Hama Governorate clashes (2011–2012)

Clashes During the Syrian Civil War

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|

2011–2012 Hama Governorate clashes

Part of the Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War
| Date| 1 September 2011 – 14 April 2012
(7 months, 1 week and 6 days)

|

Location|

Hama Governorate

Result|

Temporary nation-wide cease-fire

* Government forces largely clear rebels from Hama city
* Continued low-level insurgency in countryside

Belligerents

* Syrian Opposition

|  Syrian Government
Units involved
Free Syrian Army
Opposition protesters|

* Syrian Armed Forces
* Syrian Army
* Security agencies
* Syrian Police
* Shabiha

Strength
12,000 protesters and fighters|  3,000 soldiers
Casualties and losses
1,403 opposition protesters and FSA fighters killed*[1]|  120 killed[2][3][4][5][6]

* number includes civilians

* v
* t
* e

Syrian civil war

Timeline

* Background and causes
* Casualties
* Cities
* map
* Terrorism
* Massacres

* v
* t
* e

Civil uprising in Syria (March–August 2011)

* Daraa
* Baniyas
* Homs (May–August 2011)
* Talkalakh
* Rastan and Talbiseh
* 1st Jisr ash-Shughur
* 1st Jabal al-Zawiya
* Hama
* Latakia

* v
* t
* e

Start of insurgency (Sept. 2011 – April 2012)

* Homs (2011–14)
* 1st Homs offensive
* 1st Idlib Gov.
* Syrian–Turkish border
* Jabal al-Zawiya
* 1st Idlib City
* Saraqib
* 1st Rastan
* Hama Gov.
* Shayrat & Tiyas ambush
* Daraa Gov.
* 1st Rif Dimashq
* 1st Zabadani
* Douma
* Deir ez-Zor (2011–2014)
* Hatla
* Aleppo Gov.
* Azaz
* 2nd Rastan
* 1st al-Qusayr
* 2nd Idlib Gov.
* Taftanaz

* v
* t
* e

UN ceasefire; Rebel advances (May 2012 – Dec. 2013)

* 3rd Rastan
* Houla
* 1st Northern Homs
* Al-Haffah
* Al-Qubeir
* Al-Tremseh
* 3rd Idlib Gov.
* 1st Damascus
* Bombing
* 1st Aleppo city
* Anadan
* Menagh Air Base
* Base 46
* Khan al-Assal
* 1st Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Aleppo offensive
* Syrian Kurdistan and Kurdish–Islamist conflict
* Hasaka campaign
* Ras al-Ayn
* al-Yaarubiyah
* Tell Hamis and Tell Brak
* Tell Abyad
* Nubl & Al-Zahraa
* 2nd Rif Dimashq (1st Darayya)
* Abu al-Duhur Airbase
* Quneitra Gov.
* 3rd Rif Dimashq
* 1st Yarmouk camp
* 2nd Darayya
* Darayya & Muadamiyat
* Aqrab
* 1st Hama offensive
* Halfaya
* 1st Safira
* Shadadeh
* 2nd Damascus
* 1st Raqqa campaign (1st Raqqa)
* 1st Daraa offensive
* 4th Rif Dimashq
* Jdaidet al-Fadl
* Tadamon
* Ghouta
* 2nd al-Qusayr
* 3rd al-Qusayr
* Eastern Ghouta
* 2nd Hama offensive
* Bayda and Baniyas
* 1st Latakia offensive
* Ma'loula
* Sadad
* 5th Rif Dimashq
* 1st Qalamoun
* Adra

* v
* t
* e

Rise of ISIS in 2014

* Inter-rebel conflict
* Northern Aleppo
* Markada
* 1st Deir ez-Zor offensive
* al-Otaiba ambush
* Maan
* Hosn
* Morek
* 2nd Daraa offensive
* 2nd Latakia offensive
* 4th Idlib Gov.
* Al-Malihah
* 2nd Wadi Deif
* 2nd Qalamoun
* Arsal
* Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)
* 1st Shaer gas field
* 1st Eastern Syria
* Tabqa Airbase
* 3rd Hama offensive
* 6th Rif Dimashq
* 1st Quneitra
* 1st Kobanî

