Group Areas Act

South African laws codifying racial segregation

Mass protest at Durban on 28 May 1945 against the Group Areas Bill and the Suppression of Communism Bill attended by over 0. The meeting was jointly organised by the African National Congress, Natal Indian Congress, and the Coloured People Organisation. Group Areas Act, 1950

Parliament of South Africa

Long title

* Act to provide for the establishment of group areas, for the control of the acquisition of immovable property and the occupation of land and premises, and for matters incidental thereto.

Citation| Act No. 41 of 1950
Enacted by| Parliament of South Africa
Commenced| 30 March 1951 (Cape, Transvaal, Natal)
31 October 1952 (O.F.S.)
Repealed| 1 November 1957
Administered by| Minister of the Interior
Legislative history
Bill title| 250009665
Passed| 2785x
Repealed by
Group Areas Act, 1957
Status: Repealed
Group Areas Act, 1957

Parliament of South Africa

Long title

* Act to consolidate the law relating to the establishment of group areas, the control of the acquisition of immovable property and the occupation of land and premises and matters incidental thereto.

Citation| Act No. 77 of 1957
Enacted by| Parliament of South Africa
Royal assent| 24 June 1957
Commenced| 1 November 1957
Repealed| 26 October 1966
Administered by| Minister of the Interior
Repeals
Group Areas Act, 1950
Repealed by
Group Areas Act, 1966
Status: Repealed
Group Areas Act, 1966

Parliament of South Africa

Long title

* Act to consolidate the law relating to the establishment of group areas, the control of the acquisition of immovable property and the occupation of land and premises, and matters incidental thereto.

Citation| Act No. 36 of 1966
Enacted by| Parliament of South Africa
Assented to| 5 October 1966
Commenced| 26 October 1966
Repealed| 30 June 1991
Administered by| Minister of Planning
Repeals
Group Areas Act, 1957
Repealed by
Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991
Status: Repealed

Group Areas Act was the title of three acts of the Parliament of South Africa enacted under the apartheid government of South Africa. The acts assigned racial groups to different residential and business sections in urban areas in a system of urban apartheid. An effect of the law was to exclude people of colour from living in the most developed areas, which were restricted to Whites (e.g. Sea Point, Claremont). It required many people of colour to commute large distances from their homes to be able to work. The law led to people of colour being forcibly removed for living in the "wrong" areas. People of colour, who were the majority at the time, were given much smaller areas (e.g., Tongaat, Grassy Park) to live in than the white minority. Pass Laws required people of colour to carry pass books and later "reference books",[1] similar to passports, to enter the "white" parts of the country.

The first Group Areas Act, the Group Areas Act, 1950 was promulgated on 7 July 1950, and it was implemented over a period of several years. It was amended by Parliament in 1952, 1955 (twice), 1956 and 1957. Later in 1957, it was repealed and re-enacted in consolidated form as the Group Areas Act, 1957, which was amended in 1961, 1962, and 1965. In 1966, that version was, in turn, repealed and re-enacted as the Group Areas Act, 1966, which was amended in 1969, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, and 1984. It was repealed, along with many other discriminatory laws, on 30 June 1991 by the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991.

## Background

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After the 1948 general election, D.F. Malan's administration commenced its policy of apartheid that sought to segregate the races in South Africa. The government hoped to achieve this through "separate development" of the races and this entailed passing laws that would ensure a distinction on social, economic, political and, in the case of the Group Areas Act, geographical lines.[2] The Group Areas Act may be regarded as an extension of the Asiatic Land Tenure Act, 1946.[3]

## Provisions

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The Act empowered the Governor-General to declare certain geographical areas to be for the exclusive occupation of specific racial groups. In particular the statute identified four such racial groups: whites, coloureds, indians, and natives. This authority was exercised on the advice of the Minister of the Interior and the Group Areas Board.[4]

Once an area had been designated for sole occupation by certain racial groups, the proclamation would not become legally effective for at least one year.[4] Once this time had expired, it became a criminal offence to remain in occupation of property in that area with the punishment potentially being a fine and two years' imprisonment.[5]

The Act also applied to businesses with racial designation being applied on the basis of the individuals who held a controlling interest in the company.[4]

