Hans Freudenthal

Jewish-German born Dutch mathematician

Hans Freudenthal

Portrait of prof. dr. H. Freudenthal, 1957

Born| (1905-03-17)17 March 1905

Luckenwalde, Brandenburg

Died| 13 October 1990(1990-10-13) (aged 85)

Utrecht, Netherlands

Alma mater| University of Berlin
Known for| Freudenthal algebra
Freudenthal magic square
Freudenthal spectral theorem
Freudenthal suspension theorem
Freudenthal's diagonalization theorem
Freudenthal's formula
Freudenthal-Hopf theorems
End (topology)
Geometriae Dedicata
Lincos language
Sum and Product Puzzle
Awards| ICM Speaker (1936, 1954, 1983)
Scientific career
Fields| Mathematics
Institutions| University of Amsterdam
Doctoral advisor| Heinz Hopf

Hans Freudenthal (17 September 1905 – 13 October 1990) was a Jewish German-born Dutch mathematician. He made substantial contributions to algebraic topology and also took an interest in literature, philosophy, history and mathematics education.[1]

## Biography

[edit]

Freudenthal was born in Luckenwalde, Brandenburg, on 17 September 1905, the son of a Jewish teacher. He was interested in both mathematics and literature as a child, and studied mathematics at the University of Berlin beginning in 1923.[2][3] He met L. E. J. Brouwer in 1927, when Brouwer came to Berlin to give a lecture, and in the same year Freudenthal also visited the University of Paris.[3][4] He completed his thesis work with Heinz Hopf at Berlin, defended a thesis on the ends of topological groups in 1930, and was officially awarded a degree in October 1931.[2][3][5] After defending his thesis in 1930, he moved to Amsterdam to take up a position as assistant to Brouwer.[2][3] In this pre-war period in Amsterdam, he was promoted to lecturer at the University of Amsterdam,[3][4] and married his wife, Suus Lutter, a Dutch teacher.[2]

Although he was a German Jew, Freudenthal's position in the Netherlands insulated him from the anti-Jewish laws that had been passed in Germany beginning with the Nazi rise to power in 1933.[3] However, in 1940 the Germans invaded the Netherlands, following which Freudenthal was suspended from duties at the University of Amsterdam by the Nazis.[3][4] In 1943 Freudenthal was sent to a labor camp in the village of Havelte in the Netherlands, but with the help of his wife (who, as a non-Jew, had not been deported) he escaped in 1944 and went into hiding with his family in occupied Amsterdam.[6] During this period Freudenthal occupied his time in literary pursuits, including winning first prize under a false name in a novel-writing contest.[3]

With the war over, Freudenthal's position at the University of Amsterdam was returned to him, but in 1946 he was given a chair in pure and applied mathematics and foundations of mathematics at Utrecht University, where he remained for the rest of his career.[2][3] He served as the 8th president of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction from 1967 to 1970.[7] In 1971 he founded the Institute for the Development of Mathematical Education (IOWO) at Utrecht University, which after his death was renamed the Freudenthal Institute.[3] In 1972 he founded and became editor-in-chief of the journal Geometriae Dedicata.[8] He retired from his professorship in 1975[3] and from his journal editorship in 1981.[8] He died in Utrecht in 1990, sitting on a bench in a park where he always took a morning walk.[2]

## Contributions

[edit]

In his thesis work, published as a journal article in 1931, Freudenthal introduced the concept of an end of a topological space.[9] Ends are intended to capture the intuitive idea of a direction in which the space extends to infinity, but have a precise mathematical formulation in terms of covers of the space by nested sequences of compact sets. Ends remain of great importance in topological group theory, Freudenthal's motivating application,[10] and also in other areas of mathematics such as the study of minimal surfaces.

In 1936, while working with Brouwer, Freudenthal proved the Freudenthal spectral theorem on the existence of uniform approximations by simple functions in Riesz spaces.[11] In 1937 he proved the Freudenthal suspension theorem, showing that the suspension operation on topological spaces shifts by one their low-dimensional homotopy groups; this result was important in understanding the homotopy groups of spheres (since every sphere can be formed topologically as a suspension of a lower-dimensional sphere) and eventually formed the basis of stable homotopy theory.[12] The Freudenthal magic square is a construction in Lie algebra developed by Freudenthal (and independently by Jacques Tits) in the 1950s and 1960s, associating each Lie algebra to a pair of division algebras.[13]

In 1968, Freudenthal founded the journal, Educational Studies in Mathematics (ESM). Becoming one of the top-rated journals in the field of mathematics education, ESM was focused on publishing research around finding better ways to teach mathematics.[14]