* v
* t
* e

U.S.-led intervention, Rebel and ISIL advances (Sept. 2014 – Sept. 2015)

* U.S.-led intervention
* Homs school bombing
* 3rd Daraa offensive
* 2nd Safira
* 2014 Idlib city raid
* Nusra–FSA conflict
* 2nd Shaer gas field
* 1st Al-Shaykh Maskin
* 2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 3rd Aleppo offensive
* An-26 crash
* 4th Daraa offensive
* Southern Syria
* Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
* 1st Sarrin
* Hama/Homs offensive
* Bosra
* 5th Idlib Gov
* 2nd Idlib city
* Al-Fu'ah-Kafriya
* Nasib
* 2nd Yarmouk camp
* 1st Northwestern Syria
* 3rd Qalamoun
* 1st Palmyra
* Western al-Hasakah offensive
* 1st Al-Hasakah city
* Tell Abyad
* Daraa/As-Suwayda
* 2nd Quneitra
* 2nd Sarrin
* 5th Daraa
* 2nd Al-Hasakah city
* 2nd Kobanî
* 4th Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Zabadani
* 2nd Palmyra
* Al-Ghab
* 1st al-Qaryatayn
* Douma market
* 7th Rif Dimashq
* Kuweires offensive

* v
* t
* e

Russian intervention (Sept. 2015 – March 2016)

* Russian intervention
* 3rd Quneitra
* 2nd Northwestern Syria
* 3rd Latakia offensive
* Su-24 shootdown
* 5th Aleppo offensive
* al-Hawl
* 2nd Homs offensive
* 6th Aleppo offensive
* 4th Hama offensive
* Tell Tamer
* Tishrin Dam
* 2nd Al-Shaykh Maskin
* al-Qamishli bombings
* Orontes River
* 3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 1st Sayyidah Zaynab
* 7th Aleppo offensive
* 1st Ithriyah-Raqqa
* Al-Shaddadi
* Homs bombings
* 2nd Sayyidah Zaynab
* Khanasir
* 2nd Tel Abyad
* Al-Tanf
* 2nd Al-Qaryatayn
* 3rd Palmyra
* 2nd Maarat al-Nu'man

* v
* t
* e

Aleppo escalation and Euphrates Shield (March 2016 – February 2017)

* 8th Aleppo offensive
* 6th Daraa
* 9th–11th Aleppo offensives
* Al-Dumayr
* 1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict
* 1st Qamishli
* Aleppo bombings
* 8th Rif Dimashq
* 3rd Shaer gas field
* Northern Raqqa
* Jableh & Tartus
* Manbij
* Tokhar
* 2nd Ithriyah-Raqqa
* 9th Rif Dimashq
* 12th–14th Aleppo offensives
* 12th
* 13th
* 14th
* 4th Latakia offensive
* 1st Abu Kamal
* 3rd Qamishli
* Atmeh
* al-Rai
* 3rd Al-Hasakah City
* Operation Euphrates Shield
* Northern al-Bab
* Dabiq
* al-Bab
* 5th Hama offensive
* 1st Western al-Bab
* 1st Eastern Qalamoun
* September bombings
* 4th Quneitra
* Deir ez-Zor airstrike
* Aleppo aid convoy attack
* 15th Aleppo offensive
* Khan al-Shih
* 1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 2nd Western al-Bab
* 16th Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Raqqa campaign
* 17th Aleppo offensive
* 4th Palmyra
* Wadi Barada
* 1st Syrian Desert
* Azaz bombings
* 5th Palmyra
* 4th Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 18th Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 7th Daraa
* Qaboun
* 8th Daraa

* v
* t
* e

Collapse of the Islamic State in Syria (Feb. – Nov. 2017)

