Guaicuruan languages

Language family of South America

Not to be confused with Guaicurian languages.

Guaicuruan

Waikurúan
Geographic
distribution| northern Argentina, western Paraguay, southern Brazil
Ethnicity| Guaycuru peoples
Linguistic classification| Mataco–Guaicuru ?

* Guaicuruan

Subdivisions|

* Kadiweu
* Southern
* ?Eastern (Guachí–Payaguá) †

Language codes
Glottolog| `guai1249`

Guaicuruan (Guaykuruan, Waikurúan, Guaycuruano, Guaikurú, Guaicuru, Guaycuruana) is a language family spoken in northern Argentina, western Paraguay, and Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul). The speakers of the languages are often collectively called the Guaycuru peoples. For the most part, the Guaycuruans lived in the Gran Chaco and were nomadic and warlike, until finally subdued by the various countries of the region in the 19th century.

## Genetic relations

[edit]

Jorge A. Suárez includes Guaicuruan with Charruan in a hypothetical Waikuru-Charrúa stock. Morris Swadesh includes Guaicuruan along with Matacoan, Charruan, and Mascoian within his Macro-Mapuche stock. Both proposals appear to be obsolete.

## Family division

[edit]

There is a clear binary split between Northern Guaicuruan (Kadiwéu) and Southern Guaicuruan according to Nikulin (2019).[1] Guaicuruan/Waikurúan languages are often classified as follows:

* Guaicuruan
* Northern Guaicuruan
* Kadiweu (also known as Caduveo, Kadiwéu, Mbayá-Guaycuru, Mbayá, Guaicurú, Waikurú, Ediu-Adig)
* Southern Guaicuruan
* Pilagá (also known as Pilacá)
* Toba Qom (also known as Chaco Sur, Namqom)
* Mocoví (also known as Mbocobí, Mokoví, Moqoyt)
* Abipón (also known as Callaga, Kalyaga, Abipon) †
* Eastern Guaicuruan (often considered to be separate language isolates rather than part of Gaicuruan[2][1])
* Guachi (also known as Wachí) †
* Payagua (also known as Payawá) †

Abipón, Guachí, and Payaguá all are extinct.

Lyle Campbell (2012) classifies Guachi and Payagua each as language isolates.[2]

Harriet Klein argues against the assumption that Kadiweu is Guaicuruan. Most others accept the inclusion of Kadiweu into the family. The Guachi were absorbed by the Mbayá. The similarities with the Mbayá language may be due to borrowing rather than a familial relationship.[3]

* Toba is spoken in the eastern part of the Chaco and Formosa provinces of Argentina, in southern Paraguay, and in the eastern part of Bolivia; there are approximately 25,000 speakers. The Guaicuruan Toba language here should not be confused with the Mascoy language of the Mascoyan family which is also called Toba (or Toba-Emok, Toba-Maskoy).
* Pilagá, with about 4,000 speakers, is spoken in the northeastern part of Chaco province, and in eastern Formosa, Argentina;
* Mocoví, with about 7,000 speakers, is spoken in Argentina in the northern part of Santa Fe and southern Chaco provinces.
* Abipón, which was spoken in the eastern part of Chaco province, Argentina, is now extinct and was very closely related to the other languages in the southern branch

### Mason (1950)

[edit]

Internal classification of the Guaicuruan languages by Mason (1950):[4]

* Guaicuruan
* Guaicurú, Northern: Mbayá-Guaicurú
* West: Caduveo (Cadiguegodí), Guetiadegodí (Guetiadebo)
* East: Apacachodegodegí (Mbayá Mirim), Lichagotegodí (Icachodeguo ?), Eyibogodegí, Gotocogegodegí (Ocoteguebo ?)
* Payaguá (Lengua)
* North: Sarigué (Cadigué)
* South: Magach (Agacé, Siacuás, Tacumbú)
* Frentones
* Middle: Toba (Tocowit)
* Toba: Guazú, Komlék, Michi (Miri), Cocolot, Lanyagachek, Mogosma, Chirokina, Natica
* Pilagá
* Aguilot
* South
* Abipón (Callaga)
* Mapenuss (Yaukanigá)
* Mepene
* Gulgaissen (Kilvasa)
* Mocoví (Mbocobí)

