Ha (Indic)

Letter "Ha" in Indic scripts

Example glyphs
Bengali–Assamese|
Tibetan|
Tamil|

Thai|

Malayalam|

Sinhala|

Ashoka Brahmi|
Devanagari|
Cognates
Hebrew| ה
Greek| Ε
Latin| E, Ɛ
Cyrillic| E, Є, Э, Ҩ
Properties
Phonemic representation| /h/
IAST transliteration| h H
ISCII code point| D8 (216)

This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

Indic letters

Consonants
|  Ka|  Ca|  Ṭa|  Ta|  Pa|  Ya|  Śa

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Kha|  Cha|  Ṭha|  Tha|  Pha|  Ra|  Ṣa
Ga|  Ja|  Ḍa|  Da|  Ba|  La|  Sa
Gha|  Jha|  Ḍha|  Dha|  Bha|  Va|  Ha
Ṅa|  Ña|  Ṇa|  Na|  Ma| |
|  Ḷa|  Ḻa|  Ṟa| | |
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Vowels
|  A|  I|  U|  Ṛ|  Ḷ|  E|  O

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Ā|  Ī|  Ū|  Ṝ|  Ḹ|  Ai|  Au
Other marks

* Chandrabindu
* Anusvara
* Visarga
* Virama
* Nuqta
* Avagraha

Punctuation

* Daṇḍa

* v
* t
* e

Ha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter  after having gone through the Gupta letter .

## Āryabhaṭa numeration[edit]

Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ह are:[1]

* ह [hə] = 100 (१००)
* हि [hɪ] = 10,000 (१० ०००)
* हु [hʊ] = 1,000,000 (१० ०० ०००)
* हृ [hri] = 100,000,000 (१० ०० ०० ०००)
* हॢ [hlə] = ×1010 (१०१०)
* हे [he] = ×1012 (×१०१२)
* है [hɛː] = ×1014 (×१०१४)
* हो [hoː] = ×1016 (×१०१६)
* हौ [hɔː] = ×1018 (×१०१८)

## Historic Ha[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ha as found in standard Brahmi,  was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Ha  did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ha, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

### Brahmi Ha[edit]

The Brahmi letter , Ha, is probably derived from the Aramaic He , and is thus related to the modern Latin E and Greek Epsilon.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ha historic forms  Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE) | Girnar
(~150 BCE) | Kushana
(~150-250 CE) | Gujarat
(~250 CE) | Gupta
(~350 CE)

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### Tocharian Ha[edit]

The Tocharian letter  is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ha with vowel marks  Ha | Hā | Hi | Hī | Hu | Hū | Hr | Hr̄ | He | Hai | Ho | Hau | Hä

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### Kharoṣṭhī Ha[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter  is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic He , and is thus related to H and Eta, in addition to the Brahmi Ha.[2]

## Devanagari Ha[edit]

Devanāgarī

* Abugida
* Brahmic scripts
* Inherent vowel

Languages

* Hindi
* Marathi
* Nepali
* Konkani
* Maithili
* Sindhi
* Bodo
* Pali
* Prakrit
* Sanskrit and more

Transliteration

* IAST
* Hunterian
* NLK
* ISO 15919
* Harvard-Kyoto
* ITRANS
* Velthuis
* SLP1
* WX notation
* (ISCII)

Vowels and syllabic consonants

|  अ a|  ॲ æ|  ऄ|  आ (का) ā

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इ (कि) i| | |  ई (की) ī
उ (कु) u| | |  ऊ (कू) ū
ॶ (कॖ)| | |  ॷ (कॗ)
ऋ (कृ) r̥| | |  ॠ (कॄ) r̥̄
ऌ (कॢ) l̥| | |  ॡ (कॣ) l̥̄
ए (के) ē|  ऍ (कॅ) ê|  ऎ (कॆ) e|  ऐ (कै) ai
(कॕ)| | |  (कॎ)
ओ (को) ō|  ऑ (कॉ) ô|  ऒ (कॊ) o|  औ (कौ) au
ॳ (कऺ)| | |  ॴ (कऻ)
| | |  ॵ (कॏ)

* (Schwa deletion)

Consonants

|  क k|  क़ q| | |  ख kh|  ख़ k̲h̲| |

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ग g|  ग़ ġ|  ॻ gg| |  घ gh| |  ङ ṅ|

