Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup H (mtDNA).

Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup H map

Possible time of origin| ~48,500 ybp
Possible place of origin| West Asia,[1] South Asia or Southern Central Asia[2][3]
Ancestor| HIJK
Descendants| H1 (L902/M3061);
H2 (P96);
H3 (Z5857)
Defining mutations| L901/M2939
Highest frequencies| South Asians and Roma

Haplogroup H (Y-DNA), also known as H-L901/M2939, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

The primary branch H1 (H-M69) and its subclades is one of the most predominant haplogroups amongst populations in South Asia, particularly its descendant H1a1 (M52). A primary branch of H-M52, H1a1a (H-M82), is found commonly among the Roma, who originated in South Asia and migrated into the Middle East and Europe, around the beginning of the 2nd millennium CE, and the Khmer people who have influence from Indian populations.[4] The much rarer primary branch H3 (Z5857) is also concentrated in South Asia.

However, the primary branch H2 (P96) seems to have been found in sparse levels primarily in Europe and West Asia since prehistory. It has been found in remains of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), which is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to c. 10,800 – c. 8,500 years ago, and also the later Linear Pottery culture and Neolithic Iberia.[5][6] H2 likely entered Europe during the Neolithic with the spread of agriculture.[6][7] Its present distribution is made up of various individual cases spread out throughout Europe and West Asia today.[8]

## Structure

[edit]

H-L901/M2939 is a direct descendant of Haplogroup GHIJK. There are, in turn, three direct descendants of H-L901/M2939 – their defining SNPs are as follows:

* H1 (L902/M3061)
* H1a previously haplogroup H1 (M69/Page45, M370)
* H1b B108, Z34961, Z34962, Z34963, Z34964
* H2 previously haplogroup F3,[9] (P96, L279, L281, L284, L285, L286, M282)
* H2a FGC29299/Z19067
* H2b Z41290
* H2c Y21618, Z19080
* H3 (Z5857)
* H3a (Z5866)
* H3b (Z13871)

## Ancient distribution

[edit]

H-L901/M2939 is believed to have split from HIJK 48,500 years before present.[10] Ancient samples of H1a have been found in Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan etc., and ancient H2 samples have been found in Levant, Anatolia and Europe. It may have been present in pre-Neolithic inhabitants of South Asia. Possible site of introduction may be West Asia or (for H1) northwest part of South Asia, since it is highly concentrated there.[11]

### H1a

[edit]

Shahr-i Sokhta and Gonur sites

Shahr-e Sukhteh, Iran and Gonur, Turkmenistan. H1a1d2 - Bronze Age, 3200-1900 BCE.[12][13]

H1a ANCIENT SAMPLES  Sample ID | Location | Radiocarbon Age | Y-DNA

|
|
|

I11459 | Shahr-i Sokhta, Iran | 2875-2631 calBCE | H1a1d2
I10409 | Gonur, Turkmenistan | 2280-2044 calBCE | H1a1d2

Gogdara and Barikot sites

With limited ancient DNA testing in South Asia, accordingly there is a limited amount of ancient samples for H1a, despite it being a populous and well distributed haplogroup today. The first set of ancient DNA from South Asia was published in March 2018.[14] 65 samples were collected from the Swat Valley of northern Pakistan, 2 of which belonged to H1a.[14]

H1a ANCIENT SAMPLES  Date  | Subclade  | Location  | Country  | Culture  | Accompanying haplogroups  | Source

|
|
|
|
|
|

1100-900 BC  | H1a1  | Gogdara, Swat Valley  | Pakistan  | Udegram Iron Age  | E1b1b1b2, E1b1b1b2a  | [14]
1000-800 BC  | H1a1  | Barikot, Swat Valley  | Pakistan  | Barikot Iron Age  |  | [14]

### H2

[edit]