* Eastern Homs offensive
* al-Jina mosque
* 6th Hama offensive
* Tabqa
* Khan Shaykhun
* US Shayrat strike
* Aleppo bus bombing
* April 2017 Turkish airstrikes
* 2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict
* 2nd Syrian Desert
* Maskanah
* East Hama
* 2nd Raqqa
* 9th Daraa
* Southern Raqqa
* Iranian Deir ez-Zor strike
* Ja'din
* Jobar
* 5th Quneitra
* Central Syria
* 3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 4th Qalamoun
* Deir ez-Zor (2017–2019)
* 2nd Eastern Syria
* Deir ez-Zor city
* Euphrates Crossing
* Mayadin
* 2nd Abu Kamal
* 7th Hama offensive

* v
* t
* e

Rebels in retreat and Operation Olive Branch
(Nov. 2017 – Sep. 2018)

* 3rd Northwestern Syria
* Eastern Syria insurgency
* Atarib
* Harasta
* Beit Jinn
* 3rd Syrian Desert
* 5th Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 1st Southern Damascus
* Olive Branch
* Afrin
* SDF insurgency
* Khasham
* Feb 2018 Israel–Syria incident
* 10th Rif Dimashq (Douma)
* 4th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 2nd Southern Damascus
* U.S.-led missile strikes
* 2nd Northern Homs
* 2nd Eastern Qalamoun
* 3rd Southern Damascus
* Deir ez-Zor SAA-SDF clashes
* House of Cards
* 1st As-Suwayda
* 2nd Southern Syria
* 2nd As-Suwayda
* 3rd As-Suwayda
* 2nd Qamishli

* v
* t
* e

Idlib demilitarization
(Sep. 2018 – April 2019)

* Idlib demilitarization
* 5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 1st Israeli missile strikes
* 2nd Iranian strike
* Northern border clashes
* Daraa insurgency
* Manbij bombing
* Baghuz Fawqani
* U.S. airstrike

* v
* t
* e

First Idlib offensive, Operation Peace Spring, & Second Idlib offensive (April 2019 – March 2020)

* 4th Northwestern
* Tell Rifaat
* Raqqa & Azaz
* Hass
* 2nd Israeli missile strikes
* Peace Spring (2nd Ras al-Ayn)
* Kayla Mueller
* Northern bombings
* 3rd Israeli missile strikes
* Qah
* 5th Northwestern
* Balyun
* Spring Shield
* 2nd U.S. missile strikes
* 10th Daraa

* v
* t
* e

Idlib ceasefire (March 2020 – Nov. 2024)

* 6th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* Ayn Issa
* Qamishli & Al-Hasakah
* 4th Israeli missile strikes
* 3rd Qamishli
* 11th Daraa
* 7th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 3rd Al-Hasakah city
* 1st Aleppo inter-rebel conflict
* Jabal al-Bishrī
* 2nd Aleppo inter-rebel conflict
* Claw-Sword
* Northwestern clashes
* 3rd U.S. missile strikes
* 2nd Northern clashes
* Deir ez-Zor clashes
* 3rd Northern clashes
* Homs drone strike
* Israel–Hezbollah conflict (Iranian consulate airstrike)
* February 2024 airstrikes
* Anti-Turkish riots

* v
* t
* e

Opposition offensives and Assad overthrown (Nov. – Dec. 2024)

* Opposition offensives
* 2nd Aleppo city
* Hospital strike
* 8th Hama offensive
* 19th Aleppo offensive
* 6th Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 3rd Homs offensive
* 6th Palmyra
* 2nd Manbij
* Al-Mustariha strike
* 3rd Southern Syria
* 3rd Damascus
* Fall of the Assad regime

* v
* t
* e

Transitional government and SNA–SDF conflict (Dec. 2024 – present)

* Israeli invasion of Syria
* 3rd Kobani
* 20th Aleppo offensive
* Western clashes

* v
* t
* e

Syrian War spillover and international incidents

* Lebanon spillover
* Lebanese–Syrian border
* Sidon
* Iranian embassy bombing
* North Lebanon clashes

* * *

* Syrian–Turkish border incidents
* Turkish F4 shootdown
* Reyhanlı bombings
* Turkish occupation of northern Syria
* Kurdish riots

