Guntur district

District of Andhra Pradesh, India

This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Guntur.

District in Andhra Pradesh, India

Guntur district

District

Clockwise from top-left: Lakshmi Narasimha Temple in Mangalagiri, Annamayya Library, Vaikuntapuram temple in Tenali, Chuttugunta centre in Guntur, Flyover in Pedavadlapudi

Location of Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh

Coordinates (Guntur): 16°18′N 80°27′E﻿ / ﻿16.300°N 80.450°E﻿ / 16.300; 80.450
Country|  India
State| Andhra Pradesh
Region| Coastal Andhra
Headquarters| Guntur
Mandals| 18
Government

• Collector & District Magistrate| Nagalakshmi Selvarajan, I.A.S.[1]
• Superintendent of Police| S. Satish Kumar, I.P.S.
• Lok Sabha constituency| Guntur
• MP| Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani
• Assembly constituencies| 07
Area

• Total

| 2,443 km2 (943 sq mi)
• Urban

| 130.3 km2 (50.3 sq mi)
Population

(2011)

• Total

| 2,091,075
• Density| 860/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
• Urban

| 1,012,331
Demographics

• Literacy| 67.40%
• Sex ratio| 1003
Vehicle registration| AP-07 (former)
AP39 (from 30 January 2019)[2]
Major highways| NH-16
Website| guntur.ap.gov.in

Guntur district is one of the twenty six districts in the Coastal Andhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The administrative seat of the district is located at Guntur, the largest city of the district in terms of area and with a population of 670,073.[3] It has a coastline of approximately 100 km (62 mi) on the right bank of Krishna River, that separates it from Krishna district and NTR district. It is bounded on the south by Bapatla district and on the west by Palnadu district.[4] It has an area of 2,443 km2 (943 sq mi), with a population of 20,91,075, as per 2011 census of India.[5][6]

The district is often referred to as the Land of Chillies.[7] It is also a major centre for agriculture, education and learning. It exports large quantities of chillies and tobacco.[8]

## Etymology

[edit]

The district derives its name from its district headquarters, Guntur.[9]

There are several opinions on the meaning and origin of the word Guntur. The word owes its origin to words like gundu (a rock), gunta (a pond) and kunta (1/3 of an acre). In Sanskrit Guntur is called Garthapuri (Guntlapuri).

The earliest reference to Guntur, a variant of Guntur, comes from the Idern plates of Ammaraja I (922-929 AD) of the Chalukyas of Vengi. Guntur also appears in another two inscriptions dated 1147 AD and 1158 AD.[citation needed]

## History

[edit]

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1901| 1,133,968| —
1911| 1,299,257| +1.37%
1921| 1,385,050| +0.64%
1931| 1,563,095| +1.22%
1941| 1,755,986| +1.17%
1951| 1,975,395| +1.18%
1961| 2,327,246| +1.65%
1971| 2,844,488| +2.03%
1981| 3,434,724| +1.90%
1991| 4,106,999| +1.80%
2001| 4,465,144| +0.84%
2011| 4,887,813| +0.91%
source:[10]

The original Sanskrit name (ancient Vedic culture) for Guntur was Garthapuri. The 'Agasthyeswara Sivalayam' in the old city of Guntur is an ancient temple for Siva.[citation needed] It has inscriptions on two stones in 'Naga Lipi' (ancient script). It is said that Agastya built the temple in the last Treta Yuga around the Swayambhu Linga and hence the name. The 'Nagas' were said to have ruled the region. The place of Sitanagaram and the Guthikonda Caves can be traced (through Vedic Puranas) back to the traditional timescale Treta Yuga and Dvapara Yuga.[citation needed] Guntur District is home to the second oldest evidence of human habitation in India, in the form of Palaeolithic (old Stone Age) implements. Ancient history can be traced from the time of Sala kings who ruled during the 5th century BCE. The earliest reference to Guntur, a variant of Guntur, comes from the Idern plates of Ammaraja I (922–929 CE), the Vengi Chalukyan King. Guntur also appears in two inscriptions dated 1147 and 1158 CE. [citation needed]

