Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974

"Ras Tafari" redirects here. For the religion, see Rastafari.

Not to be confused with Haile Gebrselassie or Haile Selassie Gugsa.

Haile Selassie
ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ

Negusa Nagast

Selassie in 1970

Emperor of Ethiopia
Reign| 2 April 1930 – 12 September 1974[nb 1]
Coronation| 2 November 1930
Predecessor| Zewditu
Successor| Amha Selassie
Prime Minister|

See list

* Himself
* Wolde Tzaddick
* Makonnen Endelkachew
* Abebe Aregai
* Imru Haile Selassie
* Aklilu Habte-Wold
* Endelkachew Makonnen
* Mikael Imru

Regent of Ethiopia
Reign| 27 September 1916 – 2 April 1930
Predecessor| Tessema Nadew
Monarch| Zewditu
Successor| Kirubel Abraham

Born| Lij Tafari Makonnen
(Täfäri Mäkonnän)
ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን
(1892-07-23)23 July 1892
Ejersa Goro, Hararghe, Ethiopian Empire
Died| 27 August 1975(1975-08-27) (aged 83)
Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Burial| 5 November 2000

Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Spouse|

Menen Asfaw

(m. 1911; died 1962)​

Issue
Detail|

* Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen
* Prince Makonnen
* Prince Sahle Selassie
* Princess Romanework
* Princess Tenagnework
* Princess Zenebework
* Princess Tsehai

| Regnal name

ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ
(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)
House| Shewa
Dynasty| Solomonic dynasty
Father| Makonnen Wolde Mikael
Mother| Yeshimebet Ali
Religion| Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo
Signature|
Chief Minister
In office
12 December 1926 – 1 May 1936
Preceded by| Habte Giyorgis Dinagde
Succeeded by| Wolde Tzaddick
1st and 5th Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity
In office
25 May 1963 – 17 July 1964
Succeeded by| Gamal Abdel Nasser
In office
5 November 1966 – 11 September 1967
Preceded by| Joseph Arthur Ankrah
Succeeded by| Mobutu Sese Seko
Military career
Allegiance|  Ethiopian Empire
Years of service| 1930–1974
Rank|

* Field Marshal
* Admiral of the Fleet
* Marshal of the Air

Commands| Commander-in-chief
Battles / wars|

See list:

*     * Gugsa Wale's rebellion
* Second Italo-Ethiopian War
* First Battle of Tembien
* Battle of Amba Aradam
* Second Battle of Tembien
* Battle of Shire
* Battle of Maychew
* World War II
* East African campaign
* Korean War
* 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War

Haile Selassie I's voice

Speech to the Ethiopian Parliament following the occasion of a new Constitution
Recorded 4 November 1955

Haile Selassie I[a] (born Tafari Makonnen or Lij Tafari;[4] 23 July 1892 – 27 August 1975)[5] was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as the Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia (Enderase) under Empress Zewditu between 1916 and 1930.

Widely considered to be a defining figure in modern Ethiopian history, he is accorded divine importance in Rastafari, an Abrahamic religion that emerged in the 1930s. A few years before he began his reign over the Ethiopian Empire, Selassie defeated Ethiopian army commander Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, nephew of Empress Taytu Betul, at the Battle of Anchem.[6][7] He belonged to the Solomonic dynasty, founded by Emperor Yekuno Amlak in 1270.

Selassie, seeking to modernise Ethiopia, introduced political and social reforms including the 1931 constitution and the abolition of slavery in 1942. He led the empire during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, and after its defeat was exiled to the United Kingdom. When the Italian occupation of East Africa began, he traveled to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan to coordinate the Ethiopian struggle against Fascist Italy; he returned home after the East African campaign of World War II. He dissolved the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea, established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1950, and annexed Eritrea as one of Ethiopia's provinces, while also fighting to prevent Eritrean secession.[8] As an internationalist, Selassie led Ethiopia's accession to the United Nations.[9] In 1963, he presided over the formation of the Organisation of African Unity, the precursor of the African Union, and served as its first chairman. By the early 1960s, prominent African socialists such as Kwame Nkrumah envisioned the creation of a "United States of Africa". Their rhetoric was anti-Western; Selassie saw this as a threat to his alliances. He attempted to influence a more moderate posture within the group.[10]

Amidst popular uprisings, Selassie was overthrown by the Derg in the 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. With support from the Soviet Union, the Derg began governing Ethiopia as a Marxist–Leninist state. In 1994, three years after the fall of the Derg military junta, it was revealed to the public that the Derg had assassinated Selassie at the Jubilee Palace in Addis Ababa on 27 August 1975.[11][12] On 5 November 2000, his excavated remains were buried at the Holy Trinity Cathedral of Addis Ababa.

Among adherents of Rastafari, Selassie is called the returned Jesus, although he was an adherent of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church himself.[13][14] He has been criticised for his suppression of rebellions among the landed aristocracy (Mesafint), which consistently opposed his changes. Others have criticised Ethiopia's failure to modernise rapidly enough.[15][16] During his reign, the Harari people were persecuted and many left their homes.[17][18][19] His administration was criticised as autocratic and illiberal by groups such as Human Rights Watch.[16][20] According to some sources, late into Selassie's administration, the Oromo language was banned from education, public speaking and use in administration,[21][22][23] though there was never a law that criminalised any language.[24][25][26] His government relocated many Amhara people into southern Ethiopia.[27][28][29] Following the death of Ethiopian civil rights activist Hachalu Hundessa in 2020, Selassie's bust in the United Kingdom was destroyed by Oromo protesters, and an equestrian monument depicting his father was removed from Harar.[30][31][32]

## Name

[edit]

Haile Selassie was known as a child as Lij Tafari Makonnen (Ge'ez: ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን, romanized: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). Lij is translated as "child" and serves to indicate that a youth is of noble blood. His given name Tafari means "one who is respected or feared". Like most Ethiopians, his personal name "Tafari" is followed by that of his father Makonnen and that of his grandfather Woldemikael. His name Haile Selassie was given to him at his infant baptism and adopted again as part of his regnal name in 1930.[3]

On 1 November 1905, at the age of 13, Tafari was appointed by his father as the Dejazmatch of Gara Mulatta (a region some twenty miles southwest of Harar).[33] The literal translation of Dejazmatch is "keeper of the door"; it is a title of nobility equivalent to a count.[34] On 27 September 1916, he was proclaimed Crown Prince and heir apparent to the throne (Alga Worrach),[35][36] and appointed Regent Plenipotentiary (Balemulu Silt'an Enderase).[35][37] On 11 February 1917, he was crowned Le'ul-Ras[38] and became known as Ras Tafari Makonnen listenⓘ. Ras is translated as "head"[39][36] and is a rank of nobility equivalent to a duke,[36][40] though it is often rendered in translation as "prince". Originally the title Le'ul, which means "Your Highness", was only ever used as a form of address;[41] however, in 1916 the title Le'ul-Ras replaced the senior office of Ras Bitwoded and so became the equivalent of a royal duke.[42][43] In 1928, Empress Zewditu planned on granting him the throne of Shewa; however, at the last moment opposition from certain provincial rulers caused a change and his title Negus or "King" was conferred without geographical qualification or definition.[44][45]

This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters.

On 2 November 1930, after the death of Empress Zewditu, Tafari was crowned Negusa Nagast, literally "King of Kings", rendered in English as "Emperor".[46] Upon his ascension, he took as his regnal name Haile Selassie I. Haile means in Ge'ez "Power of" and Selassie means trinity – therefore Haile Selassie roughly translates to "Power of the Trinity".[47] Selassie's full title in office was "By the Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Lord of Lords, Elect of God".[48][38][41][49][50][nb 2] This title reflects Ethiopian dynastic traditions, which hold that all monarchs must trace their lineage to Menelik I, who is described by the Kebra Nagast (a 14th-century CE national epic) as the son of the tenth-century BCE King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.[52]

To Ethiopians, Selassie has been known by many names, including Janhoy ("His Majesty") Talaqu Meri ("Great Leader") and Abba Tekel ("Father of Tekel", his horse name).[51] The Rastafari movement employs many of these appellations, also referring to him as Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, and HIM (the abbreviation of "His Imperial Majesty").[51]

## Early life

[edit]

Main article: Chronology of Haile Selassie

* Then Tafari Makonnen wearing a warrior's dress

* Ras Makonnen Woldemikael and his son Lij Tafari Makonnen

Tafari's royal line (through his paternal grandmother) descended from the Shewan Amhara Solomonic king, Sahle Selassie.[53] He was born on 23 July 1892, in the village of Ejersa Goro, in the Hararghe province of Ethiopia. Tafari's mother, Woizero ("Lady") Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar, was paternally of Oromo descent and maternally of Silte heritage, while his father, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, was maternally of Amhara descent but his paternal lineage remains disputed.[54][55][56] Tafari's paternal grandfather belonged to a noble family from Shewa and was the governor of the districts of Menz and Doba, which are located in Semien Shewa.[57] Tafari's mother was the daughter of a ruling chief from Were Ilu in Wollo province, Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar.[58]

Ras Makonnen was the grandson of King Sahle Selassie who was once the ruler of Shewa. He served as a general in the First Italo–Ethiopian War, playing a key role at the Battle of Adwa;[58] Selassie was thus able to ascend to the imperial throne through his paternal grandmother, Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, who was an aunt of Emperor Menelik II and daughter of the Solomonic Amhara King of Shewa, Negus Sahle Selassie. As such, Selassie claimed direct descent from Makeda, the Queen of Sheba, and King Solomon of ancient Israel.[59]

Ras Makonnen arranged for Tafari as well as his first cousin, Imru Haile Selassie, to receive instruction in Harar from Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin, an Ethiopian Capuchin friar, and from Dr. Vitalien, a surgeon from Guadeloupe. Tafari was named Dejazmach (literally "commander of the gate", roughly equivalent to "count")[60] at the age of 13, on 1 November 1905.[61][33] Shortly thereafter, his father Makonnen died at Kulibi, in 1906.[62]

### Governorship

[edit]

Dejazmatch Tafari, as governor of Harar

Tafari assumed the titular governorship of Selale in 1906, a realm of marginal importance,[63] but one that enabled him to continue his studies.[61] In 1907, he was appointed governor over part of the province of Sidamo. It is alleged that during his late teens, Selassie was married to Woizero Altayech, and that from this union, his daughter Princess Romanework was born.[64]

Following the death of his brother Yelma in 1907, the governorate of Harar was left vacant,[63] and its administration was left to Menelik's loyal general, Dejazmach Balcha Safo. Balcha Safo's administration of Harar was ineffective, and so during the last illness of Menelik II, and the brief reign of Empress Taytu Betul, Tafari was made governor of Harar in 1910 or 1911.[62][64]

### Marriage

[edit]

Together with his wife, Empress Menen Asfaw, 1955

On 3 August 1911, Tafari married Menen Asfaw of Ambassel, niece of the heir to the throne Lij Iyasu. Menen Asfaw was 22 years old while Tafari was 19 years of age. Menen had already married two previous noblemen, while Tafari had one previous wife and one child. The marriage between Menen Asfaw and Selassie lasted for 50 years. Although possibly a political match designed to create peace between Ethiopian nobles, the couple's family had said they married with mutual consent. Selassie described his spouse as a "woman without any malice whatsoever".[65]

## Regency

[edit]

The extent to which Tafari Makonnen contributed to the movement that would come to depose Lij Iyasu has been discussed extensively, particularly in Selassie's own detailed account of the matter. Iyasu was the designated but uncrowned emperor of Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916. Iyasu's reputation for scandalous behavior and a disrespectful attitude towards the nobles at the court of his grandfather, Menelik II,[66] damaged his reputation. Iyasu's flirtation with Islam was considered treasonous among the Ethiopian Orthodox Christian leadership of the empire. On 27 September 1916, Iyasu was deposed.[67]

Contributing to the movement that deposed Iyasu were conservatives such as Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, Menelik II's longtime Minister of War. The movement to depose Iyasu preferred Tafari, as he attracted support from both progressive and conservative factions. Ultimately, Iyasu was deposed on the grounds of conversion to Islam.[39][67] In his place, the daughter of Menelik II (the aunt of Iyasu) was named Empress Zewditu, while Tafari was elevated to the rank of Ras and was made heir apparent and Crown Prince. In the power arrangement that followed, Tafari accepted the role of Regent Plenipotentiary (Balemulu 'Inderase)[nb 3] and became the de facto ruler of the Ethiopian Empire (Mangista Ityop'p'ya). Zewditu would govern while Tafari would administer.[70]

While Iyasu had been deposed on 27 September 1916, on 8 October he managed to escape into the Ogaden Desert and his father, Negus Mikael of Wollo, had time to come to his aid.[71] On 27 October, Negus Mikael and his army met an army under Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis loyal to Zewditu and Tafari. During the Battle of Segale, Mikael was defeated and captured. Any chance that Iyasu would regain the throne was ended, and he went into hiding. On 11 January 1921, after avoiding capture for about five years, Iyasu was taken into custody by Gugsa Araya Selassie.[72][73]

Ras Tafari in 1924 at the International Labour Organization

On 11 February 1917, the coronation for Zewditu took place. She pledged to rule justly through her regent, Tafari. While Tafari was the more visible of the two, Zewditu was not simply an honorary ruler, but she did have some political restraints due to the complicated nature of her position compared to other Ethiopian monarchs, one was that it required that she arbitrate the claims of competing factions. In other words, she had the last word. But unlike other monarchs Tafari carried the burden of daily administration, but, initially because his position was relatively weak, this was often an exercise in futility. His personal army was poorly equipped, his finances were limited, and he had little leverage to withstand the combined influence of the Empress, the Minister of War, or the provincial governors. Nonetheless, her authority weakened while Tafari's power increased, she focused on praying and fasting and much less in her official duties which allowed Tafari to later have greater influence than even the Empress.[71][74]

During his Regency, the new Crown Prince developed the policy of cautious modernisation initiated by Menelik II. Also, during this time, he survived the 1918 flu pandemic, having come down with the illness[75] as someone fairly "prone to" the effects of disease throughout his life.[76] He secured Ethiopia's admission to the League of Nations in 1923 by promising to eradicate slavery; each emperor since Tewodros II had issued proclamations to halt slavery,[77] but without effect: the internationally scorned practice persisted well into Selassie's reign with an estimated 2 million slaves in Ethiopia in the early 1930s.[78][79]

### Travel abroad

[edit]

With King George V at Buckingham Palace, 1924

In 1924, Ras Tafari toured Europe and the Middle East visiting Jerusalem, Alexandria, Paris, Luxembourg, Brussels, Amsterdam, Stockholm, London, Geneva, Gibraltar and Athens. With him on his tour was a group that included Ras Seyum Mangasha of western Tigray Province; Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam province; Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu of Illubabor Province; Ras Makonnen Endelkachew; and Blattengeta Heruy Welde Selassie. The primary goal of the trip to Europe was for Ethiopia to gain access to the sea. In Paris, Tafari was to find out from the French Foreign Ministry (Quai d'Orsay) that this goal would not be realised.[80] However, failing this, he and his retinue inspected schools, hospitals, factories, and churches. Although patterning many reforms after European models, Tafari remained wary of European pressure. To guard against economic imperialism, Tafari required that all enterprises have at least partial local ownership.[81] Of his modernisation campaign, he remarked, "We need European progress only because we are surrounded by it. That is at once a benefit and a misfortune."[82]

Throughout Tafari's travels in Europe, the Levant, and Egypt, he and his entourage were greeted with enthusiasm and fascination. Seyum Mangasha accompanied him and Hailu Tekle Haymanot who, like Tafari, were sons of generals who contributed to the victorious war against Italy a quarter-century earlier at the Battle of Adwa.[83] Another member of his entourage, Mulugeta Yeggazu, actually fought at Adwa as a young man. The "Oriental Dignity" of the Ethiopians[84] and their "rich, picturesque court dress"[85] were sensationalised in the media; among his entourage he even included a pride of lions, which he distributed as gifts to President Alexandre Millerand and Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré of France, to King George V of the United Kingdom, and to the Zoological Garden (Jardin Zoologique) of Paris, France.[83] As one historian noted, "Rarely can a tour have inspired so many anecdotes".[83] In return for two lions, the United Kingdom presented Tafari with the imperial crown of Emperor Tewodros II for its safe return to Empress Zewditu. The crown had been taken by General Sir Robert Napier during the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia.[86]

In this period, the Crown Prince visited the Armenian monastery of Jerusalem. There, he adopted 40 Armenian orphans (አርባ ልጆች Arba Lijoch, "forty children"), who had lost their parents during the Armenian Genocide. Tafari arranged for the musical education of the youths, and they came to form the imperial brass band.[87]