* * *

* Jordanian–Syrian border incidents

* * *

* Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line
* February 2018 incident
* May 2018 incident

* * *

* Iraqi–Syrian border incidents
* Akashat
* al-Shabah
* Western Nineveh
* Western Iraq

* * *

* Spillover in Iran
* 2017 Tehran attacks
* 2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike
* 2024 Iranian airstrikes in Syria

* * *

* Spillover in Turkey
* Russian Su-24 shootdown
* Andrei Karlov
* Balyun airstrikes
* Kafr Takharim airstrikes

* * *

* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

* * *

* * *

* Spillover in Europe

* v
* t
* e

Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war

Foreign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic

* Russian involvement
* Iranian intervention
* 2017 missile strike
* 2012 Hezbollah involvement

Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels

* Foreign rebel fighters
* Turkish involvement
* Turkey–Islamic State conflict
* Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation
* Euphrates Shield
* 2017 airstrikes
* Idlib Governorate operation
* Afrin operation
* 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
* Israel's role

U.S.-led intervention against ISIL

* US intervention
* Timeline
* List of attacks
* 2014 rescue operation
* May 2015 raid
* 2017 missile strikes
* Qatari involvement
* Jordanian intervention
* Operation Martyr Muath
* Lebanon's role
* Saudi involvement
* April 2018 missile strikes
* Dutch involvement
* German intervention
* French intervention
* Australian intervention
* UK intervention

The Hama Governorate clashes were a series of incidents of fighting during late 2011 and early 2012 in the Syrian Governorate of Hama, as part of the Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War.

## 2011

[edit]

### September

[edit]

The Attorney General of the Hama Governorate announced his resignation on 1 September in response to the government crackdown on protests. The government claimed he had been kidnapped and forced to lie at gunpoint.[7]

### November

[edit]

On 14 November, SANA, state controlled media, reported that 13 soldiers were killed in Hama.[8] By 17 November, the protests seemed to have calmed down, and the city was under government control. The streets were still littered with burnt out vehicles and police checkpoints were dotted around the city, despite the return to relative clam[9] However, the same day, security forces carried out raids on homes looking for military defectors and made arrests.[10]

### December

[edit]

On 9 December, Hama saw the largest anti government protests in the city since August.[11]

At least six members of the security forces were reported killed in Hama on 11 December in clashes with the opposition. Syrian authorities claimed to have arrested a suspected terrorist who was trying to plant a bomb near a residential building.[5] There were also reports that several civilians had been shot, although it was not specified whether they were wounded or killed.[12]

Loyalist soldiers reportedly fired upon a civilian car on 14 December, killing five people, in response, the Free Syrian Army staged an ambush against a loyalist convoy consisting of four jeeps, killing eight soldiers.[13]

Pro Assad forces stormed the city on 14 December in an effort to put down the protests, resulting in at least ten civilian fatalities. Clashes broke out when the Free Syrian Army attempted to halt the incursion, and at least two armoured vehicles were disabled by the rebels during a battle at Hadid Bridge.[14] Activists said that tanks opened fire with machineguns and troops burnt shops that adhered to the oppositions strike.[15]

Soldiers shot six protests to death, on 29 December, as Arab League monitors arrived in the city.[16]

## 2012

[edit]

### January

[edit]

Nine protesters in Hama were killed by security forces gunfire on 7 January 2012.[17]

On 7 January 2012, Colonel Afeef Mahmoud Suleima of the Syrian Air Force logistics division defected from Bashar al-Assads government along with at least fifty of his men, and announced his defection on live television and ordered his men to protect protesters in the city of Hama. "We are from the army and we have defected because the government is killing civilian protesters. The Syrian army attacked Hama with heavy weapons, air raids and heavy fire from tanks...We ask the Arab League observers to come visit areas affected by air raids and attacks so you can see the damage with your own eyes, and we ask you to send someone to uncover the three cemeteries in Hama filled with more than 460 corpses." Colonel Suleima said in a statement.[18]

On 25 January, Syrian army troops raided opposition controlled districts Bab Qebli, Hamidiyeh and Malaab killing at least 7 people, reportedly using artillery and sniper fire in the process.[19]