Later in his life, Freudenthal focused on elementary mathematics education. In the 1970s, his single-handed intervention prevented the Netherlands from following the worldwide trend of "new math".[2] He was also a fervent critic of one of the first international school achievement studies.[15] He interpreted mathematics as a human activity where students should open a scientific eye on the world around them, mathematizing real situations, in a context that makes sense for the students. This approach is called Realistic Mathematics Education (RME).[16]

Freudenthal published the Impossible Puzzle, a mathematical puzzle that appears to lack sufficient information for a solution, in 1969.[17] He also designed a constructed language, Lincos, to make possible communication with extraterrestrial intelligence.[18][19]

## Selected publications

[edit]

* Freudenthal, Hans (1931), "Über die Enden topologischer Räume und Gruppen", Mathematische Zeitschrift, 33: 692–713, doi:10.1007/BF01174375, S2CID 120965216, Zbl 0002.05603692-713&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q;=an:0002.05603#id-name=Zbl&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120965216#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/BF01174375&rft.aulast=Freudenthal&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">
* Freudenthal, Hans (1936), "Teilweise geordnete Moduln" (PDF), Proc. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam (in German), 39: 641–651, Zbl 0014.31302641-651&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q;=an:0014.31302#id-name=Zbl&rft.aulast=Freudenthal&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00016905.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.
* Freudenthal, Hans (1937), "Über die Klassen der Sphärenabbildungen. I. Große Dimensionen", Compositio Mathematica (in German), 5: 299–314, Zbl 0018.17705299-314&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q;=an:0018.17705#id-name=Zbl&rft.aulast=Freudenthal&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http://www.numdam.org/item?id=CM_1938__5__299_0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.
* Freudenthal, Hans (1960), Lincos: design of a language for cosmic intercourse, Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics, North-Holland Pub. Co..
* Freudenthal, Hans; de Vries, H. (1969), Linear Lie Groups, Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 35, New York: Academic Press, MR 0260926.
* Freudenthal, Hans (1972), Mathematics as an Educational Task, Springer, ISBN 9789027702357.
* Freudenthal, Hans (1986), Didactical Phenomenology of Mathematical Structures, Mathematics Education Library, vol. 1, Springer, ISBN 9789027722614.
* Freudenthal, Hans (1991), Revisiting Mathematics Education: China Lectures, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-7923-1299-6.
* Freudenthal, Hans; Freudenthal, Matías (2015), El viaje de Ofantito (in Spanish), Granada (Spain): Esdrújula Ediciones, ISBN 978-84-164850-9-3 [Children's story left unfinished in 1943, completed and translated into Spanish by his son Matijs (Matías)].[20]

## Awards and honors

[edit]

In 1951, Freudenthal became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[21] He was also an honorary member of the International Academy of the History of Science.[4] He was awarded the Gouden Ganzenveer award in 1984.[22]

In 2000, the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction instituted an award named in honor of Freudenthal, the Hans Freudenthal Medal. It is given in odd-numbered years (beginning in 2003) for an "outstanding achievement in mathematics education research" in the form of "a major cumulative program of research". Recipients of the medal have included Celia Hoyles, Paul Cobb, Anna Sfard, Yves Chevallard, Luis Radford, Frederick Leung and Ole Skovsmose.[7] [23]