## Reign

[edit]

### King and Emperor

[edit]

See also: Modernization under Haile Selassie

Coronation as Emperor on 2 November 1930

Tafari's authority was challenged in 1928 when Dejazmach Balcha Safo went to Addis Ababa with a sizeable armed force. When Tafari consolidated his hold over the provinces, many of Menelik's appointees refused to abide by the new regulations. Balcha Safo, the governor (Shum) of coffee-rich Sidamo Province, was particularly troublesome. The revenues he remitted to the central government did not reflect the accrued profits and Tafari recalled him to Addis Ababa. The old man came in high dudgeon and, insultingly, with a large army.[nb 4] The Dejazmatch paid homage to Empress Zewditu, but snubbed Tafari.[88][89] On 18 February, while Balcha Safo and his personal bodyguard[nb 5] were in Addis Ababa, Tafari had Ras Kassa Haile Darge buy off Balcha Safo's army, and arranged to have him replaced as Shum of Sidamo Province[90] by Birru Wolde Gabriel – who himself was replaced by Desta Damtew.[71]

Even so, the gesture of Balcha Safo empowered Empress Zewditu politically and she attempted to have Tafari tried for treason. He was tried for his benevolent dealings with Italy including a 20-year peace accord that was signed on 2 August.[61] In September, a group of palace reactionaries including some courtiers of the Empress made a final bid to get rid of Tafari. The attempted coup d'état was tragic in its origins and comic in its end. When confronted by Tafari and a company of his troops, the ringleaders of the coup took refuge on the palace grounds in Menelik's mausoleum. Tafari and his men surrounded them, only to be surrounded themselves by the personal guard of Zewditu. More of Tafari's khaki clad soldiers arrived and decided the outcome in his favor with superiority of arms.[91] Popular support, as well as the support of the police,[88] remained with Tafari. Ultimately, the Empress relented, and, on 7 October 1928, she crowned Tafari as Negus (Amharic: "King").[92][93]

Official coronation painting by Beatrice Playne c. 1950s

The crowning of Tafari as King was controversial. He occupied the same territory as the Empress rather than going off to a regional kingdom of the empire. Two monarchs, even with one being the vassal and the other the emperor (in this case empress), had never ruled from a single location simultaneously in Ethiopian history. Conservatives agitated to redress this perceived insult to the crown's dignity, leading to the Ras Gugsa Welle's rebellion. Gugsa Welle was the husband of the Empress and the Shum of Begemder Province. In early 1930, he raised an army and marched it from his governorate at Gondar towards Addis Ababa. On 31 March 1930, Gugsa Welle was met by forces loyal to Negus Tafari and was defeated at the Battle of Anchem. Gugsa Welle was killed in action.[94] News of Gugsa Welle's defeat and death had hardly spread through Addis Ababa when the Empress died suddenly on 2 April 1930. Although it was long rumored that the Empress was poisoned upon her husband's defeat,[95] or alternately that she died from shock upon hearing of the death of her estranged yet beloved husband,[96] it has since been documented that Zewditu succumbed to paratyphoid fever and complications from diabetes after the Orthodox clergy imposed strict rules concerning her diet during Lent, against her physicians' orders.[97][98]

Upon Zewditu's death, Tafari himself rose to emperor and was proclaimed Neguse Negest ze-'Ityopp'ya, "King of Kings of Ethiopia". He was crowned on 2 November 1930, at Addis Ababa's Cathedral of St. George. The coronation was by all accounts "a most splendid affair",[99] and it was attended by royals and dignitaries from all over the world. Among those in attendance were the Duke of Gloucester (King George V's son), Marshal Louis Franchet d'Espèrey of France, and the Prince of Udine representing King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Special Ambassador Herman Murray Jacoby attended the coronation as the personal representative of U.S. president Herbert Hoover.[100][101][102][103] Emissaries from Egypt, Turkey, Sweden, Belgium, and Japan were there.[99] British author Evelyn Waugh was also present, penning a contemporary report on the event, and American travel lecturer Burton Holmes made the only known film footage of the event.[104][105] One American newspaper report suggested that the celebration had incurred a cost in excess of $3,000,000.[106] Many of those in attendance received lavish gifts;[107] in one instance the Emperor, a Christian, even sent a gold-encased Bible to an American bishop who had not attended the coronation, but who had dedicated a prayer for the Emperor on the day of the coronation.[108]

Cover of Time magazine, 3 November 1930

Selassie introduced Ethiopia's first written constitution on 16 July 1931,[109] providing for a bicameral legislature.[110] The constitution kept power in the hands of the nobility, but it did establish democratic standards among the nobility, envisaging a transition to democratic rule: it would prevail "until the people are in a position to elect themselves."[110] The constitution limited succession to the throne to descendants of Selassie, which had the effect of placing other dynastic princes at the time (including the princes of Tigrai, and even the Emperor's loyal cousin Ras Kassa Haile Darge) outside of the line for the throne.[111]

In 1932, the Sultanate of Jimma was formally absorbed into Ethiopia following the death of Sultan Abba Jifar II of Jimma.[112]

### Conflict with Italy

[edit]

See also: Abyssinia Crisis and Second Italo-Abyssinian War

Ethiopia became the target of renewed Italian imperialist designs in the 1930s. Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime was keen to avenge the military defeats Italy had suffered to Ethiopia in the First Italo-Abyssinian War, and to efface the failed attempt by "liberal" Italy to conquer the country, as epitomised by the defeat at Adwa.[113][114][115] A conquest of Ethiopia could also empower the cause of fascism and embolden its empire's rhetoric.[115] Ethiopia would also provide a bridge between Italy's Eritrean and Italian Somaliland possessions. Ethiopia's position in the League of Nations did not dissuade the Italians from invading in 1935; the "collective security" envisaged by the League proved useless, and a scandal erupted when the Hoare–Laval Pact revealed that Ethiopia's League allies were scheming to appease Italy.[116]

#### Mobilisation

[edit]

Following the Welwel Incident of 5 December 1934, Selassie joined his northern armies and set up headquarters at Desse in Wollo province. He issued a generalized mobilization order on 3 October 1935. On 19 October 1935, he gave more precise orders for his army to his Commander-in-Chief, Ras Kassa, instructing the men to choose hidden positions, to conserve ammunition, and to avoid wearing conspicuous clothing for fear of air attack.[117] Compared to the Ethiopians, the Italians had an advanced, modern military that included a large air force. The Italians also came to employ chemical weapons throughout the conflict, even targeting Red Cross field hospitals.[118]

#### Progress of the war

[edit]

Starting in early October 1935, the Italians invaded Ethiopia. But, by November, the pace of invasion had slowed appreciably, and Selassie's northern armies were able to launch what was known as the "Christmas Offensive".[119] During this offensive, the Italians were forced back in places and put on the defensive. In early 1936, the First Battle of Tembien stopped the progress of the Ethiopian offensive and the Italians were ready to continue their offensive. Following the defeat and destruction of the northern Ethiopian armies at the Battle of Amba Aradam, the Second Battle of Tembien, and the Battle of Shire, Selassie took the field with the last Ethiopian army on the northern front. On 31 March 1936, he launched a counterattack against the Italians himself at the Battle of Maychew in southern Tigray. The Emperor's army was defeated and retreated in disarray. As his army withdrew, the Italians attacked from the air along with rebellious Raya and Azebo tribesmen on the ground, who were armed and paid by the Italians.[120][121][122] Many of the Ethiopian military were obsolete compared to the invading Italian forces, being mostly untrained and possessing non-modern rifles and weaponry.[123][124][125][126]

Selassie made a solitary pilgrimage to the churches at Lalibela, at considerable risk of capture, before returning to his capital.[127] After a stormy session of the council of state, it was agreed that because Addis Ababa could not be defended, the government would relocate to the southern town of Gore, and that in the interest of preserving the imperial house, Empress Menen Asfaw and the rest of the imperial family should immediately depart for French Somaliland, and from there continue on to Jerusalem.[128][129][130]

#### Exile debate

[edit]

The Emperor arrives in Jerusalem, May 1936.

After further debate as to whether Selassie should go to Gore or accompany his family into exile, it was agreed that he should leave Ethiopia with his family and present the case of Ethiopia to the League of Nations at Geneva. The decision was not unanimous and several participants, including the nobleman Blatta Tekle Wolde Hawariat, strenuously objected to the idea of an Ethiopian monarch fleeing before an invading force.[131] Selassie appointed his cousin Ras Imru Haile Selassie as Prince Regent in his absence, departing with his family for French Somaliland on 2 May 1936.[132]

On 5 May, Marshal Pietro Badoglio led Italian troops into Addis Ababa, and Mussolini declared Ethiopia an Italian province. Victor Emanuel III was proclaimed as the new Emperor of Ethiopia. On the previous day, the Ethiopian exiles had left French Somaliland aboard the British cruiser HMS Enterprise. They were bound for Jerusalem in the British Mandate of Palestine, where the Ethiopian imperial family maintained a residence. The family disembarked at Haifa and then went on to Jerusalem. Once there, Selassie and his retinue prepared to make their case at Geneva. The choice of Jerusalem was highly symbolic, since the Solomonic Dynasty claimed descent from the House of David. Leaving the Holy Land, Selassie and his entourage sailed aboard the British cruiser HMS Capetown for Gibraltar, where he stayed at the Rock Hotel. From Gibraltar, the exiles were transferred to an ordinary liner. By doing this, the United Kingdom government was spared the expense of a state reception.[133]

#### Collective security and the League of Nations, 1936

[edit]

Main article: Haile Selassie's speech to the League of Nations (1936)

At the League of Nations appealing Italy's invasion in 1936

On 12 May 1936, the League of Nations allowed Selassie to address the assembly. In response, Italy withdrew its League delegation.[134] Although fluent in French, Selassie chose to deliver his speech in his native Amharic. He asserted that Italy was employing chemical weapons on military and civilian targets alike.[135]

At the beginning of 1936, Time named Selassie "Man of the Year" for 1935,[136] and his June 1936 speech made him an icon for anti-fascists around the world. He failed, however, to get the diplomatic and matériel support he needed. The League agreed to only partial sanctions on Italy, and Selassie was left without much-needed military equipment. Only six nations in 1937 did not recognise Italy's occupation: China, New Zealand, the Soviet Union, the Republic of Spain, Mexico and the United States.[114]

#### Exile

[edit]

Fairfield House, Bath, was Selassie's residence for five years during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and parts of World War II

Selassie spent his exile years (1936–1941) in Bath, England, in Fairfield House, which he bought. The Emperor and Kassa Haile Darge took morning walks together behind the 14-room Victorian house's high walls. His favorite reading was "diplomatic history". It was during his exile in England that he began writing his 90,000-word autobiography.[137]

Prior to Fairfield House, he briefly stayed at Warne's Hotel in Worthing[138] and in Parkside, Wimbledon.[139] A bust of Haile Selassie by Hilda Seligman stood in nearby Cannizaro Park to commemorate his stay, and was a popular place of pilgrimage for London's Rastafari community, until it was destroyed by protestors on 30 June 2020.[140] Selassie stayed at the Abbey Hotel in Malvern in the 1930s, and his granddaughters and daughters of court officials were educated at Clarendon School for Girls in North Malvern. During his time in Malvern, he attended services at Holy Trinity Church, in Link Top. A blue plaque commemorating his stay in Malvern was unveiled on Saturday, 25 June 2011. As part of the ceremony, a delegation from the Rastafari movement gave a short address and a drum recital.[141][142][143]

Haile Selassie with Brigadier Daniel Sandford (left) and Colonel Wingate (right) in Dambacha Fort, after its capture, 15 April 1941

Selassie's activity in this period was focused on countering Italian propaganda as to the Ethiopian resistance and the legality of the occupation.[144] He spoke out against the desecration of houses of worship and historical artifacts, including the theft of a 1,600-year-old imperial obelisk, and condemned the atrocities suffered by the Ethiopian civilian population.[145] He continued to plead for League intervention and to voice his certainty that "God's judgment will eventually visit the weak and the mighty alike",[146] though his attempts to gain support for the struggle against Italy were largely unsuccessful until Italy entered World War II on the German side in June 1940.[147]

Selassie's pleas for international support took root in the United States, particularly among African-American organisations sympathetic to the Ethiopian cause.[148] In 1937, Haile Selassie was to give a Christmas Day radio address to the American people to thank his supporters when his taxi was involved in a traffic accident, leaving him with a fractured knee.[149] He delivered the address despite his injury, in which he linked Christianity and goodwill with the Covenant of the League of Nations, and asserted that war can be resolved diplomatically.[149]

During this period, Selassie suffered several personal tragedies. His two sons-in-law, Ras Desta Damtew and Dejazmach Beyene Merid, were both executed by the Italians.[146] The Emperor's daughter, Princess Romanework, wife of Dejazmach Beyene Merid, was taken into captivity with her children, and she died in Italy in 1941.[150] His daughter Tsehai died during childbirth shortly after the restoration in 1942.[151]

After his return to Ethiopia, Selassie donated Fairfield House to the city of Bath as a residence for the aged.[152] In 2019, two blue plaques commemorating his residence at Fairfield and his visits to nearby Weston-super-Mare were unveiled by his grandson.[153]

## Restoration

[edit]

### World War II and return

[edit]

In 1942

British forces, which consisted primarily of Ethiopian-backed African and South African colonial troops under the "Gideon Force" of Colonel Orde Wingate, coordinated the military effort to liberate Ethiopia. Selassie issued several imperial proclamations in this period, demonstrating that British military might and the Emperor's popular appeal could be joined in the concerted effort to liberate Ethiopia.[147]

On 18 January 1941, during the East African Campaign, Selassie crossed the border between Sudan and Ethiopia, near the village of Um Iddla. The standard of the Lion of Judah was raised again. Two days later, he and a force of Ethiopian patriots joined with Gideon Force, which was already in Ethiopia and preparing the way.[154]

Italy was defeated by combined forces of the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth of Nations, Free France, Free Belgium, and Ethiopian partisans. On 5 May 1941, Selassie entered Addis Ababa and personally addressed the Ethiopian people, exactly five years after the fascist forces entered Addis Ababa. He urged them not to reciprocate the atrocities they had been subjected to.[155]

On 27 August 1942, Selassie confirmed the legal basis for the abolition of slavery that had been illegally enacted by Italian occupying forces throughout the empire and imposed severe penalties, including capital punishment for slave trading.[156][157]

### Postwar

[edit]

After World War II, Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations. In 1948, the Ogaden, a region disputed with both Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland, was granted to Ethiopia.[158] After the war, Italy was stripped of all her overseas possessions. On 2 December 1950, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 390 (V), which ceded the former Italian colony known as the federation of Eritrea to the Ethiopian Empire.[159] Eritrea was to have its own constitution, which would provide for ethnic, linguistic, and cultural balance, while Ethiopia was to manage its finances, defense, and foreign policy.[159]

With Queen Elizabeth II heading to Buckingham Palace, 1954

Despite his centralisation policies that had been made before World War II, Selassie still found himself unable to push for all the programmes he wanted. In 1942, he attempted to institute a progressive tax scheme, but this failed due to opposition from the nobility, and only a flat tax was passed; in 1951, he agreed to reduce this as well.[160] Ethiopia was still "semi-feudal",[161] and the Emperor's attempts to alter its social and economic form by reforming its modes of taxation met with resistance from the nobility and clergy, which were eager to resume their privileges in the post-war era.[160] Where Selassie actually did succeed in effecting new land taxes, the burdens were often still passed by the landowners onto the peasants.[160]

With President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on board the USS Quincy (CA-71) in Egypt after the Yalta Conference, 13 February 1945

Selassie with Sir Winston Churchill at Downing Street, 22 October 1954

Between 1941 and 1959, Selassie worked to establish the autocephaly of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.[162] For centuries the Ethiopian Orthodox Church had been headed by the Abuna, a bishop chosen by and answerable to the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. In 1942 and 1945, Selassie applied to the Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church to establish the independence of Ethiopian bishops, and when his appeals were denied he threatened to sever relations with the Coptic Church of Alexandria.[162] Finally, in 1959, Pope Kyrillos VI elevated the Abuna to Patriarch-Catholicos.[162] The Ethiopian Church remained affiliated with the Alexandrian Church.[160] In addition to these efforts, Selassie changed the Ethiopian church-state relationship by introducing taxation of church lands, and by restricting the legal privileges of the clergy, who had formerly been tried in their own courts for civil offenses.[160]

