Gundi

Family of rodents

This article is about the rodent in general. For the North African gundi, see Common gundi. For other uses, see Gundi (disambiguation).

For the beetle, see Ctenodactylinae.

Gundi

Temporal range: Early Oligocene – Recent

PreꞒ

Ctenodactylus gundi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Mammalia
Order:  | Rodentia
Infraorder:  | Ctenodactylomorphi
Family:  | Ctenodactylidae
Gervais, 1853
Type genus
Ctenodactylus

Gray, 1830

Genera

Ctenodactylus
Felovia
Massoutiera
Pectinator

Gundis or comb rats are a group of small, stocky, African rodents in the family Ctenodactylidae. They live in rocky deserts across Northern Africa. The family comprises four living genera and five species (Speke's gundi, Felou gundi, Val's or desert gundi, common or North African gundi and Mzab gundi), as well as numerous extinct genera and species.[1] They are in the superfamily Ctenodactyloidea. Local people in northern Africa have always known about gundis, however they first came to the notice of western naturalists in Tripoli in 1774, and were given the name gundi mice.[2] While they are not regarded as pests, some people hunt gundis for food.[3]

All living gundi species are members of the Ctenodactylinae sub-family. The Ctenodactylidae family also includes three extinct sub-families, Tataromyinae, Karakoromyinae and Dystylomyinae.[4] The scientific name comes from Ancient Greek κτείς (kteís), "comb", and δάκτυλος (dáktulos), "finger".

## Description

[edit]

Gundis are from 17 to 18 cm in body length, with compact bodies covered in soft fur, short legs, and large eyes. They have only four toes on all feet and the middle toes of the hind feet carry comb-like bristles, which earned them the name "comb rat".[5] Gundis have short tails, which in some species are covered in a large fan of hair that aids in balancing as they move about their rocky and uneven environments. Their ribcages are flexible, which helps them fit into small crevices.

Gundis are herbivorous, eating almost every type of available plant. Like many other desert animals, they do not drink, obtaining all the moisture they need from their food.[5] Their incisors lack the layer of tough, orange, enamel found in other rodents, and they have a dental formula of:

Dentition

1.0.1-2.3
1.0.1-2.3

Females typically give birth to two young at a time, after a gestation period of about two months. Because of the need to preserve moisture, female gundis produce only a small amount of milk, and the young are fully weaned by four weeks of age.[5] On average, female gundis are bigger than males. Gundis live about 3 to 4 years in the wild.[3]

## Habitat and behavior

[edit]

Gundis live in all manner of rocky desert habitats: cliffs, hills, rocky outcrops, scree slopes, and so on. They are found between sea level and 2,500 meters in elevation.[3]

Life in colonies

Gundis live in colonies of up to a hundred or more individuals, although colonies are smaller in environments where food is particularly scarce. They shelter in existing rock crevices at night, or during midday when the sun becomes too hot for them to remain active. Most shelters are temporary, but some are occupied for years. Gundis pile onto each other for heat, especially in cold or windy weather. They are not known to hibernate. Gundi colonies have a dunghill that all the members of the colony use.[3]

Gundis are vocal animals, with a range of alarm calls and communication signals for group bonding, greetings, and alerting other gundis of predators. All members of Ctenodactylidae thump their hind feet on the ground when alarmed. Gundis rely on their acute hearing.[3]

If a gundi is threatened, it will run to the nearest rock crevice or play dead. While gundis are generally slow, they can sprint when threatened. Gundis can also climb up almost vertical surfaces.

