Gunpowder Incident

1775 conflict of the American Revolutionary War

Not to be confused with Gunpowder Plot.

Gunpowder Incident

Part of the American Revolutionary War

The powder magazine in Williamsburg from which the gunpowder was removed
| Date| April 21, 1775

|

Location|

Williamsburg, Virginia

37°16′14.66″N 76°41′59.98″W﻿ / ﻿37.2707389°N 76.6999944°W﻿ / 37.2707389; -76.6999944
Result|  British sailors remove military supplies
Militia uprising peacefully resolved

* v
* t
* e

Southern theater
1775–1779

1775

* Gunpowder Incident
* Kemp's Landing
* Snow Campaign
* Savage's Old Fields
* Great Cane Brake
* Great Bridge

1776

* Norfolk
* Moore's Creek Bridge
* Rice Boats
* Tybee Island
* Sullivan's Island
* Gwynn's Island
* Lindley's Fort
* Coweecho River

1777

* Thomas Creek

1778

* Alligator Bridge
* 1st Savannah

1779

* Beaufort
* Van Creek
* Kettle Creek
* Brier Creek
* Chesapeake raid
* Stono Ferry
* Fort Bute
* Lake Pontchartrain
* Charles Town
* Baton Rouge
* 2nd Savannah

The Gunpowder Incident (or Powder Alarm or Gunpowder Affair) was a conflict early in the American Revolutionary War between Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of the Colony of Virginia, and militia led by Patrick Henry. On April 21, 1775, two days after the Battles of Lexington and Concord (and well before news of those events reached Virginia), Lord Dunmore ordered the removal of the gunpowder from the magazine in Williamsburg, Virginia, to a Royal Navy ship.

This action sparked local unrest, and militia companies began mustering throughout the colony. Henry led a small militia force toward Williamsburg to force return of the gunpowder to the colony's control. The matter was resolved without conflict when a payment of £330 was made to Henry. Dunmore, fearing for his personal safety, later retreated to a naval vessel, ending royal control of the colony.

## Background

[edit]

Military tensions began to rise in the British colonies of North America in 1774 when a series of legislative acts by the British Parliament known as the Intolerable Acts began to be implemented in the colonies. The colonies, in solidarity with the Province of Massachusetts Bay—which had been singled out for punishment by those acts in the wake of the Boston Tea Party—had organized a Congress to meet in September 1774.[1] During the meeting of the First Continental Congress, word arrived of a militia uprising in Massachusetts that became known as the Powder Alarm. In early September, General Thomas Gage, the royal governor of Massachusetts, had removed gunpowder from a powder magazine in Charlestown (in a location now in Somerville), and militia from all over New England had flocked to the area in response to false rumors that violence had been involved.[2][3] One consequence of this action was that the Congress called for the colonies to organize militia companies for their defense.[3] Another was that Lord Dartmouth, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, advised the colonial governors to secure their military supplies and prohibited importation of further supplies of powder.[4]

In early 1775, Virginians began to organize militia companies and seek out military supplies (weapons, ammunition, and gunpowder) to arm and equip them. Lord Dunmore, Virginia's royal governor, saw this rising unrest in his colony and sought to deprive Virginia militia of these supplies.[4] It was not until after Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death!" speech at the Second Virginia Convention on March 23 that Dunmore "[thought] it prudent to remove some Gunpowder which was in a Magazine in this place."[5] Although British Army troops had been withdrawn from Virginia in the wake of the Powder Alarm, there were several Royal Navy ships in the Virginia waters of Chesapeake Bay. On April 19, Lord Dunmore quietly brought a company of British sailors into Williamsburg and quartered them in the governor's mansion. Dunmore then ordered Captain Henry Collins, commander of HMS Magdalen, to remove the gunpowder from the magazine in Williamsburg.[6]

## Removing the gunpowder

[edit]

Drawing of the octagonal Williamsburg Magazine

On the early morning of April 21, 1775, Royal Navy sailors went to the Williamsburg powder magazine, loaded 15 half-barrels of powder into the governor's wagon, and transported it to the eastern end of the Quarterpath Road to be loaded aboard the Magdalen in the James River. The act was discovered by townsfolk while underway, and they sounded an alarm. Local militia rallied to the scene, and riders spread word of the incident across the colony. Dunmore had as a precaution armed his servants with muskets, and it was only the calming words of Patriot leaders, including the Speaker of the House of Burgesses, Peyton Randolph, that prevented the assembling crowd from storming Dunmore's mansion.[6] The city council demanded the return of the powder, claiming it was the property of the colony and not the Crown. Dunmore demurred, stating that he was moving the powder as protection against its seizure during a rumored slave uprising, and would eventually return it. This seemed to satisfy the assembled crowd, and it dispersed peacefully.[7]