The asteroid 9689 Freudenthal is named after him.[24]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Streefland, Leen, ed. (1994), The Legacy of Hans Freudenthal, Springer, ISBN 9780792326533.
2. ^ a b c d e f g Prof. Dr. Hans Freudenthal (1905 - 1990), Freudenthal institute for science and mathematics education, archived from the original on 2013-10-20, retrieved 2013-01-10.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Hans Freudenthal", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
4. ^ a b c d Bos, Henk J. M. (1992), "In memoriam Hans Freudenthal (1905–1990)", Historia Mathematica, 19 (1): 106–108, doi:10.1016/0315-0860(92)90070-R106-108&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/0315-0860(92)90070-R&rft.aulast=Bos&rft.aufirst=Henk+J.+M.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.
5. ^ Hans Freudenthal at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
6. ^ Müller-Hoissen, Folkert; Pallo, Jean Marcel (2012), Associahedra, Tamari Lattices and Related Structures: Tamari Memorial Festschrift, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 299, Springer, p. 20, ISBN 9783034804059.
7. ^ a b The ICMI Felix Klein and Hans Freudenthal Awards, International Commission on Mathematical Instruction, archived from the original on 2013-01-27, retrieved 2013-01-10.
8. ^ a b Veldkamp, F. D. (1985), "In honor of Hans Freudenthal on his eightieth birthday", Geometriae Dedicata, 19 (1): 3–5, doi:10.1007/BF00233100, S2CID 1222340883-5&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/BF00233100&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122234088#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Veldkamp&rft.aufirst=F.+D.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.
9. ^ Streefland (1994), pp. 60–61.
10. ^ James, I. M. (1999), History of Topology, Elsevier, p. 1004, ISBN 9780080534077.
11. ^ Lavrič, B. (1986), "On Freudenthal's spectral theorem", Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 48 (4): 411–421, MR 0869757411-421&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=869757#id-name=MR&rft.aulast=Lavrič&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.
12. ^ Whitehead, G. W. (1953), "On the Freudenthal Theorems", Annals of Mathematics, 57 (2): 209–228, doi:10.2307/1969855, JSTOR 1969855, MR 0055683209-228&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0055683#id-name=MR&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1969855#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/1969855&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.
13. ^ Baez, John C. (2002), "The Octonions", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 39 (2): 145–205, arXiv:math/0105155v4, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-01-00934-X, MR 1886087, S2CID 586512145-205&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info:arxiv/math/0105155v4&rft_id=https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1886087#id-name=MR&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:586512#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:doi/10.1090/S0273-0979-01-00934-X&rft.aulast=Baez&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.
14. ^ Beckers, Danny (2019-02-05). "Why to publish on mathematics education so as to be useful? Educational Studies in Mathematics and its founder Hans Freudenthal". Educational Studies in Mathematics. 101: 7–17\. doi:10.1007/s10649-019-9881-4. ISSN 1573-0816.7-17&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s10649-019-9881-4&rft.issn=1573-0816&rft.aulast=Beckers&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10649-019-9881-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">
15. ^ Pupils achievements internationally compared — the IEA. Educational Studies in Mathematics 6, 127–186. According to PISA critic Joachim Wuttke, some of the points Freudenthal made still apply to the most recent international school studies: unequal enrollment rates, the unsolved translation problem, lacking curricular validity, reading items that contain deeper science than the science items, overinterpretation of numerical outcomes, Kafkaesk confusion in the documentation and in the underlying decisions, dogmatic rejection of criticism [1].
16. ^ Freudenthal, Hans (1972), Mathematics as an Educational Task, Springer, ISBN 9789027702357
17. ^ Gardner, Martin (December 1979), "Mathematical Games: A Pride of Problems, Including One That Is Virtually Impossible", Scientific American, 241: 22–30, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0979-2222-30&rft.date=1979-12&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/scientificamerican0979-22&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.
18. ^ DeVito, Carl L. (1992), "Languages, Science and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence", Leonardo, 25 (1): 13–16, doi:10.2307/1575613, JSTOR 1575613, S2CID 6124638313-16&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61246383#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1575613#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/1575613&rft.aulast=DeVito&rft.aufirst=Carl+L.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.
19. ^ Narens, Louis; Freudenthal, Hans (1973), "Review: Hans Freudenthal, Lincos. Design of a Language for Cosmic Intercourse. Part I", Journal of Symbolic Logic, 38 (3): 517, doi:10.2307/2273050, JSTOR 2273050, S2CID 118829652.
20. ^ Esdrújula (2015) Publisher file of El viaje de Ofantito (in Spanish) retrieved 18 September 2015.
21. ^ "Hans Freudenthal (1905 - 1990)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
22. ^ Stichting De Gouden Ganzenveer, retrieved 2013-01-10.
23. ^ Hans Freudenthal Award 2024, International Commission on Mathematical Instruction, retrieved 2025-03-03
24. ^ JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 9689 Freudenthal

## Further reading

[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Hans Freudenthal.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hans Freudenthal (mathematician).

* Autobiography by Hans Freudenthal, Hans, schrijf dat op
* Strambach, Karl; Veldkamp, Ferdinand D. (1981), "A tribute to Hans Freudenthal", Geometriae Dedicata, 11 (1): 125, doi:10.1007/BF00183195, S2CID 121711425.
* Howson, G. (1985), "Hans Freudenthal and the foundations of a discipline of mathematics education", Nieuwe Wiskrant, 5: 68–7268-72&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.
* Van Est, W. T. (1993), "Hans Freudenthal (17 September 1905–13 October 1990)", Educational Studies in Mathematics, 25 (1–2): 59–69, doi:10.1007/BF01274102, S2CID 1447115011–2&rft.pages=59-69&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/BF01274102&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144711501#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Van+Est&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.
* Strambach, Karl; Veldkamp, Ferdinand D. (1991), "In memoriam Hans Freudenthal", Geometriae Dedicata, 37 (2): 119, doi:10.1007/BF00147407, S2CID 122967603.
* Gravemeijer, K.; Terwel, J. (2000), "Hans Freudenthal: A mathematician on didactics and curriculum theory", Journal of Curriculum Studies, 32 (6): 777–796, doi:10.1080/00220270050167170, S2CID 55632373777-796&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/00220270050167170&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55632373#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Gravemeijer&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Terwel,+J.&rft_id=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/bd7f8341-860b-466d-8229-4833fdb27036&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hans+Freudenthal" class="Z3988">.

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