hrnick. "Greta Garbo Statue of Integrity". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
223. ^ Amadour (7 December 2022). "15 Minutes With Visionary Artist William Kentridge". LAmag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
224. ^ "Porn Stop - Chicago Free Press". chicagofreepress.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
225. ^ De Rome, Peter (1984), The erotic world of Peter de Rome, GMP, ISBN 978-0-907040-46-0
226. ^ Robertson, Patrick (2001). Film Facts. Billboard Books. ISBN 9780823079438. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
227. ^ . The Kennedy, Matthew (1999). Marie Dressler: A Biography, With a Listing of Major Stage Performances, a Filmography and a Discography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 154\. ISBN 978-0-7864-0520-6. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
228. ^ "1929–30 Academy Awards Winners and History". Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2010. "For the first and only time in Academy history, multiple nominations were permitted for individual categories (notice that George Arliss defeated himself in the Best Actor category). [With a change of rules, this would be the last year in which performers could be nominated for roles in more than one film.]"
229. ^ a b Levy, Emanuel (2003). All about Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 329\. ISBN 978-0-8264-1452-6. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
230. ^ Parish, James Robert; Stanke, Don E. (1975). The Debonairs. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-87000-293-9. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
231. ^ "People, Jan. 11, 1937". Time. 11 January 1937. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2010. "In Council of State King Gustaf of Sweden decorated Cinemactress Greta Garbo with the nation's gold medal litteris et artibus, highest Swedish award for artistic achievement."
232. ^ "Cinema: Best of the Half-Century". Time. 6 March 1950. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
233. ^ "Awards granted by George Eastman House International Museum of Photography & Film" Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. George Eastman House. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
234. ^ "Greta Garbo Honored". The New York Times. 3 November 1983. p. 17\. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2010. "Greta Garbo was made a Commander of the Swedish Order of the North Star yesterday by order of King Carl XVI Gustaf, the King of Sweden. The private ceremony in the New York home of Mrs. Jane Gunther was also attended by Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Gruson. The honor, extended only to foreigners, was presented to Miss Garbo by Count Wilhelm Wachtmeister, the Swedish Ambassador to the United States, in recognition of the actress's distinguished service to Sweden. Miss Garbo, born in Stockholm, is now an American citizen."
235. ^ "Regeringens belöningsmedaljer och regeringens utmärkelse: Professors namn". Regeringskansliet (in Swedish). January 2006. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
236. ^ "Greta Garbo Star Registry Certificate". Julien's Auctions. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
237. ^ "Greta Garbo". Legacy Project Chicago. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
238. ^ Healey, Matthew (17 September 2005). "Arts, Briefly; Another Garbo Role". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
239. ^ "Greta Garbo Has Starring Role on U.S. Postal Stamp" (Press release). United States Postal Service. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2005. Retrieved 30 September 2008. "... the U.S. Postal Service and Sweden Post jointly issued two commemorative postage stamps bearing her likeness. Both stamps, issued near what would have been her 100th birthday, are engravings based on a 1932 photograph ..."
240. ^ Gicker, William J., ed. (2006). "Greta Garbo 37¢". USA Philatelic. 11 (3): 12.
241. ^ "Sweden's new banknotes and coins". Stockholm: Sveriges Riksbank. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
242. ^ "Greta Garbo's first performance: a commercial." on YouTube, 27 December 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2012. This clip also features other "Garbo commercials" from 1920 to 1921.
243. ^ a b c The Saga of Gosta Berling (DVD). New York: Kino International. 2006. UPC 738329046927. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
244. ^ Hurlburt, Roger (16 April 1990). "Film Idol Garbo Dies". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.

### Bibliography and further reading

[edit]

* Bainbridge, John (10 January 1955a). "The Great Garbo". Life. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
* Bainbridge, John (17 January 1955b). "The Great Garbo: Part Two: Greta's Haunted Path to Stardom". Life. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
* Bainbridge, John (24 January 1955c). "The Great Garbo: Part Three: The Braveness to Be Herself". Life. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
* Bainbridge, John (1955d). Garbo (1st ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 256 pages. OCLC 1215789. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
* 
- (1971). Garbo (reissued) (1st ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 320 pages. ISBN 978-0-03-085045-5. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
* Barnes, Bart (16 April 1990). "Greta Garbo Dies at Age 84". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
* Biery, Ruth (April 1928a). "The Story of Greta Garbo As Told By her to Ruth Biery, Chapter I". Photoplay. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
* Biery, Ruth (May 1928b). "The Story of Greta Garbo As Told By her to Ruth Biery, Chapter II". Photoplay. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
* Biery, Ruth (June 1928c). "The Story of Greta Garbo As Told By her to Ruth Biery, Chapter III". Photoplay. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
* Borg, Sven Hugo (1933). The Only True Story of Greta Garbo's Private Life. London: Amalgamated Press. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
* Broman, Sven (1990). Conversations with Greta Garbo. New York: Viking Press, Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-670-84277-3.
* Carr, Larry (1970). Four Fabulous Faces: The Evolution and Metamorphosis of Swanson, Garbo, Crawford and Dietrich. Doubleday and Company. ISBN 0-87000-108-6.
* Chandler, Charlotte (2010). I Know Where I'm Going: Katharine Hepburn, A Personal Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 119\. ISBN 978-1-4391-4928-7. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
* Crafton, Donald (1999). The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926–1931. History of American Cinema. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22128-4.
* Gilbert, Douglas (April 1935). "James Montgomery Flagg reveals The Garbo You Never Knew". The New Movie Magazine. pp. 16, 19.
* Krutzen, Michaela (1992). The Most Beautiful Woman on the Screen: The Fabrication of the Star Greta Garbo. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 3-631-42412-4.
* Laramie, Moon (2018). Spirit of Garbo. London: Martin Firrell Company Ltd. ISBN 978-1-912622-02-3. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
* LaSalle, Mick (6 July 2005). "Interview with John Gilbert's daughter, Leatrice Gilbert Fountain". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
* Italo Moscati, "Greta Garbo, diventare star per sempre", Edizioni Sabinae, Roma, 2010.
* "Greta Garbo Back – A Bit Less Aloof: Film Star, Still Showing the Effects of Illness, Consents to 10-Minute interview". The New York Times. 4 May 1936. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
* "Greta Garbo, 84, Screen Icon Who Fled Her Stardom, Dies". The New York Times. 16 April 1990. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
* Palmborg, Rilla Page (1931). The Private Life of Greta Garbo. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-90-00-00721-9. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
* Paris, Barry (1994). Garbo. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-8166-4182-6.
* Ricci, Stefania, ed. (2010). Greta Garbo: The Mystery of Style. Milan: Skira Editore. ISBN 978-88-572-0580-9.
* Robinson, David (2007). Duncan, Paul (ed.). Garbo. Köln: Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-2209-8.
* Sarris, Andrew. (1998). You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet: The American Talking Film – History and Memory, 1927–1949. Oxford University Press. New York. ISBN 0-19-513426-5
* Schanke, Robert A. (2003). 'That Furious Lesbian': The Story of Mercedes de Acosta. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-2511-X.
* Souhami, Diana (1994). Greta and Cecil. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-250829-4. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
* Swenson, Karen (1997). Greta Garbo: A life Apart. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-80725-6.
* Vickers, Hugo (1994). Loving Garbo: The Story of Greta Garbo, Cecil Beaton, and Mercedes de Acosta. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-41301-1.
* Vickers, Hugo (2002). Cecil Beaton: The Authorised Biography. London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1-84212-613-4.
* Vieira, Mark A. (2009). Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26048-1.
* Vieira, Mark A. (2005). Greta Garbo: A Cinematic Legacy. New York: Harry A. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-5897-5.
* Vintkvist, Jennifer Greta Lovisa Garbo at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greta Garbo.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Greta Garbo.

* Greta Garbo at IMDb
* Greta Garbo at the TCM Movie Database
* Greta Garbo Biography – Yahoo! Movies
* Reklamfilmer PUB Greta Garbo, commercials done in 1920 and 1922, Filmarkivet.se, Swedish Film Institute