Unrest however persisted in Williamsburg and spread throughout the countryside. After a second crowd was convinced to disperse by Patriot leaders, Dunmore reacted angrily, warning on April 22 that if attacked, he would "declare Freedom to the Slaves, and reduce the City of Williamsburg to Ashes."[6] He also told a Williamsburg alderman that he had "once fought for the Virginians" but "By God, I would let them see that I could fight against them."[8]

Patrick Henry, portrait by George Bagby Matthews c. 1891 after an original by Thomas Sully

By April 29, militia mobilizing in the countryside had learned of the battles at Lexington and Concord. Nearly 700 men mustered at Fredericksburg and decided to send a messenger to Williamsburg to assess the situation before marching on the capital. Randolph advised against violence, and George Washington, a longtime leader of the Virginia militia, concurred. In response to their advice, the Fredericksburg militia voted by a narrow margin not to march.[9] However, militia from other parts of the colony did march to Williamsburg. The Hanover County militia, led by Henry, voted on May 2 to march on Williamsburg. Henry dispatched a small company to the home of Richard Corbin, who was the deputy collector of the royal revenue in Virginia, in a bid to force him to pay for the powder from Crown revenue in his possession; the remainder of the Hanover County militia, numbering about 150, marched toward Williamsburg, arriving about 15 miles (24 km) away on May 3.[10] That day Dunmore's family escaped Williamsburg to Porto Bello, Lord Dunmore's hunting lodge on the York River, and from there to HMS Fowey, lying at anchor in the York River.[11]

Corbin was not at home—he was in Williamsburg, meeting with Dunmore.[10] Henry was advised by Carter Braxton, Corbin's son-in-law and a Patriot member of the House of Burgesses, not to enter the city, while Braxton rode into the city and negotiated a payment.[12] The next day, May 4, Henry received a bill of exchange for £330 signed by a wealthy plantation owner, as payment for the powder (he refused the offer of payment from Crown accounts).[9] Henry then departed to take his place as a member of Virginia's delegation to the Second Continental Congress, promising to deliver the money to "the Virginia Delegates at the General congress".[13] On May 6 Dunmore issued a proclamation charging Henry with extortion of the £330 and forbidding the citizenry to assist Henry in any way.[9] Henry was offered protection by several counties and was escorted by several companies of militia to the Maryland border as he made his way to Philadelphia.[12]

## Aftermath

[edit]

Portrait of Dunmore by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1765

The incident burnished Henry's reputation while worsening Dunmore's popularity.[12][14] Although his family briefly returned to Williamsburg on May 12 as a sign of good faith, relations between Dunmore and the House of Burgesses continued to deteriorate. During the night of June 3 or early morning of June 4, 1775, a spring-gun set by the British to protect the military stores in the magazine in Williamsburg[15] wounded two young men who had broken in. The subsequent outrage by the local population proved to be the final act of the Gunpowder Incident, leading Governor Dunmore to flee the city to a British warship and declare the Commonwealth of Virginia in a state of rebellion. On June 8, Dunmore and his family fled the Governor's Palace in the middle of the night and took up residence aboard the Fowey.[16] The Burgesses had been deliberating the Conciliatory Resolution, a proposal that was an attempt by the North Ministry to divide the colonies. In the wake of Dunmore's flight, the Burgesses rejected the proposal.[17]

Dunmore continued to make vigorous attempts to regain control of the colony, but after a decisive defeat of British forces at Great Bridge in December, he was reduced to raiding operations and eventually abandoned the colony for good in August 1776.[18] Virginia's government was first taken over by a Committee of Safety, chosen by the Third Virginia Convention in July 1775; Henry became the independent state's first governor in July 1776.[19]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Russell, pp. 45–46
2. ^ Richmond, p. 6
3. ^ a b Russell, p. 48
4. ^ a b Selby and Higginbotham, p. 1
5. ^ Williamson, p. 54
6. ^ a b c Russell, p. 52
7. ^ Selby and Higginbotham, p. 2
8. ^ Selby and Higginbotham, p. 3
9. ^ a b c Russell, p. 53
10. ^ a b Selby and Higginbotham, p. 4
11. ^ Kibler, J. Luther (April 1931). "Numerous Errors in Wilstach's 'Tidewater Virginia' Challenge Criticism". William and Mary Quarterly. 2nd Ser. 11 (2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 152–156\. doi:10.2307/1921010. JSTOR 1921010.
12. ^ a b c Selby and Higginbotham, p. 5
13. ^ Vaughan, p. 88
14. ^ Vaughan, p. 89
15. ^ Colonial Williamsburg Magazine Archived 2005-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
16. ^ Selby and Higginbotham, pp. 41–43
17. ^ Selby and Higginbotham, p. 44
18. ^ Russell, pp. 68–76
19. ^ Selby and Higginbotham, pp. 52,121

