Haman (Islam)

Islamic portrayal of Biblical Haman

Not to be confused with Haman (Bible).

For other uses, see Haman (disambiguation).

Hāmān
Haman

هامان
Born|

Ancient Egypt[citation needed]

Died|

Red Sea

Cause of death| Drowned
Nationality| Egyptian[citation needed]
Occupation| Vizier
Known for| The vizier of Firaun at the time of prophet Moses

Haman (Arabic: هامان, romanized: Hāmān) is a person mentioned in the Qur'an where he appears as court official of the Firaun of Exodus, and associated with him in his court at the time of the Islamic prophet (Musa), Moses in Christianity and Judaism.

The name Haman, however, also appears in the biblical Book of Esther where Haman is a counselor of Ahasuerus, king of Persia and an enemy of the Jews. The relationship between the Biblical and Quranic Haman has been a topic of debate. There is no evidence of such stories in Egyptian history.[1] Some Islamic scholars compared plot elements of the book of Esther when they elaborated on the Quranic narrative of the Exodus.[2]

## Qur'anic Narrative

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The name Haman appears six times throughout the Qur'an, Quran 29:39,40:24, 28:8, 28:38.[3] four times with Pharaoh and twice by himself,[4] where God sends Moses to invite Pharaoh, Haman and their people to monotheism, and to seek protection of the Israelites Haman and Pharaoh were tormenting.

> Indeed, Pharaoh arrogantly elevated himself in the land and divided its people into subservient groups, one of which he persecuted, slaughtering their sons and keeping their women. He was truly one of the corruptors. But it was Our Will to favor those who were oppressed in the land, making them models of faith as well as successors;and to establish them in the land; and through them show Pharaoh, Hamân, and their soldiers the fulfillment of what they feared.

— Quran 28:4-6[5]

Referring to Moses as a sorcerer and a liar the Pharaoh rejected Moses' call to worship the God of Moses and refused to set the children of Israel free. The Pharaoh commissioned Haman to build a tall tower using fire-cast bricks so that the Pharaoh could climb far up and see the God of Moses. The Pharaoh, Haman, and their army in chariots pursuing the fleeing children of Israel drowned in the Red Sea as the parted water closed up on them. The Pharaoh's submission to God at the moment of death and total destruction was rejected but his dead body was saved as a lesson for posterity.[6]

## High Priest of Amun

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Some have proposed that the name Haman, like Pharaoh in the Qur'an and Old Testament is not a proper name, but a title. The description of Haman in the Qur'an serving in both a priestly religious role and that of one who's in charge of building projects answerable to the Pharaoh himself draws parallels with the High Priest of Amun.[7][8][9]

McAuliffe's Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān[10] reports multiple possible identifications of the name: Muhammad Asad identifies the name with a supposed Egyptian title Hā-Amen, as a high priest. Georges Vajda thought the name might have been confused with that of a minister of the Biblical Persian king Ahasuerus. Anthony Johns, the author of the encyclopaedia entry, hypothesises that the name of the Biblical Haman may have been adopted to designate any anti-Jewish court official.

## References

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1. ^ Silverstein, Adam (2008). "Haman's transition from the Jahiliyya to Islam". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 34: 285–308. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
2. ^ Silverstein, Adam J. (2018). Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–63\. ISBN 978-0198797227.
3. ^ A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Wheeler, Haman
4. ^ [1], Qur'an 28:6, 28:8, 28:38, 29:39, 40:24, 40:36.
5. ^ "Surah Al-Qasas - 1-88".
6. ^ "Quran, Surah 10:92, note: the phrases 'we will save you' (nunajjīka نُنَجِّيكَ) & 'that you may be' (litakūna لِتَكُونَ) are all written (addressed to) in the second person singular, thus grammatically speaking there is one person addressed, namely Pharaoh, as evident in the preceding verses (Surah 10:90-91)". "So today We will save you in body that you may be to those who succeed you a sign. And indeed, many among the people, of Our signs, are heedless."
7. ^ Asad, Muhammad (1980). The Message of the Qur'ān. Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus. p. 751.[permanent dead link]
8. ^ S. Mohammad Syed "Historicity of Haman as Mentioned in the Qur'an" (Islamic Quarterly, 1980, Volume XXIV, pp. 48-59)
9. ^ Pharaoh, Haman and Korah in the Quran http://globaltab.net/Articles/ArticleDetail/10123 Archived 2023-02-03 at the Wayback Machine
10. ^ A. H. Johns, "Hāmān", in J. D. McAuliffe (Ed.), Encyclopaedia Of The Qur'an, 2002, Volume II, op. cit., p. 399.