Brahmi Script inscribed on a Railing Pillar at Velpuru

Since the beginning of Buddhist time, Guntur stood in the forefront in matters of culture, education and civilisation. Gautama Buddha preached at Dharanikota/Dhanyakatakam near Guntur and conducted Kalachakra ceremony, which takes its antiquity to 500 BCE.[11] Taranatha, a Buddhist monk writes: "On the full moon of the month Chaitra in the year following his enlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the mandala of "The Glorious Lunar Mansions" (Kalachakra).[12] Buddhists established universities in ancient times at Dhanyakataka and Amaravathi. Scores of Buddhist stupas were excavated in the villages of Guntur district. Acharya Nagarjuna, an influential Buddhist philosopher taught at Nagarjunakonda and is said to have discovered Mica in 200 BCE. Chinese traveller and Buddhist monk Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang) visited Amaravati in 640 C.E., stayed for sometime and studied 'Abhidhammapitakam'. He observed that there were many Viharas and some of them were deserted, which points out that Hinduism was gaining ground at that time. Xuanzang wrote a glorious account of the place, Viharas and monasteries that existed.[13]

Guntur was successively ruled by famous dynasties such as the Satavahanas, Andhra Ikshvakus, Pallavas, Ananda Gotrikas, Vishnukundina, Kota Vamsa, Chalukyas, Cholas, Kakatiyas, Musunuris, Reddys, Vijayanagara and Qutb Shahis during ancient and medieval times. The famous battle of Palnadu which is enshrined in legend and literature as Palnati Yuddham was fought in Guntur district in 1180 CE.[citation needed]

### Qutb Shahis, Nizams and later

[edit]

During the 16th century Guntur became part of the Mughal empire. In 1579 Khasa Rayarao, a Deshastha Brahmin who was the Commander-in-Chief of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah captured Kondaveedu Fort. After that, Khasa Rayarao was made the Governor of the Kondaveedu Sima (present Guntur district) by changing its name to Murtazanagar Sircar and kept the financial administration of this region in his hands. Khasa Rayarao appointed many Deshastha Brahmins, Kammas and some Golconda Vyaparis as Deshmukhs and Chowdarys.[14][15] In 1687 CE when the emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Qutb Shahi sultanate of Golconda, of which Guntur was then a part. In 1724 CE, Asaf Jah, viceroy of the empire's southern provinces, declared his independence as the Nizam of Hyderabad. The coastal districts of Hyderabad, known as the Northern Circars, were occupied by the French in 1750. During this time, the Manur Rao family of Deshastha Brahmin community, the Vasireddi family of Kamma community and the Manik Rao family of Velama community were prominent Zamindar families in the present day Guntur district. The Manur Rao family were rulers of Chilakaluripet Zamindari and Sattenapalle Zamindari, The Vasireddi family were rulers of Amaravathi Zamindari and The Manik Rao family were the rulers of Repalle Zamindari.[16]

### Post Independence

[edit]

The Guntur region played a significant role in the struggle for independence and the formation of Andhra Pradesh. The northern, Telugu- speaking districts of Madras State, including Guntur, advocated to become a separate state after independence. The new state of Andhra region named Andhra State, was created in 1953 from the eleven northern districts of Madras State. In 1970, part of Guntur district was split off to become part of the Prakasam district.[17]

The district suffers from Naxalite insurgency and is a part of the Red corridor.[18]

## Geography

[edit]

Guntur Coast by NASA

Guntur district occupies an area of approximately 2,443 square kilometres (943 sq mi),[19][20] The Krishna River forms the northeastern and eastern boundary of the district, separating it from Krishna district. The district is bounded on the southeast by the Bay of Bengal, on the south by Bapatla district, on the west by Palnadu district and on the northwest by NTR district and north east Krishna district.[citation needed]

Guntur Coast is located on the south east coast of India (also known as the Coromandel Coast) (quotes from NASA site). Krishna river merges into Bay of Bengal at the coastal area of Guntur district. The braided stream channels, broad floodplain, and extensive sandbars suggest that this part of the Krishna river flows through relatively flat terrain and carries substantial amounts of sediment, especially during the monsoon season. Suryalanka Beach near Bapatla, Bobbarrlanka in Repalle, Nizampatnam Beach in Nizampatnam are tourist beaches in Guntur coastline.[citation needed]

## Demographics

[edit]

Religions in Guntur district (2011)[a][21]

Religion |  | Percent
Hinduism |

| 83.94%
Islam |

| 13.37%
Christianity |

| 2.21%
Other or not stated |

| 0.48%
Distribution of religions

As of 2011[update] census of India, the district had a population of 4,887,813 with a density of 193 inhabitants per square kilometre (500/sq mi). The total population constitute, 2,440,521 males and 2,447,292 females – a sex ratio of 1003 females per 1000 males. The total urban population is 16,52,738 (33.81%).[6]: 19  There are 29,60,441 literates with a literacy rate of 67.40%.