च c| | | |  छ ch| | |
ज j|  ज़ z|  ॼ jj|  ॹ ž|  झ jh|  झ़ zh|  ञ ñ|

ट ṭ| | | |  ठ ṭh| | |
ड ḍ|  ड़ ṛ|  ॾ ḍḍ|  ॸ ḍ|  ढ ḍh|  ढ़ ṛh|  ण ṇ|

त t| | | |  थ th| | |
द d| | | |  ध dh| |  न n|  ऩ ṉ

प p| | | |  फ ph|  फ़ f| |
ब b| |  ॿ bb| |  भ bh| |  म m|

य y|  य़ ẏ| |  ॺ|  र r|  ऱ ṟ|  ळ ḷ|  ऴ ḻ
ल l| | | |  व v| | |

श ś|  ष ṣ|  स s| |  ह h| |  ॽ|

* (Conjuncts)

Diacritics, punctuation, symbols

|  अं ṁ|  अः ḥ|  अँ m̐|  अऀ|  ऽ ’

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क़|  क्|  ३ 3|  ᳵ ẖ|  ᳶ ḫ
अ॑  `|  अ॒  _|  अ॓|  अ॔|  ॐ aum̐
।|  ॥|  ॰|  ॱ|  ₹ INR

* and more (Devanagari (Unicode block)
* Devanagari Extended
* Devanagari Extended-A
* Vedic Extensions)

Numerals

|  ० 0|  १ 1|  २ 2|  ३ 3|  ४ 4|  ५ 5|  ६ 6|  ७ 7|  ८ 8|  ९ 9

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* Āryabhaṭa
* Akṣarapallī
* Bhūtasaṃkhyā
* Kaṭapayādi

* v
* t
* e

Ha (ह) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter હ, and the Modi letter 𑘮.

### Devanagari-using Languages[edit]

In all languages, ह is pronounced as [ɦə] or [ɦ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ह with vowel marks  Ha | Hā | Hi | Hī | Hu | Hū | Hr | Hr̄ | Hl | Hl̄ | He | Hai | Ho | Hau | H

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ह  | हा  | हि  | ही  | हु  | हू  | हृ  | हॄ  | हॢ  | हॣ  | हे  | है  | हो  | हौ  | ह्

### Conjuncts with ह[edit]

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ha either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.[4]

#### Ligature conjuncts of ह[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form  for an initial "R" instead of repha.

* Repha र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha: note

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

* ह্ (h) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature hra:

#### Stacked conjuncts of ह[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

* छ্ (cʰ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature cʰha:

* ड্ (ḍ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ḍha:

* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ḍʱha:

* द্ (d) + ह (ha) gives the ligature dha:

* ह্ (h) + ब (ba) gives the ligature hba:

* ह্ (h) + च (ca) gives the ligature hca:

* ह্ (h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature hja:

* ह্ (h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature hjña:

* ह্ (h) + क (ka) gives the ligature hka:

* ह্ (h) + ल (la) gives the ligature hla:

* ह্ (h) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature hḷa:

* ह্ (h) + म (ma) gives the ligature hma:

* ह্ (h) + न (na) gives the ligature hna:

* ह্ (h) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature hṇa:

* ह্ (h) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature hña:

* ह্ (h) + व (va) gives the ligature hva:

* ह্ (h) + य (ya) gives the ligature hya:

* ङ্ (ŋ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ŋha:

* ट্ (ṭ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ṭha:

* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ṭʰha:

## Bengali Ha[edit]

The Bengali script হ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ह. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter হ will sometimes be transliterated as "ho" instead of "ha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ho/. Like all Indic consonants, হ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali হ with vowel marks  ha | hā | hi | hī | hu | hū | hr | hr̄ | he | hai | ho | hau | h

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হ  | হা  | হি  | হী  | হু  | হূ  | হৃ  | হৄ  | হে  | হৈ  | হো  | হৌ  | হ্

### হ in Bengali-using languages[edit]

হ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

### Conjuncts with হ[edit]

Bengali হ does not form conjuncts like most other letters, and can only be found in conjunction with Repha and Ya-phala.[5]

* র্ (r) + হ (ha) gives the ligature rha, showing the repha prefix:

* র্ (r) + হ্ (h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rhya, with repha and the ya phala suffix:

## Gujarati Ha[edit]

Gujarati Ha.