The earliest sample of H2 is found in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture of the Levant 10,300 years ago.[15] From ancient samples, it is clear that H2 also has a strong association with the spread of agriculture from Anatolia into Europe, and is commonly found with haplogroup G2a.[16] H2 was found in Neolithic Anatolia, as well as in multiple later Neolithic cultures of Europe, such as the Vinča culture in Serbia,[17] and the Megalith culture of Western Europe.[17]

The 2021 study "Using Y-chromosome capture enrichment to resolve haplogroup H2 shows new evidence for a two-path Neolithic expansion to Western Europe"[7] found that while H2 is less than 0.2% in modern-day western European populations it was more common during the Neolithic, between 1.5 and 9%. They identified two major clades H2m and H2d. With respect to the current ISOGG nomenclature, H2m appears to be defined by a mix of H2, H2a, H2a1 and H2c1a SNPs while H2d appears to be defined by two H2b1 SNPs, and four additional SNPs which were previously undetected. They estimated TMRCA for H2d and H2m was ~15.4 kya with H2m and H2d estimated TMRCAs of ~11.8 and ~11.9 kya respectively. H2 diversity probably existed in Near-Eastern hunter-gatherers and early farmers, and subsequently spread via the Neolithic expansion into Central and Western Europe. H2d was found along the inland/Danubian route into central Europe, but most H2m individuals are found along the Mediterranean route into Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula and ultimately, Ireland.

There were also two occurrences of H2a found in the Neolithic Linkardstown burials in the southeast Ireland.[18] More Neolithic H2 samples have been found in Germany and France.[19]

H2 ancient samples  Date  | Location  | Country  | Culture  | Accompanying haplogroups  | Source

|
|
|
|
|

8300-7900 BC  | Ain Ghazal  | Jordan  | Levantine Pre-Pottery Neolithic B | E1b, T1a
7300-6750 BC  | Motza  | Israel  | Levantine Pre-Pottery Neolithic B | E1b1b1b2, T1a1, T1a2a (PPNB from Jordan)  | [15]
6500-6200 BC  | Barcin site, Yenişehir Valley  | Turkey | Anatolian Neolithic  | G2a, I2C, C1a, J2a  | [20]
6500-6200 BC  | Barcin site, Yenişehir Valley  | Turkey | Anatolian Neolithic  | G2a, I2C, C1a, J2a  | [20]
5832–5667 BC  | Старчево  | Serbia | Vinča  | G2a  | [17]
5710–5662 BC  | Tell Kurdu, Amik Valley | Turkey | Anatolian Neolithic | J1a2a, G2a2  | [21]
5702–5536 BC  | Старчево  | Serbia | Vinča  | G2a  | [17]
5400–5000 BC  | Szemely | Hungary | Vinča  | G2a2a, G2a2b2a1a  | [17]
3900–3600 BC  | La Mina site, Soria  | Spain | Megalithic | I2a2a1  | [17]
3900–2600 BC  | Boucle sinkhole, Corconne  | France | Late Neolithic | I2a1, G2a, R1b-V88  | [22]
3500–2500 BC  | Monte San Biagio, Latium | Italy | Rinaldone culture/Gaudo culture |  | [23]
3925–3715 BC  | Arslantepe  | Turkey | Early Bronze Age | J2a1a1a2b2a, J1a2b1, E1b1b1b2a1a1, G2a2b1, J2a1a1a2b1b, R1b1a2  | [21]
3366–3146 BC  | Arslantepe  | Turkey | Early Bronze Age | J2a1a1a2b2a, J1a2b1, E1b1b1b2a1a1, G2a2b1, J2a1a1a2b1b, R1b1a2  | [21]
3336–3028 BC  | Dzhulyunitsa  | Bulgaria | Bulgarian Bronze Age | G2a2a1a2  | [24]
2899–2678 BC  | El Portalon cave  | Spain | Pre-Bell Beaker | I2a2a  | [5]
2470–2060 BC  | Budapest-Bekasmegyer  | Hungary | Kