Ground Observer Corps

United States civil defense organizations

Russian Lullaby—
Do the Russian leaders really want peace or to lull us into a sense of false security?

> We Americans want to believe that the Kremlin peace overtures are sincere. We hope that the Soviet government genuinely desires to settle the differences between East and West in a peaceful manner over the conference table.

> But, while we listen willingly to any of their peace proposals, we must not let ourselves be lulled into a sense of false security. Not while the Kremlin still has about 1000 long-range bombers which can strike any part of the United States.

> Our Air Force and Army Anti-Aircraft defenses are on round-the-clock duty guarding against the threat of enemy air attack. But they need the help of an active and alert Ground Observer Corps to spot low-flying enemy planes that might sneak under our radar network.

> So, if you are not already one of the 300,000 civilian volunteer plane spotters in the Ground Observer Corps, join now. Remember, so long as the Iron Curtain exists we must always be on guard. Never forget that eternal vigilance is still the price of liberty.

—Newspaper post in January 1955[1]

The Ground Observer Corps (GOC), sometimes erroneously referred to as the Ground Observation Corps, was the name of two American civil defense organizations during the middle 20th century.

## World War II organization

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WW2-era Ground Observer Corps recruitment poster

The first Ground Observer Corps was a World War II Civil Defense program of the United States Army Air Forces to protect United States territory against air attack. The 1.5 million civilian observers at 14,000 coastal observation posts performed naked eye and binocular searches to detect German or Japanese aircraft. Observations were telephoned to filter centers, which forwarded authenticated reports to the Aircraft Warning Service, which also received reports from Army radar stations. The program ended in 1944.[2] A few Aircraft Warning Service Observation Towers survive as relics.

## Cold War organization

[edit]

The second Ground Observer Corps,[3][4][5] with programmatic aims and methodologies similar to the first, was organized in early 1950, during the Cold War. Its creation was prompted by the similar organization formed in Canada in 1950, the RCAF Ground Observer Corps.

Operating as an arm of the United States Air Force Civil Defense service, the second GOC supplemented the Lashup Radar Network and the Permanent System radar stations.[6] Observations were telephoned directly to filter centers[3][7] and the information was relayed to Air Defense Command ground control interception centers.[8] By 1952 the GOC program was expanded into Operation Skywatch, consisting of 750,000 volunteers aged 7 to 86 years old working in shifts at over 16,000 posts and 73 filter centers.[9][10] Extant examples of observation platforms used by GOC/Skywatch volunteers include the Cairo Skywatch Tower,[11] the West Island tower in Fairhaven, Massachusetts (originally part of a World War II-era anti-submarine Fire-control system),[12] and a tower in Soda Springs, Idaho.[13]

The second GOC program ended in 1958[14] with the advent of automated Army (Missile Master) and Air Force (SAGE) radar systems. GOC volunteers were encouraged to continue their service in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES).[15]

1950s civilian GOC pin

1950s civilian Skywatch recruiting sticker

Map of Ground Observer Corps stations

## Popular culture

[edit]

The GOC was a story element in the 1957 science fiction film The Deadly Mantis.

External image

1952 map

## See also

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* Aircraft recognition
* Aircraft Identity Corps (Canada)
* Volunteer Air Observers Corps (Australia)
* Royal Observer Corps (United Kingdom)
* Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland

## References

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1. ^ "Russian Lullaby?". The Independent Record. Helena, Montana, U.S. January 8, 1955. p. 5. U.S. Government work, "Contributed as a public service by The Independent Record".
2. ^ Morgan, Mark L; Berhow, Mark A (2002). Rings of Supersonic Steel (Google Books) (second ed.). Hole in the Head Press. ISBN 0-615-12012-1. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
3. ^ a b "Less Than Half Spotter Time Filled In Week" (Google News Archive). The Gettysburg Times. Times and News Publishing Company. April 5, 1954. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
4. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian. "Oldies and Oddities: When Civvies Scrambled Fighters". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
5. ^ Callander, Bruce D. (February 2006). "The Ground Observer Corps" (PDF). Air and Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
6. ^ Winkler, David F (1997). Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command.
7. ^ "News of Southington". Meriden Record. Meriden, Connecticut. February 22, 1954. "The meeting will be addressed by Lieut. Wenzel of the New Haven Filter Center,..."
8. ^ Schaffel, Kenneth (1991). The Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution of Continental Air Defense, 1945–1960. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on November 13, 2005.
9. ^ "Before decent radar, the U.S. enlisted 800,000 children, hobbyists, and other Americans as lookouts". www.timeline.com. September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
10. ^ "The Ground Observed Corps". radomes.org. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
11. ^ "Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)" (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Note: This includes John M. Harris; Angela Bowen; Ben Ross (July 2001). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Cairo Skywatch Tower" (PDF). Retrieved July 1, 2016. and Accompanying photographs
12. ^ "WW II Fire Control Tower". Town Beach at West Island. westislandweather.com. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
13. ^ "Ground Observation Corps Soda Springs Post Historical Marker". The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org). J. J. Prats. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
14. ^ "Filter Center 'In Reserve'". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. January 1, 1958.
15. ^ Rimkunas, Barbara (April 25, 2019). "Historically Speaking: The Ground Observer Corps in Exeter". The Portsmouth Herald. Gannett Co., Inc. Retrieved January 19, 2021.

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