## Evolution

[edit]

According to a DNA sequence study, the ancestors of the gundis diverged from those of the Laotian rock rat around the Lutetian, some 44 million years ago (Early/Middle Eocene).[6]

Fossils within Ctenodactylidae have been found in Asia, dating back to the mid-Eocene. Gundi fossils from the Pleistocene have been found in Asia, North Africa, and parts of Italy.[3]

## Taxonomy

[edit]

* Ctenodactylidae
* Ctenodactylus
* Common gundi, Ctenodactylus gundi
* Val's gundi, Ctenodactylus vali
* Felovia
* Felou gundi, Felovia vae
* Massoutiera
* Mzab gundi, Massoutiera mzabi
* Pectinator
* Speke's pectinator, Pectinator spekei

## References

[edit]

1. ^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11013-8.
2. ^ Macdonald, David W., ed. (2006). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920608-2.
3. ^ a b c d e f Kleiman, Devra G.; Geist, Valerius; McDade, Melissa C.; Hutchins, Michael, eds. (2004). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia (PDF). Vol. V Mammals (Second ed.). Canada: Thomson Gale. pp. 311–315\. ISBN 0-7876-5792-1. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
4. ^ López-Antoñanzas, Raquel; Knoll, Fabien (2011). "A comprehensive phylogeny of the gundis (Ctenodactylinae, Ctenodactylidae, Rodentia)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (3): 3. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.529175.
5. ^ a b c George, Wilma (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 706–707. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
6. ^ Huchon, Dorothée; Chevret, Pascale; Jordan, Ursula; Kilpatrick, C. William; Ranwez, Vincent; Jenkins, Paulina D.; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2007). "Multiple molecular evidences for a living mammalian fossil". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (18): 7495–7499\. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.7495H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701289104. PMC 1863447. PMID 17452635.

* v
* t
* e

Extant families in order Rodentia

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Mammalia
* Infraclass: Eutheria
* Superorder: Euarchontoglires

Sciuromorpha
("Squirrel-like")|

* Aplodontiidae (Mountain beaver)
* Gliridae (Dormice)
* Sciuridae (Squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, susliks and prairie dogs)

Castorimorpha
("Beaver-like")|

Castoroidea

Castoridae (Beavers)

Geomyoidea

Geomyidae (Pocket gophers)
Heteromyidae (Kangaroo rats and mice, pocket mice)

Myomorpha
("Mouse-like")|

Dipodoidea

Dipodidae (Jerboas, jumping mice and birch mice)

Muroidea

Platacanthomyidae (Oriental dormice)
Spalacidae (Zokors, bamboo rats, mole rats, blind mole rats)
Calomyscidae (Mouse-like hamsters)
Nesomyidae (Malagasy rats and relatives)
Cricetidae (Hamsters and relatives)
Muridae (House mouse and relatives)

Anomaluromorpha
("Anomalure-like")|

* Anomaluridae (Anomalures)
* Pedetidae (Springhares)

Hystricomorpha
("Porcupine-like")|

* Ctenodactylidae (Gundis)
* Diatomyidae (Laotian rock rat)
* Hystricidae (Old World porcupines)

Phiomorpha

Bathyergidae (Blesmols)
Petromuridae (Dassie rat)
Thryonomyidae (Cane rats)

Caviomorpha (New World hystricognaths)

Erethizontidae (New World porcupines)
Caviidae (Cavies)
Cuniculidae (Pacas)
Dasyproctidae (Agoutis and acouchis)
Dinomyidae (Pacarana)
Ctenomyidae (Tuco-tucos)
Echimyidae (Spiny rats, coypus, hutias)
Octodontidae (Degus and relatives)
Abrocomidae (Chinchilla rats)
Chinchillidae (Chinchillas and viscachas)

* v
* t
* e

Extant species of family Ctenodactylidae (gundis)

* Kingdom Animalia
* Phylum Chordata
* Class Mammalia
* Order: Rodentia
* Suborder: Hystricomorpha

Ctenodactylus|

* Common gundi (Ctenodactylus gundi)
* Val's gundi (Ctenodactylus vali)

Felovia|

* Felou gundi (Felovia vae)

Massoutiera|

* Mzab gundi (Massoutiera mzabi)

Pectinator|

* Speke's pectinator (Pectinator spekei)