## Impact

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The Act became an effective tool in the separate development of races in South Africa. It also granted the Minister of the Interior a mandate to forcibly remove non-whites from valuable pieces of land so that they could become white settlements.[4]

One of the most famous uses of the Group Areas Act was the destruction of Sophiatown, a suburb of Johannesburg.[6] On 9 February 1955, 2,000 policemen began removing residents to Meadowlands, Soweto and erected a new white-only area called Triomf (Victory).[7]

Nelson Mandela said of the Act in his book, Long Walk to Freedom:

> "the Groups Areas Act was the foundation of residential apartheid. Under its regulations, each racial group could own land, occupy premises, and trade only in its own separate area. Indians could henceforth only live in Indian areas, Africans in African, Coloureds in Coloured. If whites wanted the land or houses of the other groups, they could simply declare that land a white area and take them"[8]

## See also

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* Apartheid laws

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Women's Anti-Pass Law Campaigns in South Africa http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheid/a/WomensAntiPass.htm Archived 4 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-separate-development-south-africa The History of Separate Development in South Africa
3. ^ Davenport, T.R.H. (1978). South Africa: A Modern History. CUP. p. 259-9.
4. ^ a b c d Loveland, Ian (1999). By Due Process of Law: Racial Discrimination & the Right to Vote in South Africa 1855-1960. Hart. p. 242-3. ISBN 9781841130491.
5. ^ s. 34, Group Areas Act 1950
6. ^ "Urban Removals - the Destruction of Sophiatown | South African History Online".
7. ^ http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/sophiatown140206.htm#.Vbzqm_lViko Archived 2008-12-07 at the Wayback Machine Sophiatown again, 50 years on
8. ^ Mandela, Nelson (2004). The Long Walk to Freedom. Little Brown Book.

## External links

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* List of apartheid-era legislation Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
* Original copy of statute
* Cape Town's District Six Museum, which examines forced removals

* v
* t
* e

Apartheid legislation in South Africa

Precursors
(before 1948)|

* Hut tax (1884)
* Franchise and Ballot Act (1892)
* Glen Grey Act (1894)
* Natal Legislative Assembly Bill (1894)
* Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act (1906)
* South Africa Act (1909)
* Mines and Works Act (1911)
* Natives Land Act (1913)
* Natives (Urban Areas) Act (1923)
* Immorality Act (1927)
* Native Administration Act (1927)
* Representation of Natives Act (1936)
* Native Trust and Land Act (1936)
* Native (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act (1945)
* Asiatic Land Tenure Act (1946)

Malan to
Verwoerd
(1948–1966)|

* Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)
* Immorality Amendment Act (1950)
* Population Registration Act (1950)
* Group Areas Act (1950)
* Suppression of Communism Act (1950)
* Native Building Workers Act (1951)
* Separate Representation of Voters Act (1951)
* Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act (1951)
* Bantu Authorities Act (1951)
* Native Laws Amendment Act (1952)
* Pass Laws Act (1952)
* Public Safety Act (1953)
* Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act (1953)
* Bantu Education Act (1953)
* Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953)
* Natives Resettlement Act (1954)
* Group Areas Development Act (1955)
* Riotous Assemblies Act (1956)
* Industrial Conciliation Act (1956)
* Natives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act (1956)
* Immorality Act (1957)
* Bantu Investment Corporation Act (1959)
* Extension of University Education Act (1959)
* Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act (1959)
* Unlawful Organizations Act (1960)
* Indemnity Act (1961)
* Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act (1961)
* Republic of South Africa Constitution Act (1961)
* Urban Bantu Councils Act (1961)
* General Law Amendment Act (1963)
* Coloured Persons Representative Council Act (1964)

Post-Verwoerd
(1966–1994)|

* Terrorism Act (1967)
* Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act (1968)
* Prohibition of Political Interference Act (1968)
* Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act (1970)
* Bantu Homelands Constitution Act (1971)
* Aliens Control Act (1973)
* Indemnity Act (1977)
* National Key Points Act (1980) - List of National Key Points
* Internal Security Act (1982)
* Intimidation Act (1982)
* Black Local Authorities Act (1982)
* Republic of South Africa Constitution Act (1983)

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