After bifurcation the district had a population of 20,91,075, of which 1,072,544 (51.29%) lived in urban areas. Guntur district had a sex ratio of 1007 females to 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4,21,861 (20.17%) and 69,017 (3.30%) of the population respectively.[22]: 77–82

Languages of Guntur district (2011)[23]

1. Telugu (86.14%)
2. Urdu (12.32%)
3. Others (1.54%)

At the time of the 2011 census, 86.14% of the population spoke Telugu and 12.32% Urdu as their first language.[23]

## Administrative setup

[edit]

### Collectorate

[edit]

The Collectorate play a pivotal role in the district administration. Collector in the cadre of IAS heads the district. He acts as the District Magistrate for maintaining Law and order in his jurisdiction. He deals mainly with planning and development. Law and Order, scheduled areas/ agency areas, general elections, arms licensing etc.[citation needed]

The Joint Collector, who also belongs to the IAS cadre, runs the Revenue administration under various enactments in the district. He is also designated as Additional District Magistrate. He mainly deals with civil supplies,land matters, mines and minerals,village officers etc.[citation needed]

The District Revenue Officer (DRO), in the cadre of Special Grade Deputy Collectors, assists the Collector and Joint Collector in discharging their duties. The District Revenue Officer looks after all the branches of the Collectorate. He deals mainly with general administration and is vested with supervision of day-to-day functions of the collectorate.[citation needed]

The administrative officer in the rank of a Tahsildar is the general assistant to the collector. He directly supervises all the sections in the collectorate and most of the files are routed through him.[citation needed]

The collectorate is divided into 8 sections as per the administrative reforms taken up by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.[citation needed]

* Section A:: Deals with Establishment and Office Procedures
* Section B:: Deals with Accounts and audit
* Section C:: Deals with Magisterial (Court/Legal) matters.
* Section D:: Deals with land Revenue and relief
* Section E:: Deals with Land Administration
* Section F:: Deals with Land Reforms
* Section G:: Deals with Land Acquisition
* Section H:: Deals with Protocol, elections and Residual work.

## Administrative divisions

[edit]

See also: List of villages in Guntur district and List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh

The district is divided into Two Revenue divisions, namely, Guntur, Tenali. These are sub-divided into 18 mandals,[24] which are in turn divided as 57 Panchayat Samiti (Block)s, 712 villages and 16 towns. These 16 towns includes, 2 municipal corporation, 2 municipalities[25] and 1 census town. Gurazala revenue division was newly formed in the year 2013.[26][27] Guntur city is the one municipal corporation and district headquarter Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation is the second municipal corporation in Guntur district. Vaddeswaram is categorised as a census town.[28] The 2 municipalities in the district are Tenali, Ponnur.[29][25]

## Politics

[edit]

### Parliament segment

[edit]

Guntur Lok Sabha constituency

### Assembly segments

[edit]

Guntur constituency presently comprises the following legislative assembly segments:[30]

Constituency number  | Name  | Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)  | Parliament

|
|
|

86  | Tadikonda | SC | Guntur
87  | Mangalagiri | None
88  | Ponnur | None
91  | Tenali | None
93  | Prathipadu | SC
94  | Guntur West | None
95  | Guntur East | None

### Mandals

[edit]

Satellite view of Guntur District Mandals

The below table categorises the 18 mandals into their respective revenue divisions in the district:[31]

1. Guntur revenue division
1. Guntur East
2. Guntur West
3. Medikonduru
4. Pedakakani
5. Pedanandipadu
6. Phirangipuram
7. Prathipadu
8. Tadikonda
9. Thullur
10. Vatticherukuru
2. Tenali revenue division
1. Chebrolu
2. Duggirala
3. Kakumanu
4. Kollipara
5. Mangalagiri
6. Ponnur
7. Tadepalle
8. Tenali