## References

[edit]

* Richmond, Robert P (1971). Powder Alarm 1774. Princeton, NJ: Auerbach. ISBN 978-0-87769-073-3. OCLC 162197.
* Russell, David Lee (2000). The American Revolution in the Southern colonies. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0783-5. OCLC 248087936.
* Selby, John E; Higginbotham, Don (2007). The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg. ISBN 978-0-87935-233-2. OCLC 124076712.
* Vaughan, David (1997). Give Me Liberty: the Uncompromising Statesmanship of Patrick Henry. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing. ISBN 978-1-888952-22-3. OCLC 36372369.

## External links

[edit]

* "Primary Documents Relating to the Seizure of Powder at Williamsburg, VA, April 21, 1775"
* Old Virginia Gazette article on the Gunpowder Incident
* Proclamation against Patrick Henry
* Colonial Williamsburg – Magazine (including the Gunpowder Incident)

* v
* t
* e

Virginia in the American Revolution

Early|

* Parson's Cause (1763)
* Virginia Resolves (1765)
* Virginia Association (1769)

1774|

* Loudoun Resolves
* Fairfax Resolves
* First Virginia Convention

1775|

* Fincastle Resolutions
* Augusta Resolves
* "Give me liberty or give me death!"
* Gunpowder Incident
* Formation of Culpeper Minutemen
* Dunmore's Proclamation
* Formation of Ethiopian Regiment
* Battle of Kemp's Landing
* Battle of Great Bridge
* Second Virginia Convention
* Third Virginia Convention
* Fourth Virginia Convention

1776|

* Burning of Norfolk
* Formation of Lee's Legion
* Fifth Virginia Convention
* Augusta Declaration
* Lee Resolution
* Virginia Declaration of Rights

1779|

* Chesapeake raid

1781|

* Raid on Richmond
* Skirmish at Waters Creek
* Battle of Cape Henry
* Battle of Blandford
* Action at Osborne's
* Raid on Point of Fork
* Battle of Spencer's Ordinary
* Battle of Green Spring
* Francisco's Fight
* Battle of the Chesapeake
* Siege of Yorktown

* v
* t
* e

Patrick Henry

* 1st and 6th Governor of Virginia (1776-1779, 1784-1786)
* Delegate to the First Continental Congress (1774–1775)

Founding of the
United States|

* Parson's Cause
* Sons of Liberty (Philadelphia)
* Virginia Resolves
* Petition to the King (1774, co-wrote, signed)
* Continental Association (1774, signed)
* Second Virginia Convention
* "Give me Liberty or give me Death!"
* Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
* Gunpowder Incident
* Anti-Federalists
* papers
* Virginia Ratifying Convention

Elections|

* 1776 Virginia gubernatorial election

Homes|

* Birthplace
* Pine Slash
* Hanover Tavern
* Scotchtown
* Governor's Palace
* Leatherwood Plantation
* Salisbury
* Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial (home and burial site)

Namesakes|

* Fort Henry
* Camp Patrick Henry
* Patrick Henry Building
* Emory and Henry University
* Patrick Henry College
* Patrick & Henry Community College
* Patrick Henry High School
* Patrick Henry International Airport
* Patrick Henry (packet)
* CSS Patrick Henry
* SS Patrick Henry
* USS Patrick Henry (SSBN-599)

Depictions|

* Give Me Liberty (1936 film)
* Old Glory (1939 film)
* Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)

Related|

* Sarah Shelton Henry (first wife)
* Dorothea Dandridge Henry (second wife)
* Sarah Winston Syme Henry (mother)
* William Henry (brother)
* Annie Henry Christian (sister)
* Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell (sister)
* William H. Roane (grandson)
* William Wirt Henry (grandson)
* Rural Plains
* St. John's Episcopal Church
* Founding Fathers

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template