Possible or doubtful Guaicuruan languages listed by Mason (1950):

* Guachi
* Layaná
* Juri (Suri)
* Querandí
* Mahoma (Hohoma)

## Vocabulary

[edit]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Guaicuruan languages.[5]

gloss | Guaicuru | Kaduveo | Beakeo | Toba-Guazú | Toba-Michí | Komlék | Pilagá | Mocoví | Abipon | Guachí | Payaguá

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

one  | uniniteguí | oniúde | uniditik | natedak | molek | niátakolék | onolik | iñiateda | iñitãra | tamak | hesle
two  | itoada | edoáda | itio-átate | kakainí | divastoluka | diákte |  | iñabako | iñoaká | euexo | tigaké
eye  | ni-güekogüe | o-gekore | i-gékure | iya-iti | kada-ité | kade-ité | kada-ité | niko-té | nato-ete | ya-taya | ya-tígui
ear  | na-pagate | ona-paráte | a-parate | tela | ke-telá | kadke-tilá | kalke-telá | li-kela | ketal | irtan-meté | ya-igua
tooth  | no-güe | odo-a | odoː-ué | ka-duhe | kada-uvé | kado-daití | kada-eté | ové | na-vue | ya-va | ya-serata
man  | uneleiːgua | onelégio | inelégioː | yalé | yalé | yalé | lxiguo | yalé | yoalé | shakup | akú
water  | nogodi | niorodi | níoroːdi | etarat | netath | noröp | itarat | varayák | enarp | öak | ueig
fire  | nuledi | nolédi | noːlédi | nodék | nodék | dóle | dolé | norík | nkátek |  | hicháte
earth  | iyogodi | iːgo | íru | aloa | alugá | l'ova | aluá | alobá | alóa | leek | nagiku
fish  | nagoyegí | norodzyei | nrodzyég | niyak | niyak | niːak | nigiyak | nayí | noayi | anei | nahiguáte

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
2. ^ a b Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2\. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166\. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
3. ^ Steward, Julian H. (1946), Handbook of South American Indians, Volume 1, The Marginal Tribes, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, p. 214
4. ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6\. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
5. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
* Censabella, Marisa. (1999). Las lenguas indígenas de la Argentina. (pp 60–77). Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires. ISBN 950-23-0956-1.

## External links

[edit]

Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Guaicurú reconstructions

* Proel: Familia Guaycuruana

* v
* t
* e

Mataco–Guaicuru languages

Matacoan|

* Chorote
* Iyoʼwujwa Chorote
* Iyojwaʼja Chorote
* Maká
* Nivaclé
* Wichí
* Güisnay
* Nocten
* Vejoz

Guaicuruan|

* Abipón
* Kadiweu
* Mocoví
* Pilagá
* Toba

Mascoian|

* Angaité
* Enlhet
* Enxet
* Kaskihá
* Maskoy
* Sanapaná

Charruan ?|

* Charrúa
* Chaná
* Nbeuá
* Güenoa
* Balomar

Isolates|

* Guachí
* Payaguá

Italics indicate extinct languages

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan(?)
* Tuu
* Dogon?
* Ijoid?
* Kadu?
* Katla?
* Kru?
* Lafofa?
* Mande?
* Rashad?
* Songhay?
* Talodi–Heiban?
* Ubangian?

Isolates|

* Bangime
* Gule
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Mimi of Decorse?
* Ongota?
* Shabo?