## Cities and towns

[edit]

Largest cities or towns in Guntur District

As per the 2011 Census

Rank |  | Division |  Pop.
1 | Guntur | Guntur Division | 10,566,677
2 | Mangalagiri | Tenali Division | 207,197
3 | Tadepalle | Tenali Division | 174,937
4 | Tenali | Tenali Division | 164,937
5 | Ponnur | Tenali Division | 59,913
6 | Pedakakani | Guntur Division | 23,201
7 | Namburu | Guntur Division | 19,676
8 | Tadikonda | Guntur Division | 18,505
9 | Pedavadlapudi | Tenali Division | 13,076
10 | Kaza | Tenali Division | 11,098

Municipal Bodies in Guntur District  S.No.  | City / Town  | Civic Status of Town  | Municipality

Formation Year

| 2011 Census

Population

| 2001 Census

Population

| 1991 Census

Population

| 1981 Census

Population

| 1971 Census

Population

| 1961 Census

Population

| 1951 Census

Population

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | Guntur | Municipal Corporation  | 1866  | 670,073  | 514,461  | 417,051  | 367,699  | 2,69,991  | 1,87,122  | 1,25,255
2  | Mangalagiri Tadepalli | Municipal Corporation  | 2021  | 300,497  | 63,349  | 59,152  | 46,172  | 32,850  | 22,182  | 17,586
3  | Tenali | Municipality Grade - Special  | 1912  | 164,937  | 153,756  | 143,726  | 119,257  | 102,937  | 78,525  | 58,116
4  | Ponnur | Municipality Grade - 2  | 1964  | 59,913  | 57,640  | 54,363  | 50,206  | 31,463  | 22,872  | 17,972

Note -

* Dachepalli Nagar Panchayat includes Dachepalli and Nadikudi.
* Gurazala Nagar Panchayat includes Gurazala and Jangamaheswaram.

Erstwhile Talukas [Non-Municipalities] Population.  S.No  | Town  | Civic Status of Town  | 2011 Census

Population

|
|
|

1  | Prathipadu  | Grama Panchayat  | 14,305
2  | Tadikonda  | Grama Panchayat  | 18,505

### Village Panchayats

[edit]

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|

Guntur district has 1022 Gram Panchayats covering 58 mandals including seized mandals. Panchayat secretaries have been working for the cluster Headquarter Gram Panchayats. The main objective of the Panchayat Raj Department is to provide civic amenities to the rural public.

### Erstwhile Talukas

[edit]

* Before Formation of mandals, Administration was done through Taluka system.
* Guntur District had 8 Talukas in 1971, later in 1978 they were increased to 21 Talukas.
* In 1985, Mandal system was created and 57 mandals were formed in the district.
* In 2018, Guntur mandal is split into Guntur East and Guntur West mandals making a total of 58 mandals.[32]
* In 2022, with 18 mandals new district was formed.

S.No.  | Erstwhile Talukas

in 1971

| Newly formed Talukas

in 1978

| Newly formed Mandals

in 1985

|
|
|

1  | Guntur  | Guntur  | Guntur, Pedakakani, Chebrolu [part]
Prathipadu  | Prathipadu, Vatticherukuru, Pedanandipadu [part]
Tadikonda  | Tadikonda, Thullur, Amaravathi [part]
Mangalagiri  | Mangalagiri, Tadepalli,
2  | Tenali  | Tenali  | Tenali, Tsundur,Vemuru [part], Chebrolu [part]
Emani  | Duggirala, Kollipara,
Amruthalur  | Amruthalur, Kolluru, Vemuru [part]
3  | Repalle  | Repalle  | Repalle, Bhattiprolu,
Pallapatla  | Cherukupalli, Nagaram, Nizampatnam,
4  | Bapatla  | Bapatla  | Bapatla, Karlapalem, Pittalavanipalem
Ponnur  | Ponnuru, Kakumanu,
5  | Narsaraopeta  | Narsaraopeta  | Narasaraopeta, Nakirekallu, Rompicherla,
Chilakaluripeta  | Chilakaluripeta, Edlapadu, Nadendla, Pedanandipadu [part],
6  | Vinukonda  | Vinukonda  | Vinukonda, Nuzendla, Savalyapuram [part]
Ipur  | Ipur, Bollapalle, Savalyapuram [part]
7  | Palnadu  | Palnadu  | Gurajala, Karempudi, Rentachintala [part],
Macherla  | Macherla, Durgi, Veldurthy, Rentachintala [part],
Piduguralla  | Piduguralla, Dachepalle, Machavaram,
8  | Sattenapalle  | Sattenapalle  | Sattenapalle, Phirangipuram, Medikonduru,
Rajupalem  | Rajupalem, Bellamkonda, Muppala, Krosuru [part]
Talluru  | Atchampet, Pedakurapadu, Amaravathi [part], Krosuru [part]

