Gualterus Anglicus

Anglo-Norman poet and scribe

Aesopus constructus etc., 1495 edition with metrical version of Fabulae Lib. I-IV by Anonymus Neveleti

Gualterus Anglicus (Medieval Latin for Walter the Englishman[1]) was an Anglo-Norman poet and scribe who produced a seminal version of Aesop's Fables (in distichs) around the year 1175.

## Identification of the author[edit]

This author was earlier called the Anonymus Neveleti, referring to attribution in the seventeenth-century Mythologia Aesopica of Isaac Nicholas Nevelet. The name Walter (Latin Gualterus) was produced by Léopold Hervieux,[2] on the basis of manuscript evidence, and he went on to identify the author as Walter of the Mill, archbishop of Palermo from 1168 onwards. Scholars have disputed this second step of identification;[3] it may no longer be supported.[4] The entire attribution is attacked.[5]

## The collection and its influence[edit]

This collection of 62 fables is more accurately called the verse Romulus,[6] or elegiac Romulus (from its elegiac couplets). Given the uncertainty over the authorship, these terms are used in scholarly works.

There is an earlier prose version of Romulus, also;[7][8] it has been dated as early as the tenth century,[9] or the sixth century.[10] It is adapted from Phaedrus; the initial fable "The Cock and the Jewel", supposedly the reply of Phaedrus to his critics,[10] marks out fable collections originating from this source. Walter changed the "jewel" from a pearl to jasper.[11][12]

The verse Romulus formed the mainstream versions of medieval 'Aesop'.[13] It is thought to be the version used by Dante.[14] It with Ovid influenced the Doligamus of Adolphus of Vienna [de].[15]

When John Lydgate produced Isopes Fabules, the first fable collection written in English, the verse Romulus was a major source.[16] Particularly sophisticated use of this fable tradition is made later in the 15th century in Robert Henryson's Morall Fabillis, written in Scots.[17][18][19][20]

Early printed editions appeared under the title Aesopus moralisatus, around 1500.

## References[edit]

* Julia Bastin (editor) (1929–30), Recueil général des Isopets (two volumes)
* Sandro Boldrini (1994), Uomini e bestie: le favole dell Aesopus latinus
* Aaron E. Wright (editor) (1997), The Fables of "Walter of England", Edited from Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, Codex Guelferbytanus 185 Helmstadiensis
* Paola Busdraghi (editor) (2005), L'Esopus. attribuito a Gualtiero Anglico
* Rebekka Nöcker: Volkssprachiges Proverbium in der Gelehrtenkultur : ein lateinischer Fabelkommentar des 15. Jahrhunderts mit deutschen Reimpaarepimythien; Untersuchung und Edition, Berlin [u.a.] : De Gruyter, 2015, ISBN 978-3-05-006442-0

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Galterus, Gualtherus Anglicus, Waltarius; Walter the Englishman, Walter of England, Walther; Gauthier or Gautier l'Anglais; Anonyme de Nevelet.
2. ^ In Les fabulistes latins depuis le siècle d'Auguste jusqu'à la fin du Moyen-Age, 1893-4.
3. ^ L. J. A. Loewenthal, For the Biography of Walter Ophamil, Archhishop of Palermo, The English Historical Review, Vol. 87, No. 342 (Jan., 1972), pp. 75-82.
4. ^ Bruno W. Häuptli (2005). "Walter von Palermo (Gualtiero di Palermo, Gautier de Palerme, Gualterius Palermitanus; angeblich auch: Waltherus Anglicus, Gualtiero Anglico, Gualterus Ophamilius, Walter of Mill, Gualtiero Offamilio)". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 25\. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1447–1453. ISBN 3-88309-332-7.
5. ^ Cataldo Roccaro, Sull'autore dell'Aesopus comunemente attribuito a Gualtiero Anglico, Pan: studi dell'Istituto di Filologia Latina, Università degli Studi, Palermo 17 (1999).
6. ^ "Ph. Renault - Fable et tradition ésopique". Bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be. 14 June 2006. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
7. ^ Laura Gibbs (29 December 2002). "Medieval Latin Online (University of Oklahoma)". Mythfolklore.net. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
8. ^ A. G. Rigg, History of Anglo-Latin Literature, 1066-1422 (1992) states that 58 of the 62 tales were from Phaedrus, via the prose Latin of 'Romulus'.
9. ^ John MacQueen, Complete and Full with Numbers: The Narrative Poetry of Robert Henryson (2006), p. 15.
10. ^ a b "Illinois Medieval Association". Luc.edu. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
11. ^ "Notes". Luc.edu. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
12. ^ Fabulae (Aesopus) - 1. De gallo et iaspide
13. ^ R. Howard Bloch, The Anonymous Marie de France (2006), p. 122.
14. ^ Ronald L. Durling, The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri: Inferno (1997), notes to Canto 23.4-6, p. 354.
15. ^ "Thesaurus Exemplorum Medii Aevi - Doligamus". Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
16. ^ Edward Wheatley, Mastering Aesop: Medieval Education, Chaucer, and His Followers, p. 125.
17. ^ Annabel M. Patterson, Fables of Power: Aesopian Writing and Political History (1991), p. 31.
18. ^ "The Morall Fabillis, Notes". Lib.rochester.edu. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
19. ^ "note 14". Luc.edu. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
20. ^ "The Morall Fabillis: Introduction". Lib.rochester.edu. Retrieved 29 April 2014.

## External links[edit]

* mythfolklore.net online texts
* Alim online texts Archived 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
* (in French) Arlima page