In 1956, on a state visit to India, he met with Indian leaders who supported Ethiopia against fascist Italy's illegal occupation during the 1935–1941 war against the country. Selassie also discussed with Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru relating to Asian and African decolonisation, and cooperation between economic and education sectors.[163]

In 1948, Harari and Somali Muslims staged a significant rebellion against the empire in Harar. The state responded with a violent crackdown. Hundreds were arrested and the entire town of Harar was put under martial law.[164] The government also seized many assets and estates belonging to the people.[165][166] This led to a massive exodus of Hararis from the region.[19][167] Harari dissatisfaction stemmed from the fact that they had never received autonomy for Harar, which was promised by Menelik II after his conquest of the kingdom. The promise was eroded by successive Amhara governors of Harar and infringed by Selassie himself.[168][169] According to historians Tim Carmicheal and Roman Loimeier, Selassie was directly involved in the suppression of the Harari movement that formed as a response to the crackdown on Hararis who collaborated with the Italians during their occupation of Ethiopia from 1935 to 1941.[170][171]

In keeping with the principle of collective security, for which he was an outspoken proponent, Selassie sent Ethiopian armed forces to take part in the Korean War to fight in support of the United Nations Command. The elite Kagnew Battalion, under General Mulugueta Bulli, was attached to the American 7th Infantry Division, and fought with distinction in a number of major engagements including the Battle of Pork Chop Hill.[172] In a 1954 speech, Selassie spoke of Ethiopian participation in the Korean War as a redemption of the principles of collective security.[173][174]

### Second constitutional period

[edit]

During the celebrations of his Silver Jubilee in November 1955, Selassie introduced a revised constitution,[175] whereby he retained effective power, while extending political participation to the people by allowing the lower house of parliament to become an elected body. Party politics were not provided for. Modern educational methods were more widely spread throughout the Empire.[176][177][178]

The country embarked on a development scheme and plans for modernisation, tempered by Ethiopian traditions, and within the framework of the state's ancient monarchical structure. Selassie compromised, when practical, with the traditionalists in the nobility and church. He also tried to improve relations between the state and ethnic groups, and granted autonomy to Afar lands that were difficult to control. Still, his reforms to end feudalism were slow and weakened by the compromises he made with the entrenched aristocracy. The revised constitution of 1955 has been criticised for reasserting "the indisputable power of the monarch" and maintaining the relative powerlessness of the peasants.[179]

Haile Selassie with Nikita Khrushchev, Moscow, 1959

Selassie also maintained cordial relations with the government of the United Kingdom through charitable gestures. He sent aid to the British government in 1947 when Britain was affected by heavy flooding. His letter to Lord Meork, National Distress Fund, London said, "even though We are busy of helping our people who didn't recover from the crises of the war, We heard that your fertile and beautiful country is devastated by the unusually heavy rain, and your request for aid. Therefore, We are sending small amount of money, about one thousand pounds through our embassy to show our sympathy and cooperation."[180]

#### 1958 famine of Tigray

[edit]

In the summer of 1958, a widespread famine in the Tigray province of northern Ethiopia was already two years old yet people in Addis Ababa knew hardly anything about it. When significant reports of death finally reached the Ministry of Interior in September 1959 the central government immediately disclosed the information to the public and began asking for contributions. The Emperor personally donated 2,000 tons of relief grain, the U.S. sent 32,000 tons, which was distributed between Eritrea and Tigray, and money for aid was raised throughout the country but it is estimated that approximately 100,000 people had died before the crisis ended in August 1961. The causes of the famine were attributed to drought, locusts, hailstone and epidemics of small-pox, typhus, measles and malaria.[181][182][183]

### Attempted coup and era of decolonization

[edit]

With John F. Kennedy, October 1963

Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the United Nations Operation in the Congo peacekeeping force during the 1960 Congo Crisis, per United Nations Security Council Resolution 143.

On 13 December 1960, while Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, the imperial guard staged an unsuccessful coup, briefly proclaiming Selassie's elder son, Asfa Wossen, as emperor. The regular army and police forces crushed the coup d'état. The coup plotters lacked broad popular support, were denounced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and was unpopular with the military and police. Nonetheless, the effort had support among students and the educated classes.[184] The attempt has been characterised as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, the point at which Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent".[185] Student populations began to empathise with the peasantry and poor and advocate on their behalf.[185] The coup spurred Selassie to accelerate reform, manifested as land grants to military and police officials and political groups.[186]

Video of Haile Selassie's 1968 United Nations speech

Selassie continued to be a staunch ally of the West, while pursuing a firm policy of decolonisation in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule. The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding Eritrea's status, with the superpowers each vying for a stake in the state's future. Britain, the administrator at the time, suggested Eritrea's partition between Sudan and Ethiopia, separating Christians and Muslims. The idea was instantly rejected by Eritrean political parties, as well as the UN.[187][188]

#### Eritrean annexation and uprising

[edit]

A UN plebiscite voted to have Eritrea federated with Ethiopia, later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and would be represented in what had been the Ethiopian parliament and would become the federal parliament.[189] Selassie rejected European attempts to draft a separate constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and wanted his own 1955 constitution protecting families to apply in both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961 the 30-year Eritrean War for Independence began, followed by the dissolution of the federation and shutting down of Eritrea's parliament.[190][191]

With Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser in Addis Abeba for the Organisation of African Unity summit, 1963

In September 1961, Selassie attended the Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade, FPR Yugoslavia. This is considered to be the founding conference of the Non-Aligned Movement.[192]

In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the Eritrean War of Independence. Eritrea's elected parliament voted to become the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962.[193][194] The war would continue for 30 years; first Selassie, then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him, attempted to retain Eritrea by force.[195]

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Haile Selassie's address to the United Nations, 1963

In 1963, Selassie presided over the formation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the precursor of the continent-wide African Union (AU). The new organisation would establish its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In May of that year, Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with Modibo Keïta of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Morocco and Algeria. In 1964, Selassie would initiate the concept of the United States of Africa, a proposition later taken up by Muammar Gaddafi.[196][197]

In 1963, a revolt in Bale occurred, where peasant rioters whom were discouraged by the Ethiopian taxation headed by Prime Minister Aklilu Habte-Wold later turned into an insurgency.[198] This caused a semi-civil war with terrorist activities carried out by rebels supported by Somalia which later forced the Ethiopian government to declare a state of emergency.[199][200][201] The Emperor's armed forces led by Prime Minister Aklilu's cabinet with the support of the United Kingdom and the United States were able to end the revolt after over six years of insurgency. This assured weakened diplomatic ties with Siad Barre's Somalia.[199][201][202]

#### Reform efforts and relations with the West

[edit]

On 4 October 1963, Selassie addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations.[203][204][205]

At the state funeral of John F. Kennedy, 25 November 1963

On 25 November 1963, the Emperor traveled to Washington, D.C., and attended the state funeral of assassinated U.S. president John F. Kennedy. He was the only African head of state to attend the funeral.[206] In addition, he was the only one of the three prominent world leaders that would have another meeting with the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, in Washington during his presidency; he met Johnson again during an informal visit to the United States in 1967.[207][208][209]

Selassie with Queen Elizabeth II in Addis Ababa on her 1965 state visit to Ethiopia

In 1966, Selassie attempted to replace the historical tax system with a single progressive income tax, which would weaken the nobility who had avoided paying most of their taxes.[210] This law led to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the tax was abandoned. Having achieved its design in undermining the tax, the revolt encouraged other landowners to defy Selassie.[211] In October that year, Selassie had a four-day visit to the Kingdom of Jordan hosted by King Hussein. During this trip, Selassie visited Jerusalem and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[212]

During a visit to Washington, D.C. with President Lyndon B. Johnson, 1967

While he had assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and Congo, Selassie drew a distinction between it and the intervention in Indochina, deploring it as needless suffering and calling for the Vietnam War to end. At the same time, he remained open toward the United States, commending it for making progress with African Americans' Civil Rights legislation in the 1950s and 1960s and visiting the US several times during these years.[213][214][215]

In 1967, he visited Montréal, Canada, to open the Ethiopian Pavilion at the Expo '67 World's Fair where he received great acclaim among other world leaders there for the occasion.[216][217][218]

### Later reign

[edit]

As the 1970s began, in contrast to most monarchs at the era, Selassie's political influence continued to be of great significance; he was said to utilize as many as four spy agencies, all which concurrently spied on each other as well as civilian and military circles of the nation. He was the only person who knew the 'true' scope of things in Ethiopia.[219]

Student unrest became a regular feature of Ethiopian life in the 1960s and 1970s. Communism took root among the Ethiopian intelligentsia, particularly those who had studied abroad and been exposed to radical and left-wing sentiments.[184] Resistance by conservatives at the Imperial Court and Parliament, and by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, made Selassie's land reform proposals difficult to implement. The standing of the government was damaged, costing Selassie much goodwill and sowing resentment among the peasant population. Efforts to weaken unions also hurt his image.[220][221]

In the last years of his rule, civil liberties and political rights in Ethiopia were low, with Freedom House giving Ethiopia a "Not Free" score in both categories.[222] Common human rights abuses included poor prison conditions and the imprisonment and torture of political dissidents. Nonetheless, the Emperor was known for pardoning hundreds of prisoners at a time and there were no more than ten political prisoners during his entire reign.[20][223][verification needed]

The Imperial Army also carried out a multiple atrocities during the war with Eritrean separatists in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[224][225][226][227]

#### Foreign relations

[edit]

In Beijing, China, with Chinese leader and Chairman of the CPC Mao Zedong in 1971. Selassie also met Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in his state visit.

As these issues began to pile up, Selassie left much of domestic governance to Aklilu Habte-Wold and concentrated more on foreign affairs. Over the previous two decades, Ethiopia had received over 400 million dollars in aid, 140 million of that being for the Ethiopian military, and 240 million for economic assistance.[228]

Outside Ethiopia, Selassie continued to enjoy enormous prestige and respect. As the longest-serving head of state in power, he was often given precedence over other leaders at state events, such as the state funerals of John F. Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle, the summits of the Non-Aligned Movement, and the 1971 celebration of the 2,500 years of the Persian Empire.[229][230]

In 1970, Selassie visited Italy as a guest of President Giuseppe Saragat, and in Milan he met Giordano Dell'Amore, President of the Italian Savings Banks Association. He visited China in October 1971, and was the first foreign head of state to meet Mao Zedong following the death of Mao's designated successor Lin Biao in a plane crash in Mongolia.[231][232]

Selassie's speech regarding human rights on 23 October 1970, which marked the 25th anniversary of the United Nations' founding

Selassie went to meet Pope Paul VI in 1970 at Vatican City, where they discussed issues regarding both their countries and history.[233]

Selassie with Pope Paul VI at the Holy See, 10 November 1970

#### Wollo famine

[edit]

Main article: 1972–1975 Wollo famine

Ethiopia's population and GDP Per Capita growth during a part of Selassie's reign from 1950 to 1973

The Land distribution throughout the Ethiopian Empire to nobles throughout each region.[234]

Famine – mostly in Wollo, north-eastern Ethiopia, as well as in some parts of Tigray – is estimated to have killed 40,000 to 80,000 Ethiopians between 1972 and 1974.[16][235] Some reports suggest that the Emperor was unaware of the famine's extent,[236][237][238] while others assert that he was well aware of it.[239][240] The famine and its image in the media undermined the government's popular support, and his once unassailable popularity declined.[241]

In addition to the exposure of attempts by corrupt local officials to cover up the famine from the imperial government, the Kremlin's depiction of Selassie's Ethiopia as backwards and inept (relative to the purported utopia of Marxism–Leninism) contributed to the popular uprising that led to its downfall and the rise of Mengistu Haile Mariam.[242] The crisis was exacerbated by military mutinies and high oil prices. The costs of imported goods, gasoline, and food skyrocketed, while unemployment spiked.[179]

### The Ethiopian revolution

[edit]

Main article: Ethiopian Revolution

In February 1974, four days of serious riots in Addis Ababa against sudden economic inflation left five dead. The Emperor responded by announcing on national television a reduction in petrol prices and a freeze on the cost of basic commodities. This calmed the public, but the promised 33% military wage hike was not substantial enough to pacify the army, which then mutinied, beginning in Asmara and spreading throughout the empire. This mutiny led to the resignation of Aklilu Habte-Wold as prime minister on 27 February 1974.[243] Selassie again went on television to agree to the army's demands for still greater pay, and named Endelkachew Makonnen as the new prime minister.[244][245] Despite Endalkachew's many concessions, discontent continued in March with a four-day general strike that paralyzed the nation.[246] In April, protests by Ethiopian Muslims broke out in response to discrimination perpetrated by the regime, with approximately 100,000 individuals participating.[247]

#### Imprisonment

[edit]

Main article: 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état

The Derg, a clique of junior officers and enlisted men, set up in June to investigate the military's demands, took advantage of the government's disarray to depose the 82-year-old Selassie on 12 September.[248] General Aman Mikael Andom, a Protestant of Eritrean origin,[243] served briefly as provisional head of state pending the return of Crown Prince Asfa Wossen, who was then receiving medical treatment abroad. Selassie was imprisoned briefly at the 4th Army Division in Addis Ababa[243] before being moved back to the Grand Palace where the Emperor spent the last months of his life under house arrest.[249]

Following the 1974 coup d'état, much of the Ethiopian royal family fled the country, were imprisoned, or were executed.

Though initially most of the imperial family was detained at the late Duke of Harar's residence in the north of the capital, most were later moved into Addis Ababa's Kerchele Prison, also known as "Alem Bekagn". On 23 November 60 former high officials of the imperial government were summarily executed by firing squad,[250] including Selassie's grandson, Rear Admiral Iskinder Desta, General Aman and two former prime ministers.[249][251] These killings, known to Ethiopians as "Black Saturday", were condemned by the Crown Prince; the Derg responded to his rebuke by revoking its acknowledgment of his imperial legitimacy, and announcing the end of the Solomonic dynasty.[250]

#### Execution and cover-up

[edit]

On 27 August 1975, Selassie was murdered on the orders of the Derg regime, a fact that was to remain undiscovered for another twenty years. On 28 August 1975, state media reported that Selassie had died on 27 August of "respiratory failure" following complications from a prostate examination followed up by a prostate operation.[252] Asrat Woldeyes denied that complications had occurred and rejected the government version of his death. The prostate operation in question apparently had taken place months before the state media claimed, and Selassie had apparently enjoyed strong health in his last days.[253]

In 1994, an Ethiopian court found several former military officers guilty of strangling the Emperor on his bed in 1975. Three years after the Derg regime was overthrown,[254] the court charged them with genocide and murder, claiming that it had obtained documents attesting to a high-level order from the military regime to assassinate Selassie for leading a "feudal regime".[12] Documents have been widely circulated online showing the Derg's final assassination order and bearing the military regime's seal and signature.[255][256] The veracity of these documents has been corroborated by multiple former members of the Derg regime.[257][258]

The tombs of Haile Selassie and Menen Asfaw inside the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis Ababa

### Funeral and veneration

[edit]

The Soviet-backed People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the Derg's successor, fell in 1991. In 1992, Selassie's bones were found under a concrete slab on the palace grounds.[259][260] Selassie's coffin rested in Bhata Church for nearly a decade, near his great-uncle Menelik II's resting place.[261] On 5 November 2000, the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis Ababa gave him a funeral, but the government refused calls to declare the ceremony an official imperial funeral.[262] This may have been due to the government's reluctance to endorse or give even subtle political recognition to Royalists.[261][263][264]

#### Rastafari reaction

[edit]

Prominent Rastafari figures such as Rita Marley participated in the funeral, but most Rastafari rejected the event and refused to accept that the bones were Selassie's remains. There is some debate within the Rastafari movement as to whether he actually died in 1975.[265]

## Rastafari messiah

[edit]

Selassie is worshipped as God incarnate[266][267] among some followers of the Rastafari movement (taken from Selassie's pre-imperial name Ras – meaning Head, a title equivalent to Duke – Tafari Makonnen), which emerged in Jamaica during the 1930s. He is viewed as the messiah who will lead the peoples of Africa and the African diaspora to freedom.[268] His official titles are Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah and King of Kings of Ethiopia, Lord of Lords and Elect of God, and his lineage is thought to be from Solomon and Sheba.[269] These notions are perceived by Rastafari as confirmation of the return of the messiah in the Book of Revelation. Rastafari faith in the divinity of Selassie[270][271] began after news reports of his coronation reached Jamaica,[272] particularly via the two Time magazine articles on the coronation before and after the event. Selassie's own perspectives permeate the philosophy of the movement.[272][273]