## Economy

[edit]

Tobacco Drying at Grandhasiri village in Guntur district

The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the district is ₹49,722 crore (US$5.9 billion) and it contributes 9.5% to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). For the FY 2013–14, the per capita income at current prices was ₹82,026 (US$970). The primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the district contribute ₹16,111 crore (US$1.9 billion), ₹8,770 crore (US$1.0 billion) and ₹24,841 crore (US$2.9 billion) respectively to the GDDP.[33]

The major products contributing to the GVA of the district from agriculture and allied services are paddy, cotton kapas, chillies, banana, milk, meat and fisheries. The GVA to the industrial and service sector is contributed from construction, electricity, manufacturing, transport and education.[33]

## Transport

[edit]

The total road length of state highways in the district is 1,258 km (782 mi).[34] There exists 406 km (252 mi) of rail network in the district.[33]

## Education and research

[edit]

A college campus A university campus

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.[35][36] As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, there are a total of 4,739 schools. They include, 32 government, 2,839 mandal and zilla parishads, 2 residential, 1329 private, 14 model, 24 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 296 municipal and 203 other types of schools.[37] The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 637,031.[38] The district being home to the capital city, it is experiencing a growth in private international schools as well.[39] The Central Board of Secondary Education, Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education are the different types of syllabus followed by different schools. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu and Urdu.[40][41]

There are several junior colleges which are under government, residential, social welfare, disabled welfare, private aided and unaided for the purpose of imparting (10+2) education and the students sit for the certificate of Board of Intermediate Education.[42] AC college is the oldest private aided college of the district, established in 1885.[42] The higher education colleges have various fields of study like medical, nursing, degree, post graduate, polytechnic, law, teaching, pharmacy, engineering, veterinary etc.[43] The Acharya Nagarjuna University is a state university which has fourteen autonomous colleges as per Universities Grant Commission.[44][45] The KMC, GMC, AIIMS are some of the premier medical institutes in Guntur. There are also many private universities like Vignan University, KL University in the district. The Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University at Lam is a public agricultural university, equipped with a Regional Agricultural Research Station.[46][47]

## Culture

[edit]

Lord Hanuman temple, Ponnur

The district has many festivals such as Rama Navami,[48] Maha Sivaratri,[49] Vinayaka Chavithi,[50] Vijaya Dasami,[51] Deepawali,[52] Holi,[53] Ugadi,[54] Eid,[55] Krishnastami,[56] Christmas.[57] There are hill temple festivals at Kotappakonda, Mangalagiri.

## Sports

[edit]

Mangalagiri International Cricket Stadium is being built in a 20-acre (8.1 ha) site in Navuluru, village of Mangalagiri town, Guntur district, about 15 km from the city of Vijayawada. The exclusive stadium of the Andhra Cricket Association will be the venue for international and Ranji matches.[58]

## Tourism

[edit]

Places of historical importance in the district include Ponnur, Undavalli Caves, Gurazala, Mangalagiri, Tadepalle, Tenali and the archaeological museum in Guntur. There are many places of interest like Undavalli Caves.