Ha (હ) is the thirty-third consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ha ह with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

### Gujarati-using Languages[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, હ is pronounced as [hə] or [h] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ha | Hā | Hi | Hī | Hu | Hū | Hr | Hl | Hr̄ | Hl̄ | Hĕ | He | Hai | Hŏ | Ho | Hau | H

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Gujarati Ha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

### Conjuncts with હ[edit]

Gujarati હ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

* ર્ (r) + હ (ha) gives the ligature RHa:

* હ્ (h) + ર (ra) gives the ligature HRa:

* હ્ (h) + ણ (ɳa) gives the ligature HṆa:

* હ્ (h) + ન (na) gives the ligature HNa:

* હ્ (h) + લ (la) gives the ligature HLa:

* હ્ (h) + વ (va) gives the ligature HVa:

## Javanese Ha[edit]

Main article: Ha (Javanese)

## Telugu Ha[edit]

Telugu independent and subjoined Ha.

Ha (హ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಹ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

## Malayalam Ha[edit]

Malayalam letter Ha

Ha (ഹ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter  Ha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ha matras: Ha, Hā, Hi, Hī, Hu, Hū, Hr̥, Hr̥̄, Hl̥, Hl̥̄, He, Hē, Hai, Ho, Hō, Hau, and H.

### Conjuncts of ഹ[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

* ഹ് (h) + ന (na) gives the ligature hna:

* ഹ് (h) + മ (ma) gives the ligature hma:

## Odia Ha[edit]

Odia independent and subjoined letter Ha.

Ha (ହ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  Ha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ha with vowel matras  Ha | Hā | Hi | Hī | Hu | Hū | Hr̥ | Hr̥̄ | Hl̥ | Hl̥̄ | He | Hai | Ho | Hau | H

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ହ | ହା | ହି | ହୀ | ହୁ | ହୂ | ହୃ | ହୄ | ହୢ | ହୣ | ହେ | ହୈ | ହୋ | ହୌ | ହ୍

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. ହ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures.

## Kaithi Ha[edit]

Kaithi consonant Ha.

Ha (𑂯) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  Ha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ha with vowel matras  Ha | Hā | Hi | Hī | Hu | Hū | He | Hai | Ho | Hau | H

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𑂯 | 𑂯𑂰 | 𑂯𑂱 | 𑂯𑂲 | 𑂯𑂳 | 𑂯𑂴 | 𑂯𑂵 | 𑂯𑂶 | 𑂯𑂷 | 𑂯𑂸 | 𑂯𑂹

### Conjuncts of 𑂯[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂯 (ha) gives the ligature rha:

## Comparison of Ha[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ha, are related as well.

Comparison of Ha in different scripts

| | | | | | Aramaic
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Kharoṣṭhī
𐨱| | | | | | Ashoka Brahmi
| | Kushana Brahmi[a]
| | Tocharian[b]
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| | | | Gupta Brahmi
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pallava
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kadamba
-| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | Bhaiksuki
𑰮| | Siddhaṃ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Grantha
𑌹| | Cham
ꨨ| |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sinhala
හ| | | Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-| | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Tibetan
| | | | Newa
𑐴| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ahom
𑜑| | | Malayalam
ഹ| |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Telugu
హ| | | Burmese
ဟ| | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Lepcha
ᰝ| | | | | Ranjana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saurashtra
ꢲ| | Dives Akuru
𑤭| |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kannada
ಹ| | Kayah Li
ꤟ| | | | | | | | | | | |
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Limbu
ᤜ| | | | | Soyombo[d]
𑪂| | | | | | | | | | | | | Khmer
ហ| | Tamil
ஹ| |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chakma
𑄦| | | Tai Tham
ᩉ / ᩌ| | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Meitei Mayek
ꯍ| | | | | Gaudi
-| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Thai
ห| | Lao
ຫ| |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tai Le
ᥞ| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Marchen
𑲎| | | | | Tirhuta
𑒯| | | | | | | | | | New Tai Lue
ᦠ| | Tai Viet
ꪬ / ꪭ| | Aksara Kawi

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| 'Phags-pa
ꡜ| | | Odia
ହ| | | | Sharada
𑆲| | Rejang
ꥁ| | | Batak
ᯂ| | | Buginese