In 1961, the Jamaican government sent a delegation of both Rastafari and non-Rastafari leaders to Ethiopia to discuss repatriation with the Emperor. He told the Rastafari delegation "Tell the Brethren to be not dismayed, I personally will give my assistance in the matter of repatriation."[274]

Haile Selassie pictured in 1935, during the same period where Rastafarian worship emerged

Selassie visited Jamaica on 21 April 1966, and approximately one hundred thousand Rastafari went to Palisadoes Airport in Kingston to greet him.[272] Spliffs[275] and chalices[276] were openly[277] smoked, causing "a haze of ganja smoke" to drift through the air.[278][279][280] Selassie arrived at the airport but was unable to come down the airplane's steps, as the crowd rushed the tarmac. He returned into the plane. The Jamaican authorities were obliged to request Ras Mortimer Planno, a well-known Rasta leader, to climb the steps, enter the plane, and negotiate the Emperor's descent.[281][282] This day is held by scholars to be a turning point for the movement,[283][284][285] and it is commemorated by Rastafari as Grounation Day. From then on, the Jamaican authorities were asked to ensure that Rastafari representatives were present at all state functions attended by the Emperor,[284][285] and Rastafari elders also ensured that they obtained a private audience with the Emperor,[284] where he told them that they should not emigrate to Ethiopia until they had first liberated the people of Jamaica. This dictum came to be known as "liberation before repatriation".[286]

Selassie defied expectations of the Jamaican authorities[287] and never rebuked the Rastafari for their belief in him as God. Instead, he presented the movement's faithful elders with gold medallions.[288][289] During PNP leader (later Jamaican prime minister) Michael Manley's visit to Ethiopia in October 1969, the Emperor recalled his 1966 reception with amazement, and stated that he felt that he had to be respectful of their beliefs.[290] This was the visit when Manley received the Rod of Correction or Rod of Joshua as a present from the Emperor, thought to have helped him to win the 1972 election in Jamaica.[291][292]

Rita Marley converted to the Rastafari faith after seeing Selassie on his Jamaican trip. She claimed that she saw a stigmata print on the palm of Selassie's hand as he waved to the crowd.[293] Rastafari became much better known throughout much of the world due to the popularity of Bob Marley.[294] Marley's posthumously released song "Iron Lion Zion" may refer to Selassie.[295]

### Selassie's position

[edit]

In a 1967 interview with the CBC's Bill McNeil, Selassie denied his alleged divinity.[296] For many Rastafari, the CBC interview is not interpreted as a denial. According to Robert Earl Hood, Selassie neither denied nor affirmed his divinity.[297][298][299]

CBC Interview

Selassie visited Canada in 1967 for an official state visit, CBC news interviewed him and asked him a variety of questions including his position on Rastafarianism

* * *

Problems playing this file? See media help.

After his return to Ethiopia, Selassie dispatched Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq Mandefro to the Caribbean. According to Yesehaq, this was to help draw Rastafari and other West Indians to the Ethiopian church.[300][301] Some sources suggest that certain islanders and their leaders were resenting the services of their former colonial churches, and vocalised their interest of establishing the Ethiopian church in the Caribbean.[302]

In 1969, Manley visited the Emperor at his palace in Addis Ababa before his election as prime minister of Jamaica in 1972. Selassie spoke about his 1966 visit to Jamaica and told Manley that, though he was confused by the Rastafarians' beliefs, he respected them.[303]

In 1948, Selassie donated 500 hectares of land at Shashamane, 250 kilometres (160 mi) south of Addis Ababa, to the Ethiopian World Federation Incorporated for the use of people of African descent who supported Ethiopia during the war.[304] Numerous Rastafari families settled there and still live as a community to this day.[305][306] This was controversial among the locals, as the Rastas settled on traditionally Oromo land.[307][308][309]

## Residences and finance

[edit]

The Jubilee Palace served as the residence of Selassie since 1955

In 1974, Ethiopian media during the revolution claimed the Emperor had a net worth of 11 billion dollars.[310] However, records indicate that Selassie's entire net worth was just £22,000.00 as late as 1959.[311] He was also accused by the Derg to have hoarded millions in Swiss banks, claiming Selassie illegally acquired the money from exploiting the Ethiopian people.[312]

The Jubilee Palace, built in 1955, served as the official residence of the head of state of Ethiopian Empire from 1955 to 1974. The Palace sits on 11,450 square metres (123,200 sq ft) in the center of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia since 1889.[313] The Palace's estimated initial construction cost and its value today are undisclosed, but due to its size, location and historical importance, its value would be in the hundreds of millions of dollars.[314]

Selassie owned a large fleet of cars including ones gifted to him during overseas visits, which may be worth millions of dollars.[315] In addition, a battle took place over a decade regarding his Patek Phillipe watch, which was initially offered in a Christie's auction with an estimated value of over $1 million.[316] However, after the feud ended, the watch was withdrawn from the auction.[317][318]

## Personal life

[edit]

### Visual, performing, and literary arts

[edit]

Further information: Ethiopian art

In his private life, Selassie advocated the growth of Ethiopian art. He believed that arts could 'rebuild' the country. He was interested in a modern outlook towards traditional Ethiopian arts, including those of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. He addressed Afewerk Tekle, an Ethiopian laureate, when he left for Europe to gain skills to improve Ethiopian art. Later, Tekle created multiple artworks putting Ethiopian life on display.[319] Selassie created an art program which enrolled multiple artists, including Agegnehu Engida. He gave a scholarship to Ale Felege Selam. Selassie travelled regularly to Bishoftu to see displays of paintings by Ethiopian artists such as Lemma Guya. Selassie was impressed by Guya's paintings of Ethiopian military aircraft. Guya later joined the Airforce but continued to paint with Selassie's support.[320][321][322]

Awarding Abebe Bikila the Order of the Star of Ethiopia, 1960, after winning the Olympic Gold Medal

Selassie commissioned the opening of Ethiopia's first Hager Fikir Theater House in 1935 and the National Theatre in Addis Ababa in 1955.[323]

Selassie wrote an autobiography, "My Life and Ethiopia's Progress", covering his years as ruler. He began the first volume while in exile during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. He allegedly wrote the second volume towards the end of the war, though it is widely believed that officials assembled the materials and constructed the book.[324][325][326]

### Sports

[edit]

Further information: Sport in Ethiopia

During his reign, Selassie expanded international Ethiopian sports, including the Ethiopian Football Federation and Ethiopian national basketball team. He awarded Ethiopia the AFCON award when it won its first title.[327] He supported Ethiopia in the 1960 Olympics and gave Olympian Abebe Bikila with multiple national awards such as the Star of Ethiopia and the Order of Menelik II. He supported other Ethiopian athletes, such as Mamo Wolde, by writing personal letters to them.[328][329]

### Religion

[edit]

With Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria

Selassie was an adherent of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. He was raised following Ethiopia's traditional Christian background. He was born Tafari Makonnen; after his coronation, he adopted his baptismal name as his official and legal name. He participated in the 1966 Berlin Congress for World Evangelism organised by evangelist Billy Graham.[330][331]

Defender of the Faith

Haile Selassie I

Emperor
Resting place| Addis Ababa
Venerated in|

Oriental Orthodoxy[332]

* Armenian Apostolic Church
* Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
* Coptic Orthodox Church
* Indian Orthodox Church
* Syriac Orthodox Church

He tried to unify the Oriental Orthodox community extending into Egypt, Armenia, and Syria. Despite this, he did not try to stop the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church from having its own Patriarch when it was granted autocephaly by the Egyptian Coptic Church. He adhered to the intracontinental and overseas relations between the Orthodox churches, and believed that it would be reasonable to try to move unification forward.[333][334][335]

He maintained a good relationship with Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Patriarch of the Coptic Church in Egypt. Pope Cyril was awarded the Star of Solomon by Selassie for his role in nominating Abuna Basilios as the first Ethiopian Patriarch of the Tewahedo Church. Christianity played an official role in the Constitutional Monarchy, but to a limited degree compared to his predecessors. Under Selassie's reign in 1942, Islamic courts were allowed to have judicial power concerning Muslim matters. He also recognized concerns from the Muslim community and gave audiences to its respective leaders.[336][337]

### Family

[edit]

Further information: Crown Council of Ethiopia

His son Prince Asfaw Wossen and other members of the Royal Family of Ethiopia

Selassie, being the head of the Royal Family, legally had precedent over all matters within his household. He contrasted with the Solomonic dynasty and gave more political powers, dukedoms, and government offices to members of his immediate family, including his grandson Rear Admiral Iskinder Desta. An individual source according to Paulos Milkias, a professor at Montreal, Canada, claimed that Desta threatened his grandfather with death at gunpoint unless he changed the successional line (although this was never definitively confirmed). Selassie only wanted to give him an apolitical position as a commissioned officer in the Ethiopian military, and Iskinder was made deputy commander of the Imperial Ethiopian Navy in 1958.[338][339]

In 1963, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is said to have helped Haile Selassie to put his grandson in the elite Gordonstoun school.[340] Selassie was able to put his other grandchildren into top schools throughout the U.S. and Europe, such as Columbia University.[341]

## Legacy

[edit]

### Public opinion and media depiction

[edit]

Haile Selassie I visiting a children's hospital in 1969, with Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, on her state visit to Ethiopia

Emperor Haile Selassie I saluting Soviet, American, British and French Ships present at the annual Ethiopian Navy Day celebrations

During the early years of his reign, especially in the 1930s and 1940s when Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia, media coverage of Selassie was predominantly positive. He was portrayed as a hero resisting fascist forces and a symbol of hope for Africa, aligning with the Allies during World War II.[342] In 1935, during the invasion, he was even named Time magazine's "Man of the Year".[343] British Pathé reported that Selassie's return was "As an Emperor returns and triumphs to his people."[344] During one of his interviews with Meet the Press during a 1963 state visit to the U.S., a time when the Civil Rights movement was in full swing, Selassie condemned race-based oppression and advocated for Pan-African unity.[345] However, media responses were mixed. NBC News ridiculed the visit months later, prompting The New York Times to defend the Ethiopian Emperor, questioning NBC's intent and criticizing its insensitivity. The paper remarked that "NBC News cannot afford to be a handmaiden of the State Department" and asked what "civilized purpose" was served by ridiculing the visit, to the probable embarrassment of Ethiopian diplomats in the U.S.[346][347]

During the 1950s, when the Silver Jubilee of the Emperor's reign was celebrated, he adopted the 1955 Constitution which legally gave more democratic rights to the public, and legally restricted the monarch's power. Following the end of World War II, Selassie sought to limit the influence of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. During the 1950s, he was widely regarded as a modernizing and capable leader in Ethiopia.[348][349][350] In the 1970s, due to economic turmoil and a famine, Selassie's reputation suffered. Mass protests broke out against his reign. It was widely believed he should abdicate due to his old age and failed land reform policy. These factors ultimately led to his removal from power.[351]

Selassie's legacy remains a topic of debate. He played a leading role in founding Addis Ababa University and the Organisation of African Unity, the latter of which would later become the African Union. He was also a prominent anti-colonial leader.[352][353][354][355] Time magazine listed him among the most important figures in political history, placing him in the "Top 25 Political Icons" of all time.[356][357]

Old Ethiopian Birr depicting Haile Selassie over bank notes rarely circulating in Ethiopia

In 1997, Selassie was mentioned in the Ween song Mutilated Lips. In 2001, Ethiopian pop star Teddy Afro released a song titled "Haile Selassie", depicting its namesake in a nationalistic light.[358][359]

Selassie appears as a leader of Ethiopia in Civilization V: Gods and Kings.[360]

In 2021, a false headline had circulated of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip bowing down to Selassie and his wife during the Queen's state visit to Ethiopia at Jubilee Palace.[361][362][363] A documentary titled Grandpa Was an Emperor was released by Selassie's granddaughter in 2021, showcasing the life of the Ethiopian royal family.[364][365] In the 2024 biopic Bob Marley: One Love,[366] Selassie is depicted in Rastafarian religious lore.[367][368][369] There is a part where Selassie, whilst riding a horse, takes alongside him a young Bob Marley.[370]

Selassie has been depicted by photographers, artists, and sculptors such as Edward Copnall, Beulah Woodard, Jacob Epstein, William H. Johnson, Yevonde Middleton and Alvin Gittins.[371][372][373][374][375][376]

### Memorials

[edit]

Multiple memorials were built for Selassie, mainly in Ethiopia. One of these memorials was unveiled in 2019 at the African Union's Headquarters in Addis Ababa. This memorial was made to honor his long efforts of Pan-Africanism and anti-colonialism during his rule.[377][378] A wax statue of Haile Selassie can be found in Addis Ababa's Unity Park.[379][380][381] A high school in Kingston, Jamaica is named after Haile Selassie.[382][383] In 2020, a bust statue built in 1957 was destroyed by protestors as a response to the assassination of Oromo singer Hachalu Hundessa.[384][385][386] One of the three major expressways in Nairobi, Kenya is named after Haile Selassie.[387][388]

* Haile Selassie I's statue located at the AU Conference HQ, Addis Ababa

* Former standing statue of the Emperor in Wimbledon, England

* A plaster figure of Selassie by Jacob Epstein in 1936, The New Art Gallery Walsall, England

* A blue plaque, unveiled in 2011 in Great Malvern, England

## Titles, styles, arms, honours

[edit]

Styles of
Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia

Reference style|

* His Imperial Majesty
* Amharic: ግርማዊ; girmāwī

Spoken style|

* Your Imperial Majesty
* Amharic: ጃንሆይ; djānhoi
* lit. "O [esteemed] royal"

Alternative style|

* Our Lord (familiar)
* Amharic: ጌቶቹ; getochu
* lit. "Our master" (pl.)

Main article: List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie

* 23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: Lij Tafari Makonnen[33][389]
* 1 November 1905 – 11 February 1917: Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen[33][38]
* 11 February 1917 – 7 October 1928: Balemulu Silt'an Enderase Le'ul-Ras Tafari Makonnen[37][41][390]
* 7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930: Negus Tafari Makonnen[391]
* 2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: By the Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Elect of God.[38][41][49][392][393]

### National orders

[edit]

* Chief Commander of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia (1909)[394]
* Grand Collar of the Order of Solomon (1930)[395][396]
* Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon[397][398]
* Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Queen of Sheba[399]
* Grand Cordon of the Order of the Holy Trinity[400]
* Grand Cordon of the Order of Menelik II[401]
* Order of Fidelity[402]

### Foreign Coat of Arms

[edit]

Coat of arms in Spain under the order of Charles III of Spain

Coat of arms as Emperor in the United Kingdom under the Order of Garter

Coat of arms as Emperor in Sweden under the Order of the Seraphim

### As sovereign

[edit]

Imperial Royal Standard for Haile Selassie I obverse

Imperial Royal Standard for Haile Selassie I reverse

## Military ranks

[edit]

Selassie held the following ranks:

* Field Marshal, Imperial Ethiopian Army[403][404]
* Admiral of the Fleet, Imperial Ethiopian Navy[404]
* Marshal of the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force[404]
* Honorary Field Marshal, British Army, 20 January 1965[405][406][407]

## Issue

[edit]

Name | Birth | Death | Notes

|
|
|

Princess Romanework | 1909 | 14 October 1940 | Married Dejazmatch Beyene Merid in the late 1920s, had four children. Dejazmatch Beyene Merid died in 1937.
Princess Tenagnework | 12 January 1912 | 6 April 2003 | Married from 1924 to 1937 (death) to Ras Desta Damtew, had six children. Remarried to Andargachew Messai, who died in 1981, had two children.
Crown Prince Amha Selassie | 27 July 1916 | 17 January 1997 | Married Wolete Israel Seyoum in 1931, had one daughter. Amha and Wolete later divorced. Married Medferiashwork Abebe in 1945, had four children.
Princess Zenebework | 25 July 1917 | 24 March 1934 | Married Dejazmach Haile Selassie Gugsa, no issue
Princess Tsehai | 13 October 1919 | 17 August 1942 | Married Lij Abiye Abebe in 1941, had a stillborn daughter
Prince Makonnen, Duke of Harar | 16 October 1924 | 13 May 1957 | Married Sara Gizaw, had five children
Prince Sahle Selassie | 27 February 1932 | 24 April 1962 | Married Princess Mahisente Habte Mariam, had one son

## Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestors of Haile Selassie

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Dejazmach Wolde Malakot Yamana Krestos