Category

* v
* t
* e

Hystricomorpha

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Mammalia
* Order: Rodentia

Ctenodactylomorphi

| Incertae sedis|

* †Butomys
* †Mergenomys

|

†Chapattimyidae|

* Basalomys
* Birbalomys
* Chapattimys
* Kazygurtia
* Subathumys

†Baluchimyinae|

* Asterattus
* Baluchimys
* Lindsaya
* Lophibaluchia
* Wakkamys
* Zindapiria

†Chapattimyinae|

* Bolosomys
* Chapattimys
* Chkhikvadzomys
* Geitonomys
* Gumbatomys
* Khodzhentia
* Terrarboreus

Ctenodactylidae|

* †Africanomys
* Ctenodactylus
* Felovia
* †Irhoudia
* †Karakoromys
* Massoutiera
* †Metasayimys
* Pectinator
* †Pellegrinia
* †Pireddamys
* †Proafricanomys
* †Prosayimys
* †Sardomys
* †Sayimys
* †Tartaromys

Diatomyidae|

* †Diatomys
* †Fallomus
* †Inopinatia
* Laonastes
* †Marymus
* †Pierremus
* †Willmus

†Tamquammyidae|

* Orogomys
* Tsagankhushumys

†Cocomyinae|

* Cocomys

†Tamquammyinae|

* Adolomys
* Bumbanomys
* Kharomys
* Sharomys
* Tsagamys
* Ulanomys
* Viriosomys

†Tsinlingomyinae|

* Tsinlingomys

†Yuomyidae|

* Advenimus
* Petrokozlovia
* Saykanomys
* Yuomys

Hystricognathiformes

| †Tsaganomyidae|

* Coelodontomys
* Cyclomilus
* Tsaganomys

|

Hystricognathi|

| Phiomorpha|

| Bathyergomorpha|

* †Paracryptomys

Bathyergidae|

* Bathyergus
* Cryptomys
* Fukomys
* Georychus
* Heliophobius

†Bathyergoidae|

* Bathyergoides

Heterocephalidae|

* Heterocephalus

†Diamantomyidae|

* Diamantomys
* Metaphiomys
* Pomonomys
* Prepomonomys

Hystricidae|

* Atherurus
* Hystrix
* †Miohystrix
* †Sivacanthion
* Trichys
* †Xenohystrix

†Kenyamyidae|

* Kenyamys
* Simonimys

†Myophiomyidae|

| †Myophiomyinae|

* Elmerimys
* Myophiomys
* Phiomyoides

|

†Phiocricetomyinae|

* Phiocricetomys

Petromuridae|

* †Apodecter
* Petromus
* †Tufamys

†Phiomyidae|

* Acritophiomys
* Andrewsimys
* Elwynomys
* Gaudeamus
* Phiomys

Thryonomyidae|

* †Epiphiomys
* †Kochalia
* †Monamys
* †Neosciuromys
* †Paraphiomys
* †Paraulacodus
* †Protohummus
* †Sacaresia
* Thryonomys

Caviomorpha|

*     * See below↓

Caviomorpha

| Incertae sedis|

* †Luribayomys

|

Cavioidea|

* †Guiomys
* †Scotamys

Caviidae|

| Caviinae|

* †Allocavia
* †Cardiomys
* Cavia
* †Caviops
* †Dolicavia
* Galea
* †Macrocavia
* Microcavia
* †Neocavia
* †Palaeocavia
* †Pascualia

|

Dolichotinae|

* Dolichotis
* †Eodolichotis
* Pediolagus
* †Pliodolichotis
* †Propediolagus
* †Rhodanodolichotis

Hydrochoerinae|

* †Anatochoerus
* †Cardiatherium
* †Contracavia
* †Hydrochoeropsis
* Hydrochoerus
* Kerodon
* †Neochoerus
* †Nothydrochoerus
* †Phugatherium
* †Procellusignum
* †Xenocardia

Ctenomyidae|

* Ctenomys

Dasyproctidae|

* †Alloiomys
* †Australoprocta
* †Brasinamys
* Dasyprocta
* †Incamys
* †Megastus
* Myoprocta
* †Neoreomys
* †Palmiramys