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Zanabazar Square
𑨱| | | | | Bengali-Assamese
| | Takri
𑚩| | | | Javanese
ꦲ| | | Balinese
ᬳ| | Makasar

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Hangul[e]
-| | | | Northern Nagari
-| | Dogri
𑠪| | Laṇḍā
-| | | Sundanese
ᮠ| | Baybayin

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Modi
𑘮| | Gujarati
હ| | | | | Khojki
𑈪| | | Khudabadi
𑋞| | | Mahajani
𑅱| | | Tagbanwa

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Devanagari
| | Nandinagari
𑧎| | Kaithi
| | | | Gurmukhi
ਹ| | Multani
𑊦| | | | Buhid

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Canadian Syllabics[f]
-| | Soyombo[g]
𑪂| | Sylheti Nagari
ꠢ| | Gunjala Gondi
𑶇| | | Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴬| | | Hanuno'o

Notes

1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

## Character encodings of Ha[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information  Preview |  |  | ஹ | హ | ହ | ಹ | ഹ | હ | ਹ

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Unicode name  | DEVANAGARI LETTER HA  | BENGALI LETTER HA  | TAMIL LETTER HA  | TELUGU LETTER HA  | ORIYA LETTER HA  | KANNADA LETTER HA  | MALAYALAM LETTER HA  | GUJARATI LETTER HA  | GURMUKHI LETTER HA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 2361 | U+0939 | 2489 | U+09B9 | 3001 | U+0BB9 | 3129 | U+0C39 | 2873 | U+0B39 | 3257 | U+0CB9 | 3385 | U+0D39 | 2745 | U+0AB9 | 2617 | U+0A39
UTF-8 | 224 164 185 | E0 A4 B9 | 224 166 185 | E0 A6 B9 | 224 174 185 | E0 AE B9 | 224 176 185 | E0 B0 B9 | 224 172 185 | E0 AC B9 | 224 178 185 | E0 B2 B9 | 224 180 185 | E0 B4 B9 | 224 170 185 | E0 AA B9 | 224 168 185 | E0 A8 B9
Numeric character reference | &#2361; | &#x939; | &#2489; | &#x9B9; | &#3001; | &#xBB9; | &#3129; | &#xC39; | &#2873; | &#xB39; | &#3257; | &#xCB9; | &#3385; | &#xD39; | &#2745; | &#xAB9; | &#2617; | &#xA39;
ISCII | 216 | D8 | 216 | D8 | 216 | D8 | 216 | D8 | 216 | D8 | 216 | D8 | 216 | D8 | 216 | D8 | 216 | D8

Character information  Preview |

Ashoka

Kushana

Gupta

| 𐨱 |  | 𑌹

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Unicode name  | BRAHMI LETTER HA  | KHAROSHTHI LETTER HA  | SIDDHAM LETTER HA  | GRANTHA LETTER HA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 69683 | U+11033 | 68145 | U+10A31 | 71086 | U+115AE | 70457 | U+11339
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 179 | F0 91 80 B3 | 240 144 168 177 | F0 90 A8 B1 | 240 145 150 174 | F0 91 96 AE | 240 145 140 185 | F0 91 8C B9
UTF-16 | 55300 56371 | D804 DC33 | 55298 56881 | D802 DE31 | 55301 56750 | D805 DDAE | 55300 57145 | D804 DF39
Numeric character reference | &#69683; | &#x11033; | &#68145; | &#x10A31; | &#71086; | &#x115AE; | &#70457; | &#x11339;

Character information  Preview |  | ྷ | ꡜ | 𑨱 | 𑐴 | 𑰮 | 𑆲

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Unicode name  | TIBETAN LETTER HA  | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER HA  | PHAGS-PA LETTER HA  | ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER HA  | NEWA LETTER HA  | BHAIKSUKI LETTER HA  | SHARADA LETTER HA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 3943 | U+0F67 | 4023 | U+0FB7 | 43100 | U+A85C | 72241 | U+11A31 | 70708 | U+11434 | 72750 | U+11C2E | 70066 | U+111B2
UTF-8 | 224 189 167 | E0 BD A7 | 224 190 183 | E0 BE B7 | 234 161 156 | EA A1 9C | 240 145 168 177 | F0 91 A8 B1 | 240 145 144 180 | F0 91 90 B4 | 240 145 176 174 | F0 91 B0 AE | 240 145 134 178 | F0 91 86 B2
UTF-16 | 3943 | 0F67 | 4023 | 0FB7 | 43100 | A85C | 55302 56881 | D806 DE31 | 55301 56372 | D805 DC34 | 55303 56366 | D807 DC2E | 55300 56754 | D804 DDB2
Numeric character reference | &#3943; | &#xF67; | &#4023; | &#xFB7; | &#43100; | &#xA85C; | &#72241; | &#x11A31; | &#70708; | &#x11434; | &#72750; | &#x11C2E; | &#70066; | &#x111B2;

