Haikou dialect

Min Chinese dialect of Hainan, China

Haikou

海口話
Pronunciation| [hai˨˩˧ xau˨˩˧ ue˨˧]
Native to| Southern China
Region| Haikou, Hainan

Language family

Sino-Tibetan

* Sinitic
* Chinese
* Min
* Coastal Min
* Southern Min?
* Qiong–Lei
* Hainanese
* Haikou

Early forms

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

* Old Chinese[a]
* Proto-Min

Language codes
ISO 639-3| –
Glottolog| `hain1237`
Linguasphere| `79-AAA-ked`
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The Haikou dialect is a topolect of Chinese and a subvariety of Hainanese spoken in Haikou, the capital of the Hainan province and island of China.

## Phonology

[edit]

The Haikou dialect has the following initials:[4]

| Labial | Dental | Sibilant | Velar | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|

Stop / Affricate | voiceless |  | t | ts | k | ʔ
voiced implosive | ɓ | ɗ |  |  |
Nasal | m | n |  | ŋ |
Fricative | voiceless | f |  | s | x | h
voiced | v |  | z |  |
Lateral |  | l |  |  |

The finals are:[5]

Vocalic codas  | Nasal codas  | Stop codas

|
|

a | ai | au | am |  | aŋ | ap |  | ak
ia |  | iau | iam |  | iaŋ | iap |  | iak
ua | uai |  |  |  | uaŋ |  |  | uak
ɛ | e |  |  |  | eŋ |  |  | ek
ue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
o | ɔi | ɔu | ɔm |  | ɔŋ | ɔp |  | ɔk
io |  |  |  |  | iɔŋ |  |  | iɔk
i |  | iu | im | in |  | ip | it |
u | ui |  |  | un | oŋ |  | uk | ok

There are also two syllabic nasals, /m̩/ and /ŋ̍/.[5]

The tone categories (described using Chao tone letters) are:[5][6]

| level | rising | departing | entering

|
|
|
|

upper  | ˨˦ | ˨˩˧ | ˧˥ | ˥
lower  | ˨˩  | ˧  | ˧

## See also

[edit]

* Hainan Romanized

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
2. ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
4. ^ Chen (1996), p. 4.
5. ^ a b c Chen (1996), p. 5.
6. ^ Yan (2006), p. 142.

## Sources

[edit]

* Chen, Hongmai (1996), Hǎikǒu fāngyán cídiǎn 海口方言詞典 [Haikou dialect dictionary], Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects, vol. 16, Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press, ISBN 978-7-5343-2886-2.
* Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), Introduction to Chinese Dialectology, LINCOM Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.

* v
* t
* e

Min Chinese

Languages

| Eastern Min|

| Houguan|

* Fuzhou dialect
* Fuqing dialect
* Changle dialect
* Gutian dialect
* Matsu dialect

|

Funing|

* Xiapu dialect
* Fu'an dialect
* Ningde dialect

Others|

* Manjiang dialect
* Zhongshan Min
* Longdu dialect
* Nanlang dialect

Southern Min|

| Teochew|

* Swatow dialect

|

Hokkien|

* Amoy dialect
* Quanzhou dialects
* Hui'an dialect
* Yongchun dialect
* Zhangzhou dialects
* Chawan dialect
* Longyan dialect
* Taiwanese
* Banana colloquial speech
* Northern Malacca Straits Hokkien
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* Medan Hokkien
* Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien
* Philippine Hokkien
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* Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
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Others|

* Datian Min
* Houlu dialect
* Haklau Min
* Zhenan Min
* Zhongshan Min
* Sanxiang dialect

Pu–Xian Min
(Hinghwa)|

* Putian dialect
* Xianyou dialect

Northern Min|

* Jian'ou dialect
* Jianyang dialect

Shao–Jiang Min|

* Shaowu dialect
* Jiangle dialect

Central Min|

* Sanming dialect
* Shaxian dialect
* Yong'an dialect

Leizhou Min|

* Zhanjiang dialect

Hainanese|

* Haikou dialect
* Wenchang dialect

Writing system

| Logographic|

* Chinese characters

|

Alphabetic|

* Pe̍h-ōe-jī
* Pe̍h-ūe-jī
* Hainan Romanized
* Foochow Romanized
* Hinghwa Romanized
* Kienning Colloquial Romanized
* Taiwanese Romanization System
* Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet
* Daighi tongiong pingim
* Bbánlám pìngyīm
* Peng'im
* Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme
* Hainanese Transliteration Scheme

Mixed|

* Hàn-lô

Research

| Proto-languages|

* Proto-Min

|

Rime dictionaries|

* Qi Lin Bayin
* Jianzhou Ba Yin

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