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Dejazmach Wolde Mikael Wolde Malakot Yamana Krestos|

|  |  |
| 9\. Woizero Kalama Worq

| 2\. Ras Mäkonnen Wäldä-Mika'él Wolde Malakot Yamana Krestos|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Negus (King) Sahle Selassie

| 5\. Immabet Tenagnework Sahle Selassie|

|  |  |
| 11\. Woizero Yimegnushal Ayele

| 1\. Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |

| 6\. Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar of Woreilu|

|  |  |

| 3\. Woizero Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Ato Yimeru of Gurage

| 7\. Immabet-Hoy Walatta Ihata Giyorgis Yimeru|

|  |  |
| 15\. Woizero Araza-Aregai

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## See also

[edit]

* Black Lions
* Ethiopian Empire
* Ethiopian Monarchs
* List of people who have been considered deities
* List of unsolved deaths

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Ge'ez: ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ, romanized: Qädamawi Ḫäylä Śəllase, Amharic pronunciation: [kʼədäˈmäwi ˈhäjlə sɨlˈläse] ⓘ, lit. 'Power of the Trinity';[2][3]

1. ^ In exile from 2 May 1936 – 20 January 1941[1]
2. ^ Ge'ez ግርማዊ ቀዳማዊ አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ሞዓ አንበሳ ዘእምነገደ ይሁዳ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዘኢትዮጵያ ሰዩመ እግዚአብሔር; girmāwī ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā 'anbessā ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume 'igzī'a'bihēr.[51]
3. ^ Bālemulu literally means "fully empowered" or "wholly authorised", thus distinguishing it from the general use of Enderase, that being a representative or lieutenant of the Emperor to fiefs or vassals, essentially a Governor-General or Viceroy, by which term provincial governors in the contemporary Imperial period, during Haile Selassie's reign, were referred.[68][69]
4. ^ Balcha Safo brought an army of ten thousand with him from Sidamo.[71]
5. ^ Balcha Safo's personal bodyguard numbered about five hundred.[71]