Character information  Preview | ဟ | ᩉ | ᩌ | ᦠ

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Unicode name  | MYANMAR LETTER HA  | TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA  | TAI THAM LETTER LOW HA  | NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH HA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 4127 | U+101F | 6729 | U+1A49 | 6732 | U+1A4C | 6560 | U+19A0
UTF-8 | 225 128 159 | E1 80 9F | 225 169 137 | E1 A9 89 | 225 169 140 | E1 A9 8C | 225 166 160 | E1 A6 A0
Numeric character reference | &#4127; | &#x101F; | &#6729; | &#x1A49; | &#6732; | &#x1A4C; | &#6560; | &#x19A0;

Character information  Preview | ហ | ຫ | ห | ꪬ | ꪭ

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Unicode name  | KHMER LETTER HA  | LAO LETTER HO SUNG  | THAI CHARACTER HO HIP  | TAI VIET LETTER LOW HO  | TAI VIET LETTER HIGH HO
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 6048 | U+17A0 | 3755 | U+0EAB | 3627 | U+0E2B | 43692 | U+AAAC | 43693 | U+AAAD
UTF-8 | 225 158 160 | E1 9E A0 | 224 186 171 | E0 BA AB | 224 184 171 | E0 B8 AB | 234 170 172 | EA AA AC | 234 170 173 | EA AA AD
Numeric character reference | &#6048; | &#x17A0; | &#3755; | &#xEAB; | &#3627; | &#xE2B; | &#43692; | &#xAAAC; | &#43693; | &#xAAAD;

Character information  Preview | හ | ꤟ | 𑄦 | ᥞ | 𑜑 | 𑤭 | ꢲ | ꨨ

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Unicode name  | SINHALA LETTER HAYANNA  | KAYAH LI LETTER HA  | CHAKMA LETTER HAA  | TAI LE LETTER HA  | AHOM LETTER HA  | DIVES AKURU LETTER HA  | SAURASHTRA LETTER HA  | CHAM LETTER HA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 3524 | U+0DC4 | 43295 | U+A91F | 69926 | U+11126 | 6494 | U+195E | 71441 | U+11711 | 71981 | U+1192D | 43186 | U+A8B2 | 43560 | U+AA28
UTF-8 | 224 183 132 | E0 B7 84 | 234 164 159 | EA A4 9F | 240 145 132 166 | F0 91 84 A6 | 225 165 158 | E1 A5 9E | 240 145 156 145 | F0 91 9C 91 | 240 145 164 173 | F0 91 A4 AD | 234 162 178 | EA A2 B2 | 234 168 168 | EA A8 A8
UTF-16 | 3524 | 0DC4 | 43295 | A91F | 55300 56614 | D804 DD26 | 6494 | 195E | 55301 57105 | D805 DF11 | 55302 56621 | D806 DD2D | 43186 | A8B2 | 43560 | AA28
Numeric character reference | &#3524; | &#xDC4; | &#43295; | &#xA91F; | &#69926; | &#x11126; | &#6494; | &#x195E; | &#71441; | &#x11711; | &#71981; | &#x1192D; | &#43186; | &#xA8B2; | &#43560; | &#xAA28;