Dinomyiidae|

* †Agnomys
* †Borikenomys
* †Pseudodiodomus

Dinomyinae|

* Dinomys
* †Telodontomys

†Eumegamyinae|

* Arazamys
* Briaromys
* Colpostemma
* Doellomys
* Eumegamysops
* Eumegamys
* Gyriabrus
* Isostylomys
* Josephoartigasia
* Orthomys
* Pentastylodon
* Pseudosigmomys
* Telicomys
* Tetrastylus

†Potamarchinae|

* Eusigmomys
* Olenopsis
* Potamarchus
* Scleromys
* Simplimus

†Eocardiidae|

| †Eocardiinae|

* Chubutomys
* Eocardia
* Matiamys
* Neophanomys
* Phanomys
* Shistomys

|

†Luantinae|

* Asteromys
* Luantus

†Neoepiblemidae|

* Doryperimys
* Neoepiblema
* Perimys
* Phoberomys

†Cephalomyidae|

* Banderomys
* Cephalomyopsis
* Cephalomys
* Litodontomys
* Soriamys

Chinchilloidea|

| Abrocomidae|

* Abrocoma
* Cuscomys
* †Protabrocoma

|

Chinchillidae|

* Chinchilla
* †Eoviscaccia
* †Incamys
* Lagidium
* Lagostomus
* †Pliolagostomus
* †Prolagostomus

Erethizontoidea|

| Erethizontidae|

* †Branisamyopsis
* †Cholamys
* †Eopululo
* †Hypsosteiromys
* †Microsteiromys
* †Neosteiromys
* †Palaeosteiromys
* †Paradoxomys
* †Parasteiromys
* †Protosteiromys

Chaetomyinae|

* Chaetomys

Erethizontinae|

* Coendou
* Erethizon

Octodontoidea|

| Echimyidae|

* †Cercomys
* †Maruchito
* †Paulacoutomys
* †Proclinodontomys
* †Willidewu

†Adelphomyinae|

* Adelphomys
* Deseadomys
* Paradelphomys
* Stichomys
* Xylechimys

Capromyinae|

| Capromyini|

* Capromys
* Geocapromys
* Mesocapromys
* Mysateles

|

†Hexolobodontini|

* Hexolobodon

†Isolobodontini|

* Isolobodon

Plagiodontini|

* †Hyperplagiodontia
* Plagiodontia
* †Rhizoplagiodontia

Carterodontinae|

* Carterodon

Echimyinae|

| Echimyini|

* Dactylomys
* Diplomys
* Echimys
* Isothrix
* Kannabateomys
* Lonchothrix
* Makalata
* Mesomys
* Olallamys
* Pattonomys
* Phyllomys
* Santamartamys
* Toromys

|

Myocastorini|

* Callistomys
* Hoplomys
* Myocastor
* Proechimys
* Thrichomys

†Eumysopinae|

* Acarechimys
* Chasichimys
* Eumysops
* Palaeoechimys
* Pampamys
* Pattersomys
* Protacaremys
* Protadelphomys
* Sallamys

Euryzygomatomyinae|

* Clyomys
* Euryzygomatomys
* Trinomys

†Heteropsomyinae|

* Boromys
* Brotomys
* Heteropsomys
* Puertoricomys

†Heptaxodontidae|

* Amblyrhiza
* Clidomys
* Elasmodontomys
* Quemisia
* Xaymaca

Octodontidae|

* Aconaemys
* Octodon
* Octodontomys
* Octomys
* Pipanacoctomys
* Spalacopus
* Tympanoctomys

Taxon identifiers

Ctenodactylidae|

* Wikidata: Q655774
* Wikispecies: Ctenodactylidae
* ADW: Ctenodactylidae
* BOLD: 531914
* CoL: 8RR
* EoL: 8687
* GBIF: 5496
* iNaturalist: 43825
* IRMNG: 104858
* ITIS: 573170
* MSW: 13300003
* NCBI: 10164
* Open Tree of Life: 692690
* Paleobiology Database: 41942

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*[e]: Edit this template
*[†]: Extinct