### Tradition and spirituality

[edit]

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|

Prolaya Vema Reddi built number of Lord Shiva temples during his reign. Number of temples were constructed in Krishna valley during the reign of Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu. Tall towers (Gaali Gopuram) of these temples in many villages and towns of Guntur district stand testimony to his devotion and munificence. Some of the famous destinations are Nadivelamma Talli Temple in Rajavolu, and there will be annual festival on Full moon day in the month of Chaitra maas. Amaravathi temple, the abode of Lord Shiva, present in the form of a 15 ft (4.6 m) Shiva Linga. The Auspicious Hill of Mangalagiri town, is dedicated to Lord Narasimha with three temples of Panakala Narasimha Swamy on the hill, Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy at the foot of the temple, Gandala Narasimha Swamy at the top of the hill, are also famous. Other famous temples are Bhavanarayanaswami temple in Bapatla, Sri Laxmi Chennakesava Swamy Temple in Macherla, Kotappakonda,[59] Pedakakani, Vykuntapuram in Tenali.and also subramaneswara Swamy temple,polleramathalli temple, agastheswaraswamy temple (which was built in 8 century by agasthaya mahrashi and rebuilt by Sri Krishna Devaraya)

Amaravathi Cultural Heritage Museum

## Healthcare

[edit]

General Hospital in Guntur

Healthcare is provided by government and private institutions. The Guntur Government Hospital provides free healthcare.[60] All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) is situated in Mangalagiri.[61] The nonprofit or charity hospitals are the Sankara Eye Hospital.[62][63]

## Notable people

[edit]

* Aluri Chakrapani, film producer
* Jamuna, actress
* Krishna, film actor
* Posani Krishna Murali, actor, writer
* Dokka Manikya Vara Prasad, former State Minister
* Ambati Rayudu, former Indian Cricketer
* Kotha Raghuramaiah, Member of Parliament and former Central Minister
* N. G. Ranga, Member of Parliament
* N. Bhaskara Rao, former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
* Alla Ayodhya Rami Reddy, Member of Parliament and Founded Ramky Group of Companies
* A. V. Gurava Reddy, leading surgeon
* Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy, former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
* Kallam Anji Reddy, the founder of Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
* Kallam Satish Reddy present Chairman of Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
* Savitri, actress
* Sharada, actress and Member of Parliament
* Sumalatha, actress and Member of Parliament

## See also

[edit]

* Timeline of Guntur
* List of people from Guntur
* Kollur Mine

## References

[edit]

1. ^ https://guntur.ap.gov.in/
2. ^ "New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
3. ^ "District – Guntur". Andhra Pradesh Online Portal. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
4. ^ "District Profile". National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
5. ^ "Guntur district". AP state portal. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
6. ^ a b "District Census Handbook – Guntur" (PDF). Census of India. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
7. ^ "Guntur district a role model for development". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
8. ^ "About Guntur". AP Capital Region Development Authority. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
9. ^ Babu 2009, p. 77.
10. ^ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
11. ^ Buddha's Preaching of the Kalachakra Tantra at the Stupa of Dhanyakataka, H. Hoffman, in: German Scholars on India, Vol. I, 1973, pp. 136–140, Varanasi
12. ^ Taranatha; The history of the Kālacakra tradition in Sambhala and India
13. ^ "Xuanzang's Journey". odiseos.net. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009.
14. ^ Coenraad M. Brand (1973). State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology. University of California Press. p. 112\. ISBN 9780520024908.
15. ^ "Revealing the missing links". Hans India. 24 July 2016.
16. ^ Brand 1973, p. 113.
17. ^ Law, Gwillim (25 September 2011). "Districts of India". Statoids. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
18. ^ "83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme". IntelliBriefs. 11 December 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
19. ^ Srivastava, Dayawanti, ed. (2010). "States and Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh: Government". India 2010: A Reference Annual (54th ed.). New Delhi, India: Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Government of India. pp. 1111–1112\. ISBN 978-81-230-1617-7.
20. ^ "Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area". United Nations Environment Program. 18 February 1998. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2011. "Bangka 11,413"
21. ^ "Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
22. ^ Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/146/download/234/DH_2011_2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
23. ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
24. ^ India, The Hans (31 March 2018). "Guntur urban divided into east, west mandals". www.thehansindia.com. Guntur. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
25. ^ a b "Dachepalli, Gurazala in Guntur district get municipality status". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 6 April 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
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1. ^ In Andhra Pradesh, most Christians record their religion as 'Hindu' on the census so the real number of Christians is around 15-20% of the population of Guntur district

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Babu, J. Ravindra (2009). Universalisation of Elementary Education: A Study of District Primary Education Programme from South India. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-1069-2. OCLC 929657976. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
* Brand, Coenraad M. (1973). Bendix, Reinhard (ed.). State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520024908. OCLC 898268056.

## External links

[edit]

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Guntur district

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