Character information  Preview | 𑘮 | 𑧎 | 𑪂 | ꠢ | 𑶇 |

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Unicode name  | MODI LETTER HA  | NANDINAGARI LETTER HA  | SOYOMBO LETTER HA  | SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER HO  | GUNJALA GONDI LETTER HA  | KAITHI LETTER HA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 71214 | U+1162E | 72142 | U+119CE | 72322 | U+11A82 | 43042 | U+A822 | 73095 | U+11D87 | 69807 | U+110AF
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 174 | F0 91 98 AE | 240 145 167 142 | F0 91 A7 8E | 240 145 170 130 | F0 91 AA 82 | 234 160 162 | EA A0 A2 | 240 145 182 135 | F0 91 B6 87 | 240 145 130 175 | F0 91 82 AF
UTF-16 | 55301 56878 | D805 DE2E | 55302 56782 | D806 DDCE | 55302 56962 | D806 DE82 | 43042 | A822 | 55303 56711 | D807 DD87 | 55300 56495 | D804 DCAF
Numeric character reference | &#71214; | &#x1162E; | &#72142; | &#x119CE; | &#72322; | &#x11A82; | &#43042; | &#xA822; | &#73095; | &#x11D87; | &#69807; | &#x110AF;

Character information  Preview | 𑒯 | ᰝ | ᤜ | ꯍ | 𑲎

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Unicode name  | TIRHUTA LETTER HA  | LEPCHA LETTER HA  | LIMBU LETTER HA  | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER HUK  | MARCHEN LETTER HA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 70831 | U+114AF | 7197 | U+1C1D | 6428 | U+191C | 43981 | U+ABCD | 72846 | U+11C8E
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 175 | F0 91 92 AF | 225 176 157 | E1 B0 9D | 225 164 156 | E1 A4 9C | 234 175 141 | EA AF 8D | 240 145 178 142 | F0 91 B2 8E
UTF-16 | 55301 56495 | D805 DCAF | 7197 | 1C1D | 6428 | 191C | 43981 | ABCD | 55303 56462 | D807 DC8E
Numeric character reference | &#70831; | &#x114AF; | &#7197; | &#x1C1D; | &#6428; | &#x191C; | &#43981; | &#xABCD; | &#72846; | &#x11C8E;

Character information  Preview | 𑚩 | 𑠪 | 𑈪 | 𑋞 | 𑅱 | 𑊦

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Unicode name  | TAKRI LETTER HA  | DOGRA LETTER HA  | KHOJKI LETTER HA  | KHUDAWADI LETTER HA  | MAHAJANI LETTER HA  | MULTANI LETTER HA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 71337 | U+116A9 | 71722 | U+1182A | 70186 | U+1122A | 70366 | U+112DE | 70001 | U+11171 | 70310 | U+112A6
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 169 | F0 91 9A A9 | 240 145 160 170 | F0 91 A0 AA | 240 145 136 170 | F0 91 88 AA | 240 145 139 158 | F0 91 8B 9E | 240 145 133 177 | F0 91 85 B1 | 240 145 138 166 | F0 91 8A A6
UTF-16 | 55301 57001 | D805 DEA9 | 55302 56362 | D806 DC2A | 55300 56874 | D804 DE2A | 55300 57054 | D804 DEDE | 55300 56689 | D804 DD71 | 55300 56998 | D804 DEA6
Numeric character reference | &#71337; | &#x116A9; | &#71722; | &#x1182A; | &#70186; | &#x1122A; | &#70366; | &#x112DE; | &#70001; | &#x11171; | &#70310; | &#x112A6;

Character information  Preview | ᬳ | ᯂ | ᨖ | ꦲ | ꥁ | ᮠ

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Unicode name  | BALINESE LETTER HA  | BATAK LETTER HA  | BUGINESE LETTER HA  | JAVANESE LETTER HA  | REJANG LETTER HA  | SUNDANESE LETTER HA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 6963 | U+1B33 | 7106 | U+1BC2 | 6678 | U+1A16 | 43442 | U+A9B2 | 43329 | U+A941 | 7072 | U+1BA0
UTF-8 | 225 172 179 | E1 AC B3 | 225 175 130 | E1 AF 82 | 225 168 150 | E1 A8 96 | 234 166 178 | EA A6 B2 | 234 165 129 | EA A5 81 | 225 174 160 | E1 AE A0
Numeric character reference | &#6963; | &#x1B33; | &#7106; | &#x1BC2; | &#6678; | &#x1A16; | &#43442; | &#xA9B2; | &#43329; | &#xA941; | &#7072; | &#x1BA0;

Character information  Preview | ᜑ | ᝑ | ᜱ | 𑴬

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Unicode name  | TAGALOG LETTER HA  | BUHID LETTER HA  | HANUNOO LETTER HA  | MASARAM GONDI LETTER HA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 5905 | U+1711 | 5969 | U+1751 | 5937 | U+1731 | 73004 | U+11D2C
UTF-8 | 225 156 145 | E1 9C 91 | 225 157 145 | E1 9D 91 | 225 156 177 | E1 9C B1 | 240 145 180 172 | F0 91 B4 AC
UTF-16 | 5905 | 1711 | 5969 | 1751 | 5937 | 1731 | 55303 56620 | D807 DD2C
Numeric character reference | &#5905; | &#x1711; | &#5969; | &#x1751; | &#5937; | &#x1731; | &#73004; | &#x11D2C;

## References[edit]

1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha.