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Talbot, David Abner (1966). Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Information. pp. 64–66.
2. ^ Gates, Henry Louis, and Anthony Appiah, Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. 1999, p. 902.
3. ^ a b "Haile Selassie I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 November 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
4. ^ Atiso, Kodjo. "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie". guides.lib.ku.edu. Retrieved 30 November 2024.[permanent dead link]
5. ^ Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia. Vol. 1\. ABC-CLIO. p. 247\. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3.
6. ^ Erlich, Haggai (2002), The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192.
7. ^ Murrell, p. 148
8. ^ Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.
9. ^ Karsh, Efraim (1988), Neutrality and Small States. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.
10. ^ Keller, Edmond J. (1988). Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic. Indiana University Press. p. 92.
11. ^ Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት) [The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)]. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97\. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.
12. ^ a b "Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
13. ^ Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia Archived 23 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine National Geographic
14. ^ Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). The Rastafarians. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6.
15. ^ Meredith, Martin (2005), The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-398-6, pp. 212–213.
16. ^ a b c "Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
17. ^ Huurne, Dieneke. 'It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 36.
18. ^ History of Harar and Hararis (PDF). pp. 141–144\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
19. ^ a b Feener, Michael (2004). Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 227\. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
20. ^ a b Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), "Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine", The Independent, UK, archived from the original on 13 October 2019, retrieved 29 August 2017 (taken from Chapter 3 of Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))
21. ^ Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), "Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive", The Guardian, archived from the original on 14 February 2016, retrieved 14 February 2016
22. ^ Language & Culture (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022
23. ^ Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo, January 2017, archived from the original on 19 April 2021, retrieved 11 February 2021
24. ^ Bender, M. L. (1976). Language in Ethiopia. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–190\. ISBN 978-0-19-436102-6.
25. ^ Scholler, Heinrich; Brietzke, Paul H. (1976). Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics. Munich: Weltforum-Verlag. p. 154\. ISBN 3-8039-0136-7.
26. ^ Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. p. 1105.
27. ^ Oromo Continue to Flee Violence, September 1981, archived from the original on 12 April 2021, retrieved 17 February 2021
28. ^ Country Information Report ethiopia, 12 August 2020, archived from the original on 11 July 2013, retrieved 17 February 2021
29. ^ Ethiopia. Status of Amharas, 1 March 1993, archived from the original on 25 January 2021, retrieved 17 February 2021
30. ^ "Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park". BBC News. 2 July 2020. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
31. ^ "Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed". BBC News. 30 June 2020. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
32. ^ Ethiopians Angered at Singer's Death Topple Statue, 30 June 2020, archived from the original on 15 December 2020, retrieved 30 June 2020
33. ^ a b c d Selassie, Haile I (1976). My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 20\. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.
34. ^ Copley, Gregory R. Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 115
35. ^ a b Bellizzi, Francesco; Wondim, Simeon; Feqade, Ras (2013). The Order of Coronation. Italy: Debre Zeyt Books. p. 97\. ISBN 978-88-908905-0-5.
36. ^ a b c Copley, Gregory R. Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 114
37. ^ a b Selassie, Haile I (1976). My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–50\. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.
38. ^ a b c d Steffanson, Borg G.; Starrett, Ronald K. (1976). Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. I: The Decline of Menelik II to the Emergence of Ras Tafari, later known as Haile Selassie, 1910–1919. Salisbury, North Carolina: Documentary Publications. p. 133\. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.
39. ^ a b Murrell, pp. 172–173
40. ^ Haile Selassie 1999, vol. 2, p. xiii.
41. ^ a b c d Asserate, p. 325
42. ^ Asserate, p. 350
43. ^ Copley, Gregory R. Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 117
44. ^ Steffanson, Borg G.; Starret, Ronald K. (1976). Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. II. North Carolina, U.S.: Documentary Publications. p. 112\. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.
45. ^ Bahru Zewde (2001). A History of Modern Ethiopia (2nd ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p. 135. ISBN 0-85255-786-8.
46. ^ Roberts, Neil (2015). Freedom as Marronage. University of Chicago Press. p. 175\. ISBN 978-0-226-20104-7. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
47. ^ Murrell, p. 159.
48. ^ Rubenson, Sven (July 1965). "The Lion of the Tribe of Judah Christian Symbol and/or Imperial Title". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 3 (2): 85.
49. ^ a b Rey, Charles F. (1935). The Real Abyssinia. New York City.: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 117\. ISBN 0-8371-2656-8. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
50. ^ Hassen, Getachew Makonnen (1992). ንጉሥ ነገሥት ከ1884–1967 ("King of Kings b.1892–1975"). Addis Ababa. p. 5.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
51. ^ a b c Kasuka, Bridgette (2012). Prominent African Leaders Since Independence. Bankole Kamara Taylor. p. 19\. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.
52. ^ Ghai, Yash P. (2000), Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78642-8, p. 176.
53. ^ Pétridès, S. Pierre (1963). Le Héros d'Adoua: Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie. Paris: Librairie Plon. p. 299.
54. ^ Bridgette, Kasuka (2012). Prominent African Leaders Since Independence. Tanzania: New Africa Press. p. 19\. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.
55. ^ Henze, Paul B (2001). Layers of time a history of Ethiopia. New York: Palgrave. p. 189.
56. ^ Woodward, Peter (1994), Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: federalism and its alternatives. Dartmouth Pub. Co. ISBN 1-85521-486-5, p. 29.
57. ^ S. Pierre Pétridès, Le Héros d'Adoua. Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie, p. 28
58. ^ a b de Moor, Jaap, and Wesseling, H. L. (1989), Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08834-2, p. 189.
59. ^ Shinn, p. 265.
60. ^ Haile Selassie 1999, vol. 2, p. xii.
61. ^ a b c Shinn, pp. 193–4.
62. ^ a b Roberts, p. 712.
63. ^ a b White, pp. 34–35.
64. ^ a b Mockler, Anthony, Haile Selassie's War (2003), p. xxvii
65. ^ Haile Selassie, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress (Chicago: Frontline Distribution International, 1999), pp. 41f.
66. ^ Lentakis, Michael B. (2004), Ethiopia: Land of the Lotus Eaters. Janus Pub. Co. ISBN 1-85756-558-4, p. 41.
67. ^ a b Shinn, p. 228.
68. ^ Leslau, Wolf (1976). Concise Amharic Dictionary. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 15, 273, 332, 354. ISBN 3-447-01729-5.
69. ^ Rubinkowska, Hanna (2005). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica vol. 2. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 297\. ISBN 3-447-05238-4.
70. ^ Marcus, p. 126.
71. ^ a b c d e Marcus, p. 127.
72. ^ Marcus, Haile Sellassie, pp. 25
73. ^ Gebre-Igzabiher Elyas, Chronicle, p. 372
74. ^ Bahru, Zewde (2001). A History of Modern Ethiopia (2nd ed.). Oxford: James Curry. p. 135\. ISBN 0-85255-786-8.
75. ^ Marcus, Harold (1996), Haile Selassie I: The formative years, 1892–1936. Trenton: Red Sea Press. ISBN 1-56902-007-8, pp. 36ff.
76. ^ Jacobs, Sam; Rothman, Lily; Benedict, Julie Blume; Cassidy, Catherine, eds. (2023). "Haile Selassie". Time Person of the Year: 95 Years of the World's Most Influential People. Time. p. 11.
77. ^ Clarence-Smith, W. G. The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century. 1989, p. 103.
78. ^ Miers, Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery (PDF), Yale, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2011.
79. ^ Brody, J. Kenneth (2000). The Avoidable War. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0498-0, p. 209.
80. ^ Marcus, p. 123.
81. ^ Gates and Appiah, Africana (1999), p. 698.
82. ^ Rogers, Joel Augustus (1936). The Real Facts about Ethiopia, p. 27.
83. ^ a b c Mockler, pp. 3–4.
84. ^ "Ethiopian Ruler Wins Plaudits of Parisians; Ras Taffari's Oriental Dignity Impresses Populace -- Government Extends Royal Honors". The New York Times. 17 May 1924. p. 3\. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018..
85. ^ "Ethiopian Royalties Don Shoes in Cairo; Prince and Eight Field Marshals Submit to Tortures in Tribute to Western Civilization". The New York Times. 5 May 1924. p. 3\. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
86. ^ Mockler, p. 4.
87. ^ Nidel, Richard (2005), World Music: The Basics. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96800-3, p. 56.
88. ^ a b Roberts, p. 723.
89. ^ Marcus, p. 129.
90. ^ Mockler, p. 8.
91. ^ Marcus, pp. 127–128.
92. ^ "A Brief Biography of His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie I". Crown Council of Ethiopia.
93. ^ Marcus, pp. 128
94. ^ Roberts, p. 724.
95. ^ Sorenson, John (2001). Ghosts and Shadows: Construction of Identity and Community in an African Diaspora. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8331-5 p. 34.
96. ^ Brockman, Norbert C. (1994), An African Biographical Dictionary. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0-87436-748-4, p. 381.
97. ^ Henze, Paul B. (2000), Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-393-3, p. 205.
98. ^ Del Boca, Angelo (2015). The Negus: The Life and Death of the Last King of Kings. Addis Ababa: Arada Books. p. 107\. ISBN 978-99944-823-9-9.
99. ^ a b Mockler, p. 12.
100. ^ "Items" (PDF). The American Foreign Service Journal. VII (9): 327. September 1930. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
101. ^ "2nd November ises, Requesting for a femail singer to sing the Queenof England for the Coronation". Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
102. ^ "Sewasew | United States of America, relations with". Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
103. ^ Abyssinian ruler honors Americans Archived 22 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. 24 October 1930.
104. ^ Wallace, Irving (1965). "Everybody's Rover Boy", p. 113 in The Sunday Gentleman. New York: Simon & Schuster.
105. ^ Coronation of Ras Tafari – 1930 | Movietone Moments | 2 Feb 18, 2 February 2018, archived from the original on 6 July 2024, retrieved 30 January 2022
106. ^ "Emperor is Crowned in Regal Splendor at African Capital" Archived 22 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. 3 November 1930.
107. ^ Abyssinia's Guests Receive Costly Gifts Archived 22 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. 12 November 1930.
108. ^ "Emperor of Ethiopia Honors Bishop Freeman; Sends Gold-Encased Bible and Cross for Prayer" Archived 22 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. 27 January 1931.
109. ^ Nahum, Fasil (1997), Constitution for a Nation of Nations: The Ethiopian Prospect. Red Sea Press. ISBN 1-56902-051-5, p. 17.
110. ^ a b Fasil (1997), Constitution for a Nation of Nations, p. 22.
111. ^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. John W. Turner (1991). Thomas P. Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry (ed.). Ethiopia: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Haile Selassie: The Prewar Period, 1930–36.
112. ^ Harold G. Marcus, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913 (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 121
113. ^ Mockler, p. 61.
114. ^ a b Carlton, Eric (1992), Occupation: The Policies and Practices of Military Conquerors. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-203-14346-9, pp. 88–89.
115. ^ a b Vandervort, Bruce (1998), Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830–1914. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21178-6, p. 158.
116. ^ Churchill, Winston (1986). The Second World War. p. 165.
117. ^ "Chapter 35 – We proclaim mobilisation". Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2014. in Words of RasTafarI, Selassie I. Jah-rastafari. Retrieved on 24 April 2014.
118. ^ Baudendistel, Rainer (2006), Between Bombs And Good Intentions: The Red Cross And the Italo-Ethiopian War. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-84545-035-3, p. 168.
119. ^ Barker 1971, p. 45
120. ^ Barker 1968, pp. 237–238
121. ^ Abbink, De Bruijn & Van Walraven 2003, p. 95
122. ^ Young, John (1997), Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-02606-7, p. 51.
123. ^ Pankhurst 1968, pp. 605–608
124. ^ Barker 1971, p. 29
125. ^ Stapleton 2013, p. 203
126. ^ Mack Smith 1983, pp. 231–232
127. ^ Mockler, p. 123.
128. ^ Spencer, John H (2006). Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years. Tsehai Publishers. pp. 63–64\. ISBN 978-1-59907-000-1.
129. ^ "Ethiopian Capital May Move to Gore; Town 220 Miles Southwest of Addis Ababa Reported Chosen on British Advice. Final Stand is Ordered – Emperor Calls Every Able-Bodied Man to Resist Invaders to North of Principal City". The New York Times. 2 May 1936. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
130. ^ Anthony Mockler, Haile Selassie's War (New York: Olive Branch, 2003), pp. 163–166
131. ^ Spencer, John (2006). Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years. Tsehai Publishers. ISBN 1-59907-000-6. p. 62.
132. ^ Mockler, p. 136
133. ^ Barker, A. J. (1936), The Rape of Ethiopia, p. 132
134. ^ Spencer, John (2006). Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years. Tsehai Publishers. ISBN 1-59907-000-6. p. 72.
135. ^ Safire, pp. 318.
136. ^ "Man of the Year". Time (magazine). 6 January 1936. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007.
137. ^ Time 1937.
138. ^ Elleray, D. Robert (1998). A Millennium Encyclopaedia of Worthing History. Worthing: Optimus Books. p. 119\. ISBN 978-0-9533132-0-4.
139. ^ "Selassie at Wimbledon". The Anglo-Ethiopian Society. Summer 2006. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
140. ^ "London statue of Haile Selassie destroyed", NY Carib News, 3 July 2020, archived from the original on 4 July 2020, retrieved 4 July 2020
141. ^ "Exiled emperor at home in hotel". Malvern Gazette. 18 October 2002. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
142. ^ "Emperor's life in town is recalled in BBC film". Malvern Gazette. 14 February 2003. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
143. ^ "Princesses were my school chums". Malvern Gazette. Newsquest Media Group. 5 May 2006. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
144. ^ Haile Selassie 1999, vol. 2, pp. 11–12..
145. ^ Haile Selassie 1999, vol. 2, pp. 26–27..
146. ^ a b Haile Selassie 1999, vol. 2, p. 25.
147. ^ a b Ofcansky, Thomas P. and Berry, Laverle (2004), Ethiopia: A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4191-1857-9, pp. 60–61.
148. ^ Haile Selassie 1999, vol. 2, p. 27.
149. ^ a b Haile Selassie 1999, vol. 2, pp. 40–42.
150. ^ Haile Selassie 1999, vol. 2, p. 170.
151. ^ Shinn, p. 3.
152. ^ Haber, Lutz, The Emperor Haile Selassie I in Bath 1936–1940, Occasional papers, The Anglo-Ethiopian Society, archived from the original on 30 January 2008, retrieved 16 February 2008.
153. ^ "Haile Selassie: Blue plaques for emperor unveiled in Somerset". BBC News. 22 September 2019. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
154. ^ Barker, A.J. (1936), The Rape of Ethiopia, p. 156.
155. ^ Haile Selassie 1999, vol. 2, p. 165.
156. ^ Hinks, Peter P.; McKivigan, John R. and Williams, R. Owen (2007). Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition Archived 3 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 248. ISBN 0-313-33143-X.
157. ^ Thomas P. Ofcansky, LaVerle Bennette Berry Ethiopia, a Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (1993) p. 110
158. ^ Shinn, p. 201.
159. ^ a b Shinn, pp. 140–141.
160. ^ a b c d e Ofcansky, Thomas P. and Berry, Laverle (2004). Ethiopia: A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4191-1857-9. pp. 63–64.
161. ^ Willcox Seidman, Ann (1990), Apartheid, Militarism, and the U.S. Southeast. Africa World Press. ISBN 0-86543-151-5, p. 78.
162. ^ a b c Watson, John H. (2000), Among the Copts. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-902210-56-8, p. 56.
163. ^ Kamalakaran, Ajay (28 March 2024). "When an emperor came calling on a newly independent India to learn from its early successes". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
164. ^ Shetler, Jan. "Building a 'City of Peace' through Intercommunal Association Muslim–Christian Relations in Harar, Ethiopia, 1887–2009" (PDF). Manchester University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
165. ^ Muehlenbeck, Philip (2012). Religion and the Cold War: A Global Perspective. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 147\. ISBN 978-0-8265-1852-1. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
166. ^ Ibrahim, Abadir (8 December 2016). The Role of Civil Society in Africa's Quest for Democratisation. Springer. p. 134\. ISBN 978-3-319-18383-1. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
167. ^ Vaughan, Sarah. Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia. The University of Edinburgh. p. 235\. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022.
168. ^ Endris Ali, Mohammed; Gonca Bayraktar Durgun. The Ethiopian Revolution : Perceived and Actual Making Factors vis-à-vis the Framing Process. Dergi Park. p. 312\. Archived from the original on 28 August 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
169. ^ Kulub. Encyclopedia Aethiopica. 26 April 2024. p. 450\. ISBN 978-3-447-05607-6.
170. ^ Carmichael, Tim (January 1998). "Political Culture in Ethiopia's Provincial Administration: Haile Sellassie, Blata Ayele Gebre and the (Hareri) Kulub Movement of 1948". Personality and Political Culture in Modern Africa: Studies Presented to Professor Harold G Marcus, ed. By M. Page, S. Beswick, T. Carmichael and J. Spaulding. Boston University African Studies Center Press: 198–212\. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
171. ^ Loimeier, Roman (2016). Islamic Reform in Twentieth-Century Africa. UK: Edinburgh University Press. p. 215\. ISBN 978-1-4744-1491-3. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
172. ^ Marshall, S.L.A. (1986). Pork Chop Hill : the American fighting man in action Korea, Spring, 1953. Nashville: Battery Press. p. 164\. ISBN 0-89839-090-7. OCLC 13714497.
173. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, The Near East and Africa, Volume V". United States Department of State. 23 May 1951.
174. ^ "An Ethiopian hero of the Korean War". BBC. 25 September 2012.
175. ^ "Ethiopia Administrative Change and the 1955 Constitution". Country studies. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
176. ^ Lewis, William H. (1956). "The Ethiopian Empire: Progress and Problems". Middle East Journal. 10 (3): 257–268\. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4322824. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
177. ^ Teferra, Damtew; Philip G. Altbach, eds. (2003). African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook. Indiana University Press. pp. 316–325.
178. ^ Keller, Revolutionary Ethiopia, p. 87.
179. ^ a b Mammo, Tirfe (1999). The Paradox of Africa's Poverty: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 1-56902-049-3, p. 103.
180. ^ Addis Zemen newspaper, 3 October 1947.
181. ^ Zewde, Bahru (1991). Bahru Zewde, [London: James Currey, 1991], p. 196. "A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855–1974". J. Currey. ISBN 0-8214-0972-7.
182. ^ Gill, Peter (2010). "Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid" (PDF). Oxford University Press. pp. 26 & 27\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
183. ^ Wolde Mariam, Mesfin (1986). Rural vulnerability to famine in Ethiopia: 1958–1977. Great Britain: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. pp. 35–36\. ISBN 0-946688-03-6.
184. ^ a b Zewde, Bahru (2001), A History of Modern Ethiopia. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 0-85255-786-8, pp. 220–226.
185. ^ a b Mammo, Tirfe (1999). The Paradox of Africa's Poverty: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge. The Red Sea Press. p. 100\. ISBN 1-56902-049-3.
186. ^ Keller, Revolutionary Ethiopia, p. 133
187. ^ "HRW Report" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. p. 355\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
188. ^ Henze, Layers of Time, p. 258
189. ^ "General Assembly Resolutions 5th Session". United Nations. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
190. ^ Hickman Cutter, Charles (2001). Africa, 2001. Stryker-Post Publications. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-887985-31-4. " When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962..."
191. ^ Gebremedhin, Tesfa G. (2002). Women, Tradition and Development: A Case Study of Eritrea Archived 6 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Red Sea Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-56902-153-8. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
192. ^ James Mark; Yakov Feygin (2020). "The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Alternative Vision of a Global Economy 1950s–1980s". In James Mark; Artemy M. Kalinovsky; Steffi Margus (eds.). Alternative Globalizations: Eastern Europe and the Postcolonial World. Indiana University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 978-0-253-04650-5.
193. ^ Haile, Semere (1987), "The Origins and Demise of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Federation", Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 15, pp. 9–17.
194. ^ Ayele, Negussay. "In Search of the Historical DNA of the Eritrean Problem: Review Article on the Eritrean Affair (1941–1963) by Ambassador Zewde Retta". Ethiopians.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
195. ^ "Ethiopia-Eritrea: A Troubled Relationship". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
196. ^ "The Last Emperor – The Fall of Haile Selassie". ADST. 9 October 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
197. ^ "Ethiopia: New African Union Building and Kwame Statue". Archived from the original (Video) on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2014.. Jimma Times. 29 January 2012
198. ^ Nicolas, Gildas (1972). "Protest in Ethiopia". Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies. 2 (3). UCLA: 55. doi:10.5070/F723016603. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
199. ^ a b De Waal, Alexander (1991). Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. Human Rights Watch. New York: Human Rights Watch. pp. 66–68\. ISBN 1-56432-038-3. OCLC 24504262.
200. ^ Beken, Christophe van der (2012). Unity in diversity : federalism as a mechanism to accommodate ethnic diversity : the case of Ethiopia. Berlin: LIT. pp. 75–76\. ISBN 978-3-643-90172-9. OCLC 769473477.
201. ^ a b American Affairs, Vol. 82, Issue no. January, April, July, October. p. 516.
202. ^ Briggs, Philip (2015). Ethiopia : the Bradt travel guide. Internet Archive. Chalfont St. Peter : Bradt Travel Guides; Guilford, Connecticut : Globe Pequot Press. p. 487\. ISBN 978-1-84162-922-3.
203. ^ Brewer, Sam Pope (5 October 1963), Selassie, at U.N., Recalls 1936 Plea to League Archived 22 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times.
204. ^ "Photo # 84497". Emperor of Ethiopia Addresses General Assembly. New York: United Nations. 4 October 1963. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
205. ^ "Haile Selassie's address to the United Nations, 1963 - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 14 June 2025.
206. ^ Schwartz, Matthew S. "Why is There Such a Large Ethiopian Population in the Washington Region?". Wamu 88.5 American University Radio. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
207. ^ "Head of State Visits". LBJ Presidential Library. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
208. ^ "Johnson and Haile Selassie Confer". The New York Times. Associated Press. 15 February 1967. p. 2.
209. ^ "Johnson Hails Selassie As an Ignored Prophet". The Washington Post. 14 February 1967. p. 2.
210. ^ Schwab, Peter (January 1970). "The Tax System of Ethiopia". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 29 (1): 77–88\. doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1970.tb03120.x. JSTOR 3485226.
211. ^ Zahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia, second edition (London: James Currey, 2001), pp. 216ff, and Gebru Tareke, Ethiopia, pp. 160–193.
212. ^ "Jordan: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia Arrives in Amman to Start Official Visit". British Pathé. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
213. ^ "The War in Vietnam". Central Intelligence Agency. 21 April 1965. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
214. ^ Metaferia, Getachew (1995). "The Ethiopian Connection to the Pan-African Movement". Journal of Third World Studies. 12 (2): 300–325\. JSTOR 45197577. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
215. ^ Brewer, Sam Pope (17 February 1967). "Ethiopia Willing to be Mediator; Haile Selassie Says Here He Would Lead Peace Effort". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
216. ^ "Special Guests". Expo 67: Man and His World. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
217. ^ "Canada: Strength for the Centennial". TIME. 14 April 1967. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
218. ^ Coyle, Jim (6 May 2017). "Canada 150: When the impossible dream came true at Expo 67". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
219. ^ "The Last Emperor – The Fall of Haile Selassie". HuffPost. 14 October 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
220. ^ Cohen, John (1985). "Foreign Involvement in the Formulation of Ethiopia's Land Tenure Policies: Part I". Northeast African Studies. 7 (2): 23–50\. JSTOR 43660357.