Eurasia
(Europe
and Asia)|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
* Eskaleut
* Great Andamanese
* Hmong–Mien
* Hurro-Urartian
* Indo-European
* Japonic
* Kartvelian
* Koreanic
* Kra–Dai
* Mongolic
* Nivkh
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Ongan
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tungusic
* Turkic
* Tyrsenian
* Uralic
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir
* Arunachal?
* Digaro?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Mijiic?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kusunda
* Nihali
* Rutulian
* Sumerian
* Vedda
* Bugun?
* Eteocretan?
* Eteocypriot?
* Hruso?
* Kenaboi?
* Minoan?
* Puroik?
* Shompen?
* Tambora?

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Berau Gulf
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Demta–Sentani
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Foja Range
* Gogodala–Suki
* Hatam–Mansim
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* Mantion–Meax
* North Bougainville
* North Halmahera
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Senu River
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan–Pawaian
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Bird's Head
* Yam
* Yawan
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?
* West Papuan?

Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Burmeso
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Porome
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Sulka?
* Taiap?
* Tambora?
* Yele?

Australia|

* Bunuban
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Gunwinyguan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Maningrida
* Mirndi
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Northern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic (Northern Daly?)
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Darwin Region?
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi
* Gaagudju?
* Kungarakany?

North
America|

* Algic
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskaleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yuki–Wappo
* Yuman–Cochimí

Isolates|

* Alsea
* Atakapa
* Cayuse
* Chimariko
* Chitimacha
* Coahuilteco
* Cotoname
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Keres?
* Kutenai
* Natchez
* Salinan
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Tonkawa
* Tunica
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts?
* Yuchi
* Zuni

Mesoamerica|

* Arawakan
* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

South
America|

* Alacalufan
* Andoque–Urequena
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arawan
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Bororoan
* Cahuapanan
* Cañari–Puruhá
* Cariban
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Chicham
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Hibito–Cholón
* Huarpean
* Jirajaran
* Kakwa-Nukak
* Kariri
* Lule–Vilela
* Macro-Jê
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Quechuan
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Xukuruan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Catacaoan?

Isolates|

* Aikanã
* Arutani
* Betoi
* Camsá
* Candoshi-Shapra
* Canichana
* Cayubaba
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Chono
* Cofán
* Culle
* Esmeralda
* Guachí
* Guamo
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Iatê
* Irantxe
* Itonama
* Kanoê
* Kunza
* Kwaza
* Leco
* Maku/Jukude
* Matanawi
* Mochica
* Movima
* Munichi
* Mura-Pirahã
* Omurano
* Otí
* Páez
* Payaguá
* Puinave
* Purian
* Puquina
* Sape
* Sechura
* Tallán
* Taruma
* Taushiro
* Tequiraca
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Waorani/Huaorani
* Warao
* Yaruro
* Yahgan
* Yuracaré
* Yurumangui
* Katembri?
* Sanavirón?

Sign
languages|

* Arab
* Australian Aboriginal
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Hand Talk
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Paraguay–Uruguay?
* Providencia–Cayman?
* Sudanese?
* Tanzanian?

Isolates|

* See list of sign languages
* Village sign languages

See also|

* Constructed languages
* Creoles
* Language isolates
* Mixed languages
* Pidgins
* Spurious languages
* Unclassified languages
* Whistled languages

* Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

* v
* t
* e

Indigenous language families and isolates of South America

Based on Campbell 2024 classification

Language families
and isolates|

* Arawakan

| Je–Tupi–Carib ?|

* Cariban
* Tupian

| Macro-Jê sensu stricto|

* Jê
* Jabutian
* Jaikó †
* Kamakã †
* Karajá
* Krenakan 1
* Maxakalian
* Ofayé
* Rikbaktsá

|

Eastern Brazil|

* Karirian †
* Chiquitano
* Guató 1
* Purí–Coroado †
* Taruma 1
* Xukurú †
* Yaté

Orinoco (Venezuela)|

* Otomacoan †
* Sáliban
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Yanomaman
* Arutani 1
* Betoi †
* Guamo †
* Hodï
* Máku †
* Sapé †
* Warao
* Yaruro