Awards for Greta Garbo

* v
* t
* e

Academy Honorary Award

1928–1950|

* Warner Bros. / Charlie Chaplin (1928)
* Walt Disney (1932)
* Shirley Temple (1934)
* D. W. Griffith (1935)
* The March of Time / W. Howard Greene and Harold Rosson (1936)
* Edgar Bergen / W. Howard Greene / Museum of Modern Art Film Library / Mack Sennett (1937)
* J. Arthur Ball / Walt Disney / Deanna Durbin and Mickey Rooney / Gordon Jennings, Jan Domela, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, Farciot Edouart, Loyal Griggs, Loren L. Ryder, Harry D. Mills, Louis Mesenkop, Walter Oberst / Oliver T. Marsh and Allen Davey / Harry Warner (1938)
* Douglas Fairbanks / Judy Garland / William Cameron Menzies / Motion Picture Relief Fund (Jean Hersholt, Ralph Morgan, Ralph Block, Conrad Nagel) / Technicolor SA (1939)
* Bob Hope / Nathan Levinson (1940)
* Walt Disney, William Garity, John N. A. Hawkins, and the RCA Manufacturing Company / Leopold Stokowski and his associates / Rey Scott / British Ministry of Information (1941)
* Charles Boyer / Noël Coward / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1942)
* George Pal (1943)
* Bob Hope / Margaret O'Brien (1944)
* Republic Studio, Daniel J. Bloomberg, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / Walter Wanger / The House I Live In / Peggy Ann Garner (1945)
* Harold Russell / Laurence Olivier / Ernst Lubitsch / Claude Jarman Jr. (1946)
* James Baskett / Thomas Armat, William Nicholas Selig, Albert E. Smith, and George Kirke Spoor / Bill and Coo / Shoeshine (1947)
* Walter Wanger / Monsieur Vincent / Sid Grauman / Adolph Zukor (1948)
* Jean Hersholt / Fred Astaire / Cecil B. DeMille / The Bicycle Thief (1949)
* Louis B. Mayer / George Murphy / The Walls of Malapaga (1950)

1951–1975|

* Gene Kelly / Rashomon (1951)
* Merian C. Cooper / Bob Hope / Harold Lloyd / George Mitchell / Joseph M. Schenck / Forbidden Games (1952)
* 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation / Bell & Howell Company / Joseph Breen / Pete Smith (1953)
* Bausch & Lomb Optical Company / Danny Kaye / Kemp Niver / Greta Garbo / Jon Whiteley / Vincent Winter / Gate of Hell (1954)
* Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (1955)
* Eddie Cantor (1956)
* Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers / Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson / Charles Brackett / B. B. Kahane (1957)
* Maurice Chevalier (1958)
* Buster Keaton / Lee de Forest (1959)
* Gary Cooper / Stan Laurel / Hayley Mills (1960)
* William L. Hendricks / Fred L. Metzler / Jerome Robbins (1961)
* William J. Tuttle (1964)
* Bob Hope (1965)
* Yakima Canutt / Y. Frank Freeman (1966)
* Arthur Freed (1967)
* John Chambers / Onna White (1968)
* Cary Grant (1969)
* Lillian Gish / Orson Welles (1970)
* Charlie Chaplin (1971)
* Charles S. Boren / Edward G. Robinson (1972)
* Henri Langlois / Groucho Marx (1973)
* Howard Hawks / Jean Renoir (1974)
* Mary Pickford (1975)

1976–2000|

* Margaret Booth (1977)
* Walter Lantz / Laurence Olivier / King Vidor / Museum of Modern Art Department of Film (1978)
* Hal Elias / Alec Guinness (1979)
* Henry Fonda (1980)
* Barbara Stanwyck (1981)
* Mickey Rooney (1982)
* Hal Roach (1983)
* James Stewart / National Endowment for the Arts (1984)
* Paul Newman / Alex North (1985)
* Ralph Bellamy (1986)
* Eastman Kodak Company / National Film Board of Canada (1988)
* Akira Kurosawa (1989)
* Sophia Loren / Myrna Loy (1990)
* Satyajit Ray (1991)
* Federico Fellini (1992)
* Deborah Kerr (1993)
* Michelangelo Antonioni (1994)
* Kirk Douglas / Chuck Jones (1995)
* Michael Kidd (1996)
* Stanley Donen (1997)
* Elia Kazan (1998)
* Andrzej Wajda (1999)
* Jack Cardiff / Ernest Lehman (2000)