At least 17 bodies were found with bullet wounds to the head on 28 January, which activists claim had been caused by Pro government forces when they launched an armoured raid into the city. At least one of those executed was a police deserter.[20]

By late January 2012 activists said that four neighbourhoods in Hama were under opposition control.[21]

### February

[edit]

Situation in Hama, mid-March 2012

According to Reuters, five government troops were killed "in clashes with rebel fighters in Qalaat al-Madyaq town in restive Hama area".[22] Activists state that 10 FSA fighters were killed by the Syrian army in Kafr Nabudah in the Hama province.[23] According to Syrian state TV, gunmen clashed with soldiers, causing the death of an officer and a sergeant and the injury of a corporal.[24]

On 15 February, five soldiers were killed and nine were wounded during fighting with army deserters at Qalaat al-Madiq, in the central province of Hama.[25]

On 28 February 2012, government forces shelled a town in Hama Province, Halfaya, killing 20 civilian villagers. Activists said the 20 deaths of Sunni Muslim villagers there were among at least 100 killed in the province in the last two weeks in government revenge attacks against innocent civilians.[26]

### March

[edit]

By 27 March, the opposition had been controlling towns such as Qalaat al-Madiq and surrounding villages in Hama Province. Qalaat al-Madiq, a town with a historic castle that was shelled in the fighting was shelled by heavy barrages for 17 days. The army stormed the town with tanks. 4 civilians, 5 opposition fighters and 4 soldiers were said to have been killed but the group that reported this said that the army was still not in control of the town.[27]

## Aftermath

[edit]

Main articles: 2012 Hama massacre and Battle of Tremseh

Between the end of March and April, killings of soldiers in Hama continued.[28][29][30]

In April, there was a major explosion in an opposition-held Hama neighbourhood, although its cause and casualty figures were disputed: state media reported 16 people killed after “an explosive device went off while a terrorist group were setting it up in a house which was used to make explosives”; opposition activists said 70 civilians were massacred when a row of cement shanty homes collapsed following intense government shelling.[31]

The Syrian army engaged in heavy artillery shelling in Hama's suburbs.[32] The clashes in Hama started after the rebels attacked government military checkpoints. According to opposition claims, after the military reportedly suffered four dead, the government troops started to shell residential areas, killing 30-37 civilians.[33][34]

A massacre of some 78 people occurred in the small village of Al-Qubeir near Hama on 6 June 2012. Many of the victims were women and children, as they were in the previous Houla massacre in the Homs region.[35][36][37]

State media claimed three rebels were killed by the Syrian army on 30 June. State media also stated that a rebel group led by Firas Imad al-Taa'meh had been decimated during clashes with the Army.[38]

On 7 July, the state media claimed at least two rebels were killed when they tried to attack an army patrol[39]

On 13 July, in Tremseh near Hama was bombarded by helicopter gunships and tanks and then stormed by militiamen who carried out execution-style killings; opposition activists said Assad forces killed more than 200, while State media blamed "terrorists".[40]

On 29 July, the state media claimed at least 5 rebels were killed in a clash with the army in the Hama countryside.[41]

In September-October, the opposition-held Masha al-Arb'een neighborhood, Hama, was demolished by government forces, with 40 acres razed.[42]

On 5 November, the Syrian Observatory and FSA fighters claimed that 50 government soldiers were killed when Islamist rebels from Jabhat al-Nusra bombed a checkpoint near Hama. If true, it would be one of the deadliest single attacks of the war.[43]