221. ^ "Haile Selassie Presses Ethiopian Land Reform". The New York Times. 4 November 1971. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
222. ^ "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2012" (XLS). Freedom House. 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
223. ^ ከበደ, በሪሁን (1 October 2000). የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ. Addis Ababa: አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት. p. 1255.
224. ^ "40th anniversary of Hazemo Massacre commemorated". Shabait. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
225. ^ Latt, Louise. "Eritrea Re-photographed: Landscape Changes in the Eritrean Highlands 1890–2004" (PDF). Laett Eritrea. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
226. ^ Killion, Tom (1998). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3437-5.
227. ^ Ayele, Fantahun (2014). he Ethiopian Army: From Victory to Collapse, 1977–1991. Northwestern University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8101-6805-3 – via Google Books.
228. ^ Campbell, John Franklin (1 April 1970). "Rumblings Along the Red Sea: The Eritrean Question". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018.
229. ^ "France Mourns de Gaulle; World Leaders to Attend a Service at Notre Dame". The New York Times. 11 November 1970. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
230. ^ Tait, Robert (22 September 2005). "Iran to rebuild spectacular tent city at Persepolis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
231. ^ "People's Republic of China: Emperor Haile Selassie Meets Chairman Mao, Then Visits University and Great Wall". Pathé News. 1971. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
232. ^ T. Bianchi and M.A. Romani (eds),Giordano Dell'Amore, EGEA, Milan, 2013, p. 79.
233. ^ "SYND 9-11-70 Ethiopian Emperor Selassie arrives at the Vatican and meets with Pope Paul and they exchange gifts". Associated Press. 9 November 1970. Archived from the original on 8 November 2024.
234. ^ Lavers, Tom (21 September 2023). "3: Ethiopian State Formation and the Revolutionary Origins of EPRDF Dominance". Ethiopia's 'Developmental State' Political Order and Distributive Crisis. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–83\. doi:10.1017/9781009428316.003. ISBN 978-1-009-42831-6. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
235. ^ De Waal, p. 58.
236. ^ Mohr, Charles (18 February 1974). "Rift in Ethiopian Society May Be Deepened by Famine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
237. ^ Mohr, Charles (15 February 1974). "Ethiopian Famine Hits Millions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
238. ^ "The last of the Ethiopian emperors". 12 May 2005. Retrieved 14 June 2025.
239. ^ De Waal, p. 61.
240. ^ Woodward, Peter (2003), The Horn of Africa: Politics and International Relations. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-870-3, p. 175.
241. ^ Webb, Patrick; Braun, Joachim Von; Yohannes, Yisehac (1992). Famine in Ethiopia: Policy Implications of Coping Failure at National and Household Levels. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. ISBN 978-0-89629-095-2. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
242. ^ Kumar, Krishna (1998). Postconflict Elections, Democratisation, and International Assistance. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-778-8, p. 114.
243. ^ a b c Launhardt, Johannes (2005). Evangelicals in Addis Ababa (1919–1991). LIT Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7791-4, pp. 239–240.
244. ^ Mohr, Charles (1 March 1974). "Selassie, to Placate Army, Appoints a New Premier". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
245. ^ "Selassie Grants 5 Concessions to Army, Including an Amnesty". The New York Times. 4 July 1974. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
246. ^ "Ethiopia: Postal Workers End Four-day Strike". Pathé News. 28 April 1974.
247. ^ Tiruneh, Andargachew (8 April 1993). The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 A Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian Autocracy. Cambridge University Press. p. 49\. ISBN 978-0-521-43082-1.
248. ^ "Quiet coup ends reign of Selassie". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. 12 September 1974. p. 1A. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
249. ^ a b Meredith, Martin (2005), The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair. Public Affairs, ISBN 1-58648-398-6, p. 216.
250. ^ a b Shinn, p. 44.
251. ^ "Army rulers in Ethiopia execute 62". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. 24 November 1974. p. 1A. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
252. ^ "Haile Selassie of Ethiopia Dies at 83". The New York Times. 28 August 1975. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
253. ^ Asserate, p. 348
254. ^ "Ex-Rulers of Ethiopia Charged With Strangling Haile Selassie". The New York Times. Reuters. 15 December 1994. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
255. ^ ""እንኳን ሰው ዝንብ አልገደልኩም!" ኮ/ል መንግሥቱ የ60ዎቹ ባለስልጣናት ግድያ 43ኛ ዓመት መታሰቢያ". Ethio Reference. 1 November 1974. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
256. ^ "The real story of the last days of Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia". Face2Face Africa. 27 August 2018. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
257. ^ Riste, Tesfaye (2009). Misekerenet Bebaale Seltanatu Andebet. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
258. ^ Wogderess, Fikre Selassie (2014). Egnana Abiyotu. Tsehay Publishers. pp. 211, 310.
259. ^ "An Imperial Burial for Haile Selassie, 25 Years After Death" Archived 6 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 6 November 2000."Ethiopians Celebrate a Mass for Exhumed Haile Selassie" Archived 6 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 1 March 1992.
260. ^ Parmelee, Jennifer (17 February 1992). "Ethiopians Exhume Purported Remains of Emperor Amid Probe of Mengistu Regime". The Washington Post.
261. ^ a b Lorch, Donatella (31 December 1995). "Ethiopia Deals With Legacy of Kings and Colonels". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 June 2025.
262. ^ "Haile Selassie Laid to Rest in Ethiopia". Los Angeles Times. 6 November 2000. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
263. ^ Guardia, Anton La (13 June 2000). "Quandary over funeral plan for Haile Selassie". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
264. ^ Astill, James (2 November 2000). "Lion of Judah controversial to the last". The Guardian.
265. ^ Edmonds, Ennis Barrington (2002), Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-803060-6, p. 55.
266. ^ "Rastafarian beliefs". BBC. 9 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
267. ^ "Ethiopia to give ID cards to Rastafarians long stateless". Associated Press News. 27 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
268. ^ "The African Diaspora, Ethiopianism, and Rastafari". Smithsonian education. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
269. ^ Vadala, Alexander Atillio (2011). "Elite Distinction and Regime Change: The Ethiopian Case". Comparative Sociology. 10 (4): 641. doi:10.1163/156913311X590664.
270. ^ Clarke 1986, p. 67.
271. ^ Clarke 1986, pp. 15–16, 66; Barnett 2006, p. 876; Bedasse 2010, p. 966; Edmonds 2012, pp. 32–33.
272. ^ a b c Owens, Joseph (1974), Dread, The Rastafarians of Jamaica. ISBN 0-435-98650-3.
273. ^ "The Re-evolution of Rastafari". Rastafari speaks. 20 January 2003. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
274. ^ Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). The Rastafarians. Beacon Press. p. 118\. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6.
275. ^ Christopher John Farley, Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley, p. 145.
276. ^ David Katz, People Funny Boy (Lee Perry biography), p. 41.
277. ^ Murrell, p. 64.
278. ^ David Howard, Kingston: A Cultural and Literary History, p. 176.
279. ^ "The State Visit of Emperor Haile Selassie I". Jamaica-gleaner.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
280. ^ "Commemorating The Royal Visit by Ijahnya Christian" Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Anguillian Newspaper, 22 April 2005.
281. ^ White, pp. 15, 210, 211.
282. ^ Bogues, Anthony (2003), Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-415-94325-6, p. 189.
283. ^ Bradley, Lloyd (2001), This Is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaica's Music. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3828-4, pp. 192–193.
284. ^ a b c Edmonds, Ennis Barrington (2002), Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-803060-6. p. 86.
285. ^ a b Habekost, Christian (1993), Verbal Riddim: The Politics and Aesthetics of African-Caribbean Dub Poetry. Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-549-3, p. 83.
286. ^ White, pp. 211
287. ^ O'Brien Chang, Kevin; Chen, Wayne (1998). Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music. Temple University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-56639-629-5.
288. ^ "African Crossroads – Spiritual Kinsmen". Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2008. Dr. Ikael Tafari, The Daily Nation, 24 December 2007.
289. ^ White, p. 211.
290. ^ Funk, Jerry (2007), Life Is an Excellent Adventure. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4122-1500-5, p. 149.
291. ^ Burke, Michael (1 March 2017). "PNP strategies in the 1972 campaign". Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
292. ^ Norris, Gregory (13 October 2014). "Rod of Correction". Addis Standard. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
293. ^ Marley, Rita (2004). No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley. Hyperion. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-7868-6867-4.
294. ^ "Rastafari: Bob Marley". BBC. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
295. ^ Times, Navhind (9 December 2022). "The rasta to Zion". The Navhind Times. The Navhind Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
296. ^ Spencer, William David (1998). Dread Jesus. SPCK Publishing. p. 44\. ISBN 978-0-281-05101-4.
297. ^ Hood, Robert Earl (1990). Must God Remain Greek?: Afro Cultures and God-talk. Fortress Press. p. 93\. ISBN 978-0-8006-2449-1.
298. ^ O'Brien Chang, Kevin; Chen, Wayne (1998). Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music. Temple University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-56639-629-5.
299. ^ Crewe, Quentin (1987). Touch the Happy Isles: A Journey through the Caribbean. London: Michael Joseph Ltd. p. 286\. ISBN 0-7181-2822-2.
300. ^ "Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq Interview". 27 December 2012. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021 – via YouTube.
301. ^ "Ethiopians in D.C. Region Mourn Archbishop's Death". The Washington Post. 13 January 2006.
302. ^ Subin, Anne Della. "Occupy Godhead". Bidoun. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
303. ^ Funk, Jerry (2003). Life Is an Excellent Adventure: An Irreverent Personal Odyssey. Victoria, Canada: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 148–150\. ISBN 1-4120-0848-4. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
304. ^ Gérard Prunier; Éloi Ficquet (2015). Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia: Monarchy, Revolution and the Legacy of Meles Zenawi. Hurst. p. 148\. ISBN 978-1-84904-618-3.
305. ^ Page, Thomas (13 November 2015). "Meet the Rastafarians who returned to the Promised Land". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
306. ^ Freston, Tom (14 February 2014). "The Promised Land". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
307. ^ Price, Charles. Review: Erin C. Macleod Visions of Zion: Ethiopians and Rastafari in the Search for the Promised Land. University of Chicago Press. p. 223\. doi:10.1086/683071. JSTOR 10.1086/683071. S2CID 162427664. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
308. ^ Summers, Chris. "The Rastafarians' flawed African 'promised land'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
309. ^ Gomes, Shelene (2018). "Counter-Narratives of Belonging: Rastafari in the Promised Land". The Global South. 12 (1). Indiana University Press: 115. doi:10.2979/globalsouth.12.1.07. JSTOR 10.2979/globalsouth.12.1.07. S2CID 164637705. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
310. ^ Mohr, Charles (1 December 1974). "Ethiopians claim Selassie Fortune". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
311. ^ Asserate, p. 209
312. ^ "Selassie Is Accused of Hoarding Millions". The New York Times. 8 September 1974. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022.
313. ^ "AFD provides assistance for the National Palace renovation". Capital Ethiopia. 20 July 2020. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
314. ^ Fortune, Addis (30 November 2015). "New Headquarters for National Palace Administration". addisfortune.net. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
315. ^ "የኢትዮጵያ ልክ ከግቢ እስከ ሀገር Jubilee Palace @ArtsTvWorld". ARTS TV. 15 August 2020 – via YouTube.
316. ^ Miller, Hugo (19 May 2016). "The $1 Million Patek, an Ethiopian Emperor and a Prosecutor". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
317. ^ Heil, Emily (12 November 2015). "Haile Selassie's wristwatch pulled from auction block". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
318. ^ Mulier, Thomas (10 November 2015). "Ethiopian Emperor's Patek Philippe Pulled From Christie's Sale". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
319. ^ "Afewerk, Tekle". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 9780195382075.
320. ^ "Lemma Guya | Jimma University Official Website". ju.edu.et. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
321. ^ Wondimu, Elias; Cortez, Mayra; Lawrence, Simone (2016). "Ale Felege Selam (1924–2016)". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 10 (1 & 2): 163–164\. JSTOR 26554858. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
322. ^ Nagy, Rebecca Martin (2007). "Continuity and Change: Three Generations of Ethiopian Artists". African Arts. 40 (2): 70–85\. doi:10.1162/afar.2007.40.2.70. JSTOR 20447829. S2CID 57562278. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
323. ^ Sira, Zerihun (6 July 2019). "Ethiopian Theater: A Brief Introduction". The Theater Times.
324. ^ Strang, G. Bruce (2013), "Select Biography", in Strang, G. Bruce (ed.), Collision of Empires: Italy's Invasion of Ethiopia and its International Impact, Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 341–374, ISBN 978-1-4094-3009-4.
325. ^ An English translation of Vol. 1 by Edward Ullendorff was published in 1976, ISBN 0-19-713589-7.
326. ^ Review by Charles W. McClellan Archived 1 June 2024 at the Wayback Machine of "My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: Haile Sellassie I, King of Ethiopia". H-Africa, H-Net Reviews. September 1995. Retrieved 28 February 2015
327. ^ Kushkush, Isma'il (15 January 2021). "Afcon 2021: Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan and the origins of the Nations Cup". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
328. ^ "Abebe Bikila". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 June 2024. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
329. ^ Jones, Theodore (4 April 1965). "Ethiopia Marathon Star Here for Fair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
330. ^ Balbier, UTA A. (10 October 2017). "The World Congress on Evangelism 1966 in Berlin: US Evangelicalism, Cultural Dominance, and Global Challenges". Journal of American Studies. 51 (4). Cambridge University Press: 1171–1196\. doi:10.1017/S0021875816001432. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
331. ^ "Thirty Years Later: Haile Selassie in Berlin". Christianity Today. 28 October 1966. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
332. ^ Selected Speeches of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I 1918–1967. New York: One Drop Books. 2000. pp. 639–641\. ISBN 1-890358-01-0.
333. ^ "Addis Ababa Conference Portal powered by OCP inaugurated at all UAE National Ethiopian Youth Conference: Ethiopian Orthodox Prelates Honored by OCP Society". theorthodoxchurch.info. 21 July 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014.
334. ^ The Oriental Orthodox Churches: Addis Ababa Conference 1965. Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. 1965.
335. ^ Paulau, Stanislau; Tamcke, Martin (2022). Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity in a Global Context: Entanglements and Disconnections (PDF). Texts and Studies in Eastern Christianity. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-50434-9.
336. ^ Abdo, Mohammed. "Legal Pluralism Vs. Human Rights Issues: Sharia Courts and Human Rights Concerns in the Light of the Federal /constitution of Ethiopia" (PDF).
337. ^ "Religion of Ethiopia". Encyclopædia Britannica.
338. ^ Milkias, Paulos (2006). Haile Selassie, Western Education, and Political Revolution in Ethiopia. Cambria Press. ISBN 1-934043-20-6.
339. ^ Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2004). "Iskander Desta (1934–1974)". Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4910-0.
340. ^ Marc, Horne (30 December 2023). "Prince Philip 'pulled strings' to get Haile Selassie's grandson into Gordonstoun". The Sunday Times.
341. ^ "Return Visit, The Visit of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I to the United States, 1 October 1963". National Archives and Records Administration. 1 October 1963.
342. ^ Reston, James (13 July 1940). "British Recognize Ethiopia as Ally; Promise to Release Country From Italian Domination if the War Is Won; Back Haile Selissie Rule Army Heads in East Africa Seek to Coordinate Efforts of Tribal Chiefs for Attack Reversal of 1938 Position 200,000 Ethiopian Fighters Ready". The New York Times.
343. ^ "Person of the Year". Time. 1935.
344. ^ "The Emperor returns to Addis Ababa". British Pathe. 1941.
345. ^ Selassie, Haile; Cousins, Norman; Daniel, Clifton; Frederick, Pauline; Freudenheim, Milton; Spivak, Lawrence (1972). "Meet the Press : Sunday, October 6, 1963 with guest His Imperial Majesty, Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia". WorldCat.
346. ^ "TV: A Question of Taste; N.B.C. Documentary Comes Close to Ridiculing Selassie's 1963 State Visit". The New York Times. 4 March 1964.
347. ^ Vestal, Theodore M. (2009). "The Lion of Judah at Camelot: U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Ethiopia as Reflected in the Second State Visit of Emperor Haile Selassie to the United States". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 4 (1/2): 135–152\. JSTOR 27828908.
348. ^ Arnold, Percy (August 1965). "Haile Selassie I: the Conquering Lion by Leonard Mosley London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 3 (2). Cambridge University Press: 314–315\. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0002382X.
349. ^ David, Talbot (1955). Haile Selassie I: Silver Jubilee. Ethiopia: W.P. van Stockum. ISBN 978-0-9793619-3-7. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
350. ^ Keller, Edmond J. (2010). "Constitutionalism, Citizenship and Political Transitions in Ethiopia: Historic and Contemporary Process" (PDF). UCLA World Press: 66–67.
351. ^ Bellucci, Stefano (18 September 2022). "The 1974 Ethiopian Revolution at 40: Social, Economic, and Political Legacies". Northeast African Studies. 16 (1): 1–13\. doi:10.14321/nortafristud.16.1.0001. S2CID 148384238.
352. ^ Pearce, Jeff, (18 July 2017). Prevail : the inspiring story of Ethiopia's victory over Mussolini's invasion, 1935–1941. ISBN 978-1-5107-1865-4. OCLC 954669620.
353. ^ "The last emperor of Ethiopia: Haile Selassie's legacy remains divisive". France 24. 15 May 2020.
354. ^ "Commemorating Haile Selassie's Pan-African Legacy". Ethiopian News Agency. 2019.
355. ^ "Haile Selassie – Ethiopia's 'Lion of Judah'". Deutsche Welle. 15 June 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018.
356. ^ "Top 25 Political Icons". Time Magazine.
357. ^ "Mahatma Gandhi tops TIME's list of top 25 political icons". NDTV. 7 February 2011.
358. ^ Eyre, Banning (7 June 2007). "Teddy Afro, the New Reggae God of Ethiopia". NPR.
359. ^ Gardner, Tom (13 July 2017). "Teddy Afro, Ethiopia's biggest pop star: 'Because of our government, our country is divided'". The Guardian.
360. ^ Johns, Hodey (9 April 2021). "Civilization V: The 13 Best Civ 5 Leaders, Ranked". The Gamer. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
361. ^ Swenson, Ali (20 September 2022). "Queen Elizabeth II not pictured bowing to Ethiopian emperor". Associated Press.
362. ^ "Photo does not show Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip bowing to Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie and Empress Menen Asfaw". Reuters. 24 March 2021.
363. ^ Neguede, Amanuel (24 February 2021). "British monarch's first visit to Ethiopia came 10 years after this photo was taken". Agence France-Presse.
364. ^ "Documentary puts focus on close relatives of Ethiopia's last emperor". BBC News.
365. ^ Friel, Mikhaila (3 June 2023). "Yeshi Kassa, the great-granddaughter of Ethiopia's last emperor, said the late Queen Elizabeth privately supported her new documentary about the horrors her family faced in prison and exile". Business Insider.
366. ^ "In 'Bob Marley: One Love' film, what's his faith? And why is marijuana deemed holy to the Rastafari?". Associated Press News. 13 March 2024.
367. ^ Hoffman, Jordan (14 February 2024). "5 Essential Bob Marley Facts That Didn't Make It into One Love". Vanity Fair.
368. ^ Giorgis, Hannah (17 February 2024). "The Missing Piece of the Bob Marley Biopic". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024.
369. ^ O'Sullivan, Michael (12 February 2024). "Bob Marley biopic turns a complicated subject into the Messiah". The Washington Post.
370. ^ Abdulbaki, Mae (15 February 2024). "Bob Marley: One Love Ending Explained". Screen Rant.
371. ^ "Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia". National Portrait Gallery, London.
372. ^ "Portrait Of Haile Selassie I, Emperor Of Ethiopia (1892–1975) Wearing The Order Of The Garter By Edward Bainbridge Copnall 1907–1973". Selling Antiques.
373. ^ "Mask of Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie by artists Beulah Woodward, Los Angeles". September 1935.
374. ^ "Haile Selassie". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
375. ^ "Haile Selassie (1892–1975) | Harvard Art Museums". harvardartmuseums.org.
376. ^ Utah Stories (21 September 2011). "Joseph Smith Portrait by Alvin Gittins". utahstories.com. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
377. ^ "Haile Selassie: Why the African Union put up a statue". BBC News. 10 February 2019. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019.
378. ^ Plaut, Martin (25 February 2019). "Emperor Haile Selassie's AU statue joins a growing list of Africa's troubled memorials". Quartz.
379. ^ Jeffrey, James (18 October 2019). "Ethiopia opens its secretive Imperial Palace for first time". CNN.
380. ^ "African Union Unveiles a Statue of Former Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I". African Union. 10 February 2019.
381. ^ Collins, Sam P.K. Collins (20 February 2019). "Pan-Africanists Laud New Haile Selassie Statue". Washington Informer.
382. ^ Scourfield, Stephen (8 May 2014). "The legacy of Haile Selassie". The West Australian.
383. ^ "50th Anniversary Founders Day Celebration Haile Selassie High School (Jamaica)". Rita Marley Foundation. 28 April 2016.
384. ^ "Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park". BBC News. 1 July 2020.
385. ^ Braddick, Imogen (2 July 2020). "Statue of former Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie destroyed 'by group of 100 people' in Wimbledon park". Evening Standard. London.
386. ^ "London Police Probe Destruction of Haile Selassie Statue". Agence France-Presse via Barrons. 2 July 2020.
387. ^ Lenser, Loise (20 January 2024). "Nairobi Expressway Launches New Exit at Haile Selassie". Boxraft Limited.
388. ^ Mbuthia, Bashir (20 January 2024). "Transport CS Murkomen To Launch Nairobi Expressway Haile Selassie Exit Plaza". Citizen TV.
389. ^ Vestal, Theodore M. (2011). The Lion of Judah in the New World: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and the Shaping of Americans' Attitudes Toward Africa. United States: Praeger. p. 19\. ISBN 978-0-313-38620-6.
390. ^ Selassie, Haile I (1976). My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 155\. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.
391. ^ Selassie, Haile I (1976). My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 172\. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.
392. ^ McPartlin, Joan (29 May 1954). "Boston to Welcome Ruler of Ethiopia". Boston Daily Globe.
393. ^ Magu, Stephen M. (2023). Towards Pan-Africanism Africa's Cooperation Through Regional Economic Communities (RECs), Ubuntu and Communitarianism. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. p. 272\. ISBN 978-981-19-8944-5. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
394. ^ ከበደ, በሪሁን (21 September 1993). የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ. Addis Ababa: አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት. p. 903.
395. ^ Religious, Traditional & Ceremonial. The Official Website of The Crown Council of Ethiopia. The Crown Council of Ethiopia. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
396. ^ ከበደ, በሪሁን (21 September 1993). የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ. Addis Ababa: አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት. p. 891.
397. ^ Religious, Traditional & Ceremonial. The Official Website of The Crown Council of Ethiopia. The Crown Council of Ethiopia. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
398. ^ ከበደ, በሪሁን (21 September 1993). የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ. Addis Ababa: አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት. p. 893.
399. ^ ከበደ, በሪሁን (21 September 1993). የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ. Addis Ababa: አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት. pp. 895–897.
400. ^ ከበደ, በሪሁን (21 September 1993). የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ. Addis Ababa: አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት. p. 899.
401. ^ ከበደ, በሪሁን (21 September 1993). የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ. Addis Ababa: አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት. p. 901.
402. ^ "Mr. and Mrs". Jet Magazine. VI (2): 23. 20 May 1954. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
403. ^ Copley, Gregory R. Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p.119
404. ^ a b c Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. p. 261.
405. ^ "The London Gazette, Iss: 43567, p. 1235. Retrieved op 17 January 2017".
406. ^ Copley, Gregory R. (1998). Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World. Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association. p. 195\. ISBN 1-892998-00-9.
407. ^ "Ethiopia welcomes the Queen: Archive, 2 February 1965". The Guardian. 2 February 2016.