* v
* t
* e

Devanāgarī

* Abugida
* Brahmic scripts
* Inherent vowel

Languages|

* Hindi
* Marathi
* Nepali
* Konkani
* Maithili
* Sindhi
* Bodo
* Pali
* Prakrit
* Sanskrit and more

Transliteration|

* IAST
* Hunterian
* National Library at Kolkata
* ISO 15919
* Harvard-Kyoto
* ITRANS
* Velthuis
* SLP1
* WX notation
* (ISCII)

Vowels and
syllabic consonants|

|  अ a|  ॲ æ|  ऄ|  आ (का) ā| | |

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इ (कि) i| | |  ई (की) ī| | |
उ (कु) u| | |  ऊ (कू) ū|  ॶ (कॖ)|  ॷ (कॗ)|
ऋ (कृ) r̥| | |  ॠ (कॄ) r̥̄| | |
ऌ (कॢ) l̥| | |  ॡ (कॣ) l̥̄| | |
ए (के) ē|  ऍ (कॅ) ê|  ऎ (कॆ) e|  ऐ (कै) ai|  (कॕ)|  (कॎ)|
ओ (को) ō|  ऑ (कॉ) ô|  ऒ (कॊ) o|  औ (कौ) au|  ॳ (कऺ)|  ॴ (कऻ)|  ॵ (कॏ)

* Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages

Consonants|

|  क k|  क़ q| | |  ख kh|  ख़ k̲h̲| | |  ग g|  ग़ ġ|  ॻ gg| |  घ gh| |  ङ ṅ|

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च c| | | |  छ ch| | | |  ज j|  ज़ z|  ॼ jj|  ॹ ž|  झ jh|  झ़ zh|  ञ ñ|
ट ṭ| | | |  ठ ṭh| | | |  ड ḍ|  ड़ ṛ|  ॾ ḍḍ|  ॸ ḍ|  ढ ḍh|  ढ़ ṛh|  ण ṇ|
त t| | | |  थ th| | | |  द d| | | |  ध dh| |  न n|  ऩ ṉ
प p| | | |  फ ph|  फ़ f| | |  ब b| |  ॿ bb| |  भ bh| |  म m|
य y|  य़ ẏ| |  ॺ|  र r|  ऱ ṟ|  ळ ḷ|  ऴ ḻ|  ल l| | | |  व v| | |
श ś| | | |  ष ṣ| | | |  स s| | | |  ह h| | |  ॽ
* Consonant conjuncts

Diacritics,
punctuation
and other symbols|

|  अं ṁ (anusvāra)|  अः ḥ (visarga)|  अँ m̐ (candrabindu)|  अऀ (inverted candrabindu)|  ऽ ’ (avagraha)

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क़ (nuqta)|  क् (virāma)|  ३ 3 (pluta)|  ᳵ ẖ (jihvāmūlīya)|  ᳶ ḫ (upadhmānīya)
अ॑ ` (svarita)|  अ॒ (anudātta)|  अ॓ (grave)|  अ॔ (acute)|  ॐ aum̐
। (daṇḍa)|  ॥ (double daṇḍa)|  ॰ (lāghava cihna)|  ॱ (high spacing dot)|  ₹ INR (Indian rupee sign)
* Devanagari (Unicode block)
* Devanagari Extended
* Devanagari Extended-A
* Vedic Extensions
* Devanagari Braille

Numerals|

|  ० 0|  १ 1|  २ 2|  ३ 3|  ४ 4|  ५ 5|  ६ 6|  ७ 7|  ८ 8|  ९ 9

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* Āryabhaṭa numeration
* Akṣarapallī
* Bhūtasaṃkhyā system
* Kaṭapayādi system
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template