On 18 December, rebels fighters took control of the town of Halfaya near Hama.[44]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Syrian Martyrs". Retrieved 14 June 2012.
2. ^ "Scores killed as Syria requests change to Arab plan; Russia calls for 'restraint'". English.alarabiya.net. 18 November 2011. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
3. ^ "More civilians killed by Syrian forces; U.N. voices alarm at torture of children". English.alarabiya.net. 25 November 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
4. ^ "BBC News - Assad says Syria will not bow down to 'pressure'". Bbc.co.uk. 20 November 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
5. ^ a b "Syrian Opposition: Bloodbath Could Be Imminent In Homs - News Story - NBCMontana NBC Montana". Nbcmontana.com. 11 December 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2012.[dead link‍]
6. ^ Evans, Dominic (14 December 2011). "Syrian troops storm Hama to break anti-Assad strike". Reuters. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
7. ^ "Syria unrest: Hama legal chief 'resigns over killings'". BBC News. 1 September 2011.
8. ^ "At least nine dead in Syria as regime pledges to free prisoners - The Irish Times - Sat, Nov 05, 2011". The Irish Times. 5 November 2011. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
9. ^ "Syria's unrest-hit Hama gradually recovers from violence". News.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
10. ^ "Syria: 'Mass detentions and beatings' in Hama". BBC News. 17 November 2011.
11. ^ "Syria's Regime & another Friday Protests". DayPress. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
12. ^ "Yemen Forms Government as Egypt's Military Retreats Politically". Businessweek. 11 December 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
13. ^ "Syrian troops storm Hama to break anti-Assad strike". Reuters. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
14. ^ "Syrian army attacks Hama". ABC News. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
15. ^ "Syrian troops storm Hama to break anti-Assad strike". Thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
16. ^ "Violence and doubts mar Syria monitor mission". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
17. ^ Gordon Corera (7 January 2012). "Syria unrest: Damascus blast and clashes kill many". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
18. ^ "Scores more soldiers defect from Syrian army". Al Jazeera. 7 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
19. ^ Gordts, Eline (25 January 2012). "Syria Troops Storm Central City Of Hama". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
20. ^ Yacoub, Khaled (28 January 2012). "Bodies of 17 prisoners found in Syrian city". Reuters. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
21. ^ "AJE live blog". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 28 January 2012. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
22. ^ Solomon, Erika (14 February 2012). "Conflict flares across Syria, Arabs mull arms support". Reuters. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
23. ^ "AFP: UN General Assembly condemns Syria crackdown". 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
24. ^ "Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news". Sana.sy. 20 February 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
25. ^ "World". Retrieved 25 October 2014.
26. ^ Craggs, Ryan (28 February 2012). "Syria Violence: Wounded Journalists Escape, Military Pounds Opposition Areas". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
27. ^ Syrian forces storm central town [dead link‍]
28. ^ 2 Syrian colonels killed in attack in central city
29. ^ "Syria - Apr 23, 2012 - 18:01". Al Jazeera Blogs. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
30. ^ "Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::". Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
31. ^ AZMAT KHAN [Blast in Hama, Opposition Stronghold, Disrupts Fragile Syrian Ceasefire http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/rocket-attack-in-hama-opposition-stronghold-disrupts-fragile-syrian-ceasefire/], PBS, 26 April 2012
32. ^ "Shelling on Syria opposition center kills 30: activists". Reuters. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
33. ^ Syria's Hama bears brunt as 90 killed Sunday: NGO
34. ^ "Syrian bombardment of Hama kills 41: opposition". Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
35. ^ Gun battles rage in streets of Damascus – Middle East. Al Jazeera English (8 June 2012). Retrieved on 10 June 2012.
36. ^ Chulov, Martin (7 June 2012). "Syrian regime troops and militiamen 'seen walking towards massacre site'". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
37. ^ Karam, Zeina (9 June 2012). "Regime Denies Violence". Huffington Post. AP. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
38. ^ "Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::". Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
39. ^ "Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::". Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
40. ^ "Syria crisis: Tremseh 'massacre' - Friday 13 July 2012". TheGuardian.com. 13 July 2012.
41. ^ http://208.43.232.81/eng/337/2012/07/29/433613.htm[permanent dead link‍]
42. ^ "Razed to the Ground: Syria's Unlawful Neighborhood Demolitions in 2012-2013". Human Rights Watch. 30 January 2014.
43. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (5 November 2012). "Dozens Are Killed in a Fierce Outburst of Syrian Violence". The New York Times. Beirut. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
44. ^ "Syria rebels make further gains". BBC News. 18 December 2012.

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