### Sources

[edit]

* Abbink, Gerrit Jan; De Bruijn, Mirjam; Van Walraven, Klass, eds. (2003). Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History. African Dynamics. Vol. II (illus. ed.). Leiden, NL: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12624-4.
* Asserate, Asfa-Wossen (2015), King of Kings: The Triumph and Tragedy of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, Haus Publishing, ISBN 978-1-910376-64-5, JSTOR j.ctt1pd2ktb
* Barker, A. J. (1968). The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-93201-6.
* Barker, A. J. (1971). Rape of Ethiopia, 1936. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-02462-6.
* Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893\. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.
* Bedasse, Monique (2010). "Rasta Evolution: The Theology of the Twelve Tribes of Israel". Journal of Black Studies. 40 (5): 960–973\. doi:10.1177/0021934708320135. JSTOR 40648616. S2CID 145344807.
* Clarke, Peter B. (1986). Black Paradise: The Rastafarian Movement. New Religious Movements Series. Wellingborough: The Aquarian Press. ISBN 978-0-85030-428-2.
* Coltri, Marzia A (March 2015), Beyond RastafarI: An historical and theological introduction, Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, ISBN 978-3-0343-0959-2
* "Distressed Negus". Time Magazine. 15 November 1937. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
* Edmonds, Ennis B. (2012). Rastafari: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958452-9.
* Garvey, Marcus (2 May 2019), Emancipated From Mental Slavery, The Mhotep Corporation, ISBN 978-1-0960-1330-3
* Haile Selassie I (1999), My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff, New York: Frontline Books, ISBN 978-0-948390-40-1
* Haile Selassie I (2000), Selected Speeches of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, 1918–1967, One Drop Books, ISBN 978-1-5007-1943-2
* Harris, Brice; Ullendorff, Edward (1977), The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Sellassie I: 'My Life and Ethiopia's Progress', Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-948390-40-1
* Jackson, John G. (2020), Ethiopia and the origin of civilization, BN Publishing, ISBN 978-0-592-43884-9
* Mack Smith, D. (1983) [1981]. Mussolini. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-586-08444-1.
* Marcus, Harold G. (1994), A History of Ethiopia, London: University of California Press, p. 316, ISBN 978-0-520-22479-7
* Mockler, Anthony (2003), Haile Selassie's War, Signal Books, ISBN 978-1-902669-53-3
* Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel; Spencer, William David; McFarlane, Adrian Anthony (1998), Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-56639-584-7
* Pankhurst, R. (1968). A Brief Note on the Economic History of Ethiopia from 1800 to 1935. Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University. OCLC 434191.
* Pearce, Jeff (18 July 2017), Prevail : the inspiring story of ethiopia's victory over Mussolini's invasion, 1935–1941, Skyhorse Publishing, ISBN 978-1-5107-1865-4
* River, Charles (2019), Haile Selassie : the life and legacy of the Ethiopian emperor revered as the Messiah by Rastafarians, Amazon Digital Services LLC – Kdp, ISBN 978-1-0990-5388-7
* Roberts, Andrew Dunlop (1986), The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940, vol. 7, Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-521-22505-2
* Safire, William (1997), Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History, W.W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-04005-0
* Shinn, David Hamilton; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2004), Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0-8108-6566-2
* Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). A Military History of Africa: The Colonial Period: from the Scramble for Africa to the Algerian Independence War (ca. 1870–1963). Vol. II. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-39570-3.
* Talbot, David Abner (2 April 1956), "Haile Selassie I Silver Jubilee", International Affairs, 32 (2): 243–244, doi:10.2307/2625882, JSTOR 2625882
* De Waal, Alexander (1991), Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia (PDF), Human Rights Watch, ISBN 978-1-56432-038-4
* White, Timothy, ed. (2006), Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley, Henry Holt & Co, ISBN 978-0-8050-8086-5
* Yahudah, Abba (2014), A journey to the roots of Rastafari : the Essene Nazarite link, Trafford Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4907-3316-6
* Yuajah, Empress (2016), Jah Rastafari : Rasta prayers & healing scriptures, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN 978-1-5333-7905-4

## Further reading

[edit]

* Nathaniel, Ras (2004), 50th Anniversary of His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie I First Visit to the United States, Trafford Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4120-3702-0ISBN 0-88229-342-7
* Haile Selassie's war: the Italian-Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941, 1984, ISBN 0-394-54222-3
* Haile Selassie, western education, and political revolution in Ethiopia, 2006, ISBN 978-0-313-38620-6
* The Lion of Judah in the New World, 2011, ISBN 978-1-910376-14-0
* Mosley, Leonard, Haile Selassie: The Conquering Lion. Prentice Hall 1965, LCCN 65-11882

## External links

[edit]

Haile Selassie at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Data from Wikidata

* Ethiopian Treasures – Emperor Haile Selassie I
* Imperial Crown Council of Ethiopia
* Speech to the League of Nations, June 1936 Archived 22 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine (full text)
* Rare and Unseen: Haile Selassie Archived 13 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine – slideshow by Life magazine
* BBC article, memories of his personal servants
* Haile Selassie I Speaks – Text & Audio
* Collection by Martin Rikli in 1935–1936, including photos of Haile Selassie, open access through the University of Florida Digital Collections
* The Emperor's Clothes
* A History of Ethiopia
* Newspaper clippings about Haile Selassie in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
* Grandpa Was an Emperor at IMDb

Listen to this article (1 hour and 14 minutes)

This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 20 January 2024 (2024-01-20), and does not reflect subsequent edits.

(Audio help · More spoken articles)

Haile Selassie

House of Solomon

Born: 23 July 1892 Died: 27 August 1975

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Zewditu I

|  Emperor of Ethiopia
2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974  | Monarchy abolished
Titles in pretence
Loss of title

Communist take-over

| — TITULAR —
Emperor of Ethiopia
12 September 1974 – 27 August 1975  | Succeeded by

Crown Prince Amha Selassie

* v
* t
* e

Emperors of Ethiopia (list)

Family tree

Solomonic dynasty
(1270–1632)|

* Yekuno Amlak
* Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I)
* Sons: Senfa Ared IV
* Hezba Asgad
* Qedma Asgad
* Jin Asgad
* Saba Asgad
* Wedem Arad
* Amda Seyon I
* Newaya Krestos
* Newaya Maryam
* Dawit I
* Tewodros I
* Yeshaq I
* Andreyas
* Takla Maryam
* Sarwe Iyasus
* Amda Iyasus
* Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I)
* Baeda Maryam I
* Eskender (Kwestantinos II)
* Amda Seyon II
* Na'od
* Dawit II
* Gelawdewos
* Menas
* Sarsa Dengel
* Yaqob
* Za Dengel
* Yaqob
* Susenyos I

Gondarine period
(1632–1769)|

* Fasilides
* Yohannes I
* Iyasu the Great
* Tekle Haymanot I
* Tewoflos
* Yostos
* Dawit III
* Bakaffa
* Iyasu II
* Iyoas I

Era of the Princes
(1769–1855)|

* Yohannes II
* Tekle Haymanot II
* Susenyos II
* Tekle Haymanot II
* Salomon II
* Tekle Giyorgis I
* Iyasu III
* Tekle Giyorgis I
* Hezqeyas
* Tekle Giyorgis I
* Baeda Maryam II
* Tekle Giyorgis I
* Salomon III
* Yonas
* Tekle Giyorgis I
* Salomon III
* Demetros
* Tekle Giyorgis I
* Demetros
* Egwale Seyon
* Iyoas II
* Gigar
* Baeda Maryam III
* Gigar
* Iyasu IV
* Gebre Krestos
* Sahle Dengel
* Gebre Krestos
* Sahle Dengel
* Yohannes III
* Sahle Dengel
* Yohannes III
* Sahle Dengel
* Yohannes III
* Sahle Dengel

Modern Ethiopia
(1855–1975)|

* Tewodros II
* Tekle Giyorgis II
* Yohannes IV
* Menelik II
* Lij Iyasu1
* Zewditu
* Haile Selassie2
* Amha Selassie1 3

* 1 Never crowned.
* 2 Between 1936–1941, Haile Selassie went into exile following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
During that time, the imperial title was claimed by Italian King Victor Emmanuel III.
* 3 Emperor-in-exile.

* v
* t
* e

Chief ministers (1909–1943) / Prime ministers of Ethiopia (since 1943)

Ethiopian Empire
(1270–1974)|

* Habte Giyorgis
* Tafari
* Wolde
* Makonnen
* Abebe
* Imru*
* Aklilu
* Endelkachew
* Mikael

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia
(1974–1987)|

* post abolished

People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(1987–1991)|

* Fikre
* Hailu*
* Tesfaye*

Transitional Government of Ethiopia
(1991–1995)|

* Tamrat‡

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(since 1995)|

* Meles
* Hailemariam
* Abiy

* ‡ Interim
* * Acting

* v
* t
* e

Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity and the African Union

Organisation of
African Unity|

* Selassie
* Nasser
* Nkrumah
* Ankrah
* Selassie
* Mobutu
* Boumédiène
* Ahidjo
* Kaunda
* Daddah
* Hassan II
* Gowon
* Barre
* Amin
* Ramgoolam
* Bongo
* Nimeiry
* Tolbert
* Senghor
* Stevens
* Moi
* Mengistu
* Nyerere
* Diouf
* Nguesso
* Kaunda
* Traoré
* Mubarak
* Museveni
* Babangida
* Diouf
* Mubarak
* Ben Ali
* Meles
* Biya
* Mugabe
* Compaoré
* Bouteflika
* Eyadéma
* Chiluba
* Mwanawasa

African Union|

* Mbeki
* Chissano
* Obasanjo
* Nguesso
* Kufuor
* Kikwete
* Gaddafi
* Mutharika
* Obiang
* Boni
* Hailemariam
* Abdel Aziz
* Mugabe
* Déby
* Condé
* Kagame
* Sisi
* Ramaphosa
* Tshisekedi
* Sall
* Assoumani
* Ghazouani
* Lourenço

* v
* t
* e

Pan-Africanism

Ideology|

| Variants|

* African nationalism
* African socialism
* Afrocentrism
* Anti-imperialism
* Anti-Western sentiment
* Black nationalism
* Garveyism
* Nkrumaism
* Sankarism
* Uhuru Movement
* Zikism

|

Concepts|

* African century
* Black power
* Négritude
* Ubuntu
* Ujamaa
* United States of Africa

Proponents|

| Politicians|

* Dennis Akumu
* Idi Amin
* Nnamdi Azikiwe
* Amílcar Cabral
* David Comissiong
* Jean-Jacques Dessalines
* Anténor Firmin
* Muammar Gaddafi
* Marcus Garvey
* Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
* Kenneth Kaunda
* Modibo Keïta
* Jomo Kenyatta
* Toussaint Louverture
* Patrice Lumumba
* Samora Machel
* Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
* Thabo Mbeki
* Tom Mboya
* Robert Mugabe
* Abdias do Nascimento
* Gamal Abdel Nasser
* Kwame Nkrumah
* Julius Nyerere
* John Nyathi Pokela
* Thomas Sankara
* Ahmed Sékou Touré
* Haile Selassie
* Robert Sobukwe
* I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson

|

Others|

* Marimba Ani
* Molefi Kete Asante
* Steve Biko
* Edward Wilmot Blyden
* Stokely Carmichael
* Aimé Césaire
* John Henrik Clarke
* Martin R. Delany
* Cheikh Anta Diop
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Frantz Fanon
* Amy Ashwood Garvey
* John G. Jackson
* Leonard Jeffries
* Yosef Ben-Jochannan
* Maulana Karenga
* Alice Kinloch
* Fela Kuti
* Malcolm X
* Archie Mafeje
* Ali Mazrui
* Zephania Mothopeng
* George Padmore
* Motsoko Pheko
* Runoko Rashidi
* Paul Robeson
* Randall Robinson
* Walter Rodney
* Burning Spear
* Issa Laye Thiaw
* Frances Cress Welsing
* Henry Sylvester Williams
* Amos N. Wilson
* Omali Yeshitela

Organizations|

| Educational|

* African Leadership Academy
* African Leadership University

|

Political|

* African Unification Front
* African Union
* All-African People's Revolutionary Party
* All-African Trade Union Federation
* Conseil de l'Entente
* Convention People's Party
* East African Community
* Economic Freedom Fighters
* First Pan-African Conference
* International African Service Bureau
* Organisation of African Trade Union Unity
* Organisation of African Unity
* Pan African Association
* Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa
* Pan-African Congress
* Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
* Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes
* Rassemblement Démocratique Africain
* Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
* ZANU–PF

Symbols|

* Black Star of Africa
* Le Marron Inconnu
* Lion of Judah
* Pan-African colours
* Pan-African flag

Dynamics|

* Ethnic groups of Africa
* Languages of Africa
* Religion in Africa
* Conflicts in Africa

Related|

* African philosophy
* African-American leftism
* Africanization
* All-African Peoples' Conference
* East African Federation
* Kwanzaa
* Union of African States
* United States of Africa
* United States of Latin Africa
* Year of Africa

* Pan-Africanism category
* Africa category
* Pan-Africanism portal
* Africa portal

* v
* t
* e

Time Persons of the Year

1927–1950|

* Charles Lindbergh (1927)
* Walter Chrysler (1928)
* Owen D. Young (1929)
* Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
* Pierre Laval (1931)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
* Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
* Haile Selassie (1935)
* Wallis Simpson (1936)
* Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
* Adolf Hitler (1938)
* Joseph Stalin (1939)
* Winston Churchill (1940)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
* Joseph Stalin (1942)
* George Marshall (1943)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
* Harry S. Truman (1945)
* James F. Byrnes (1946)
* George Marshall (1947)
* Harry S. Truman (1948)
* Winston Churchill (1949)
* The American Fighting-Man (1950)

1951–1975|

* Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
* Elizabeth II  (1952)
* Konrad Adenauer (1953)
* John Foster Dulles (1954)
* Harlow Curtice (1955)
* Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
* Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
* Charles de Gaulle (1958)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
* U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
* John F. Kennedy (1961)
* Pope John XXIII (1962)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
* William Westmoreland (1965)
* The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
* The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
* The Middle Americans (1969)
* Willy Brandt (1970)
* Richard Nixon (1971)
* Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
* John Sirica (1973)
* King Faisal (1974)
* American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)

1976–2000|

* Jimmy Carter (1976)
* Anwar Sadat (1977)
* Deng Xiaoping (1978)
* Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
* Ronald Reagan (1980)
* Lech Wałęsa (1981)
* The Computer (1982)
* Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
* Peter Ueberroth (1984)
* Deng Xiaoping (1985)
* Corazon Aquino (1986)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
* The Endangered Earth (1988)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
* George H. W. Bush (1990)
* Ted Turner (1991)
* Bill Clinton (1992)
* The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
* Pope John Paul II (1994)
* Newt Gingrich (1995)
* David Ho (1996)
* Andrew Grove (1997)
* Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
* Jeff Bezos (1999)
* George W. Bush (2000)

2001–present|

* Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
* The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
* The American Soldier (2003)
* George W. Bush (2004)
* The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
* You (2006)
* Vladimir Putin (2007)
* Barack Obama (2008)
* Ben Bernanke (2009)
* Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
* The Protester (2011)
* Barack Obama (2012)
* Pope Francis (2013)
* Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
* Angela Merkel (2015)
* Donald Trump (2016)
* The Silence Breakers (2017)
* The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)
* Greta Thunberg (2019)
* Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)
* Elon Musk (2021)
* Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022)
* Taylor Swift (2023)
* Donald Trump (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Rastafari

Main doctrines|

* Jah
* Cannabis use
* Dreadlocks
* Ital
* Iyaric
* Lion of Judah
* Livity
* Zion

Central figures|

* Haile Selassie I
* Jesus
* Menen Asfaw
* Marcus Garvey

Key scriptures|

* Bible
* Kebra Nagast
* My Life and Ethiopia's Progress
* The Promised Key
* Holy Piby
* Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy

Mansions|

* Bobo Ashanti
* Nyabinghi
* Twelve Tribes of Israel

Festivals|

* Shashamane
* Grounation Day
* Reasoning

Notable individuals|

* Leonard Howell
* Joseph Hibbert
* Archibald Dunkley
* Mortimer Planno
* Vernon Carrington
* Charles Edwards
* Bob Marley
* Peter Tosh

Society|

* Relation to Judaism
* Persecution
* In the United States

Related|

* Chalice
* Ethiopian Christianity
* Ites Gold and Green
* Rastacap
* Reggae
* Roots reggae

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* 2
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Greece
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* MusicBrainz

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* SNAC
* Yale LUX

Portals:

* Monarchy
* Ethiopia
* Eritrea
* Christianity
* Somerset
* United Kingdom
* History
* Biography
* Politics
* Law
* England
* Africa
* Conservatism
* Liberalism

*[m.]: married
*[lit.]: literal translation
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template