2001–present|

* Sidney Poitier / Robert Redford (2001)
* Peter O'Toole (2002)
* Blake Edwards (2003)
* Sidney Lumet (2004)
* Robert Altman (2005)
* Ennio Morricone (2006)
* Robert F. Boyle (2007)
* Lauren Bacall / Roger Corman / Gordon Willis (2009)
* Kevin Brownlow / Jean-Luc Godard / Eli Wallach (2010)
* James Earl Jones / Dick Smith (2011)
* D. A. Pennebaker / Hal Needham / George Stevens Jr. (2012)
* Angela Lansbury / Steve Martin / Piero Tosi (2013)
* Jean-Claude Carrière / Hayao Miyazaki / Maureen O'Hara (2014)
* Spike Lee / Gena Rowlands (2015)
* Jackie Chan / Lynn Stalmaster / Anne V. Coates / Frederick Wiseman (2016)
* Charles Burnett / Owen Roizman / Donald Sutherland / Agnès Varda (2017)
* Marvin Levy / Lalo Schifrin / Cicely Tyson (2018)
* David Lynch / Wes Studi / Lina Wertmüller (2019)
* Samuel L. Jackson / Elaine May / Liv Ullmann (2021)
* Euzhan Palcy / Diane Warren / Peter Weir (2022)
* Angela Bassett / Mel Brooks / Carol Littleton (2023)
* Quincy Jones / Juliet Taylor (2024)

* v
* t
* e

New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress

* Greta Garbo (1935)
* Luise Rainer (1936)
* Greta Garbo (1937)
* Margaret Sullavan (1938)
* Vivien Leigh (1939)
* Katharine Hepburn (1940)
* Joan Fontaine (1941)
* Agnes Moorehead (1942)
* Ida Lupino (1943)
* Tallulah Bankhead (1944)
* Ingrid Bergman (1945)
* Celia Johnson (1946)
* Deborah Kerr (1947)
* Olivia de Havilland (1948)
* Olivia de Havilland (1949)
* Bette Davis (1950)
* Vivien Leigh (1951)
* Shirley Booth (1952)
* Audrey Hepburn (1953)
* Grace Kelly (1954)
* Anna Magnani (1955)
* Ingrid Bergman (1956)
* Deborah Kerr (1957)
* Susan Hayward (1958)
* Audrey Hepburn (1959)
* Deborah Kerr (1960)
* Sophia Loren (1961)
* No Award (1962)
* Patricia Neal (1963)
* Kim Stanley (1964)
* Julie Christie (1965)
* Lynn Redgrave / Elizabeth Taylor (1966)
* Edith Evans (1967)
* Joanne Woodward (1968)
* Jane Fonda (1969)
* Glenda Jackson (1970)
* Jane Fonda (1971)
* Liv Ullmann (1972)
* Joanne Woodward (1973)
* Liv Ullmann (1974)
* Isabelle Adjani (1975)
* Liv Ullmann (1976)
* Diane Keaton (1977)
* Ingrid Bergman (1978)
* Sally Field (1979)
* Sissy Spacek (1980)
* Glenda Jackson (1981)
* Meryl Streep (1982)
* Shirley MacLaine (1983)
* Peggy Ashcroft (1984)
* Norma Aleandro (1985)
* Sissy Spacek (1986)
* Holly Hunter (1987)
* Meryl Streep (1988)
* Michelle Pfeiffer (1989)
* Joanne Woodward (1990)
* Jodie Foster (1991)
* Emma Thompson (1992)
* Holly Hunter (1993)
* Linda Fiorentino (1994)
* Jennifer Jason Leigh (1995)
* Emily Watson (1996)
* Julie Christie (1997)
* Cameron Diaz (1998)
* Hilary Swank (1999)
* Laura Linney (2000)
* Sissy Spacek (2001)
* Diane Lane (2002)
* Hope Davis (2003)
* Imelda Staunton (2004)
* Reese Witherspoon (2005)
* Helen Mirren (2006)
* Julie Christie (2007)
* Sally Hawkins (2008)
* Meryl Streep (2009)
* Annette Bening (2010)
* Meryl Streep (2011)
* Rachel Weisz (2012)
* Cate Blanchett (2013)
* Marion Cotillard (2014)
* Saoirse Ronan (2015)
* Isabelle Huppert (2016)
* Saoirse Ronan (2017)
* Regina Hall (2018)
* Lupita Nyong'o (2019)
* Sidney Flanigan (2020)
* Lady Gaga (2021)
* Cate Blanchett (2022)
* Lily Gladstone (2023)
* Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* 2
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Greece
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN
* MusicBrainz
* KulturNav
* FID

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* SNAC

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template