Andes (Colombia and Venezuela)|

* Jirajaran †
* Paezan
* Timotean †
* Tiniguan 1
* Andaquí †
* Cofán
* Camsá

Amazon (Colombia, Japurá–Vaupés area)|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Boran
* Guajiboan
* Kakwa-Nukak
* Nadahup
* Puinave
* Tucanoan
* Witotoan

Pacific coast (Colombia and Ecuador)|

* Barbacoan
* Chibchan
* Chocoan
* Esmeralda †
* Yurumanguí †

Pacific coast (Peru)|

* Cañari–Puruhá †
* Mochica †
* Sechura †
* Tallán †
* Catacaos †
* Colán †

Amazon (Peru)|

* Cahuapanan
* Chicham
* Hibito–Cholon †
* Pano–Tacanan
* Peba–Yagua
* Zaparoan
* Candoshi
* Munichi †
* Omurano †
* Taushiro 1
* Tequiraca †
* Urarina
* Waorani

Amazon (west-central Brazil)|

* Arawan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Muran
* Matanawí †
* Trumai

Mamoré–Guaporé|

* Bororoan
* Chapacuran
* Mosetenan
* Nambikwaran
* Aikanã
* Arara do Rio Branco †
* Canichana †
* Cayubaba
* Itonama 1
* Irantxe
* Kanoê 1
* Kwazá
* Leco †
* Movima
* Yuracaré

Andes (Peru, Bolivia, and Chile)|

* Araucanian
* Aymaran
* Quechuan
* Uru–Chipaya
* Culle †
* Kunza †
* Puquina †

Chaco–Pampas|

* Charruan 1
* Chonan †
* Guaicuruan
* Huarpean †
* Lule–Vilelan †
* Matacoan
* Mascoyan
* Zamucoan
* Guachí †
* Payaguá †

Far South (Chile)|

* Qawasqaran
* Chono †
* Yaghan †

Proposed groupings|

* Duho
* Macro-Andean
* Macro-Arawakan
* Macro-Chibchan
* Macro-Jibaro
* Macro-Otomákoan
* Macro-Paesan
* Macro-Panoan
* Macro-Puinavean
* Mura–Matanawí
* Macro-Warpean
* Arutani–Sape
* Bora–Witoto
* Esmeralda–Yaruroan
* Je–Tupi–Carib
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mataco–Guaicuru
* Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
* Moseten–Chonan
* Quechumaran
* Saparo–Yawan
* Chimuan
* Tequiraca–Canichana
* Wamo–Chapakura
* Sechura–Catacao
* Amerind

Unclassified|

* Aguano †
* Anserma †
* Arma †
* Baenan †
* Bagua †
* Cabixi †
* Caimbé †
* Catuquinaru †
* Chachapoya †
* Comechingón †
* Copallen †
* Diaguita †
* Gamela †
* Gorgotoqui †
* Himarimã
* Humahuaca †
* Isolado do Tanarú †
* Kambiwá †
* Kapinawá †
* Katembri †
* Majena †
* Malibu †
* Mure †
* Natú †
* Otí †
* Pankararú †
* Palta †
* Panche †
* Paratió †
* Patagón †
* Pijao †
* Querandí †
* Quingnam †
* Ramanos †
* Sacata †
* Sanavirón †
* Sinú †
* Tapajó †
* Tarairiú †
* Truká †
* Tremembé †
* Tuxá †
* Wakoná †
* Wamoé †
* Wasu †
* Xokó †

Linguistic areas|

* Chaco
* Mamoré–Guaporé
* Amazonian

Countries|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Chile
* Ecuador
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Venezuela
* Guyana
* Suriname
* French Guiana

Lists|

* Languages
* Extinct languages
* Marañón River basin
* Unclassified languages
* Classification
* Linguistic areas

† indicates an extinct language, italics indicates independent status of a language, bold indicates that a language family has at least 6 members, 1 indicates that less than 10 native speakers left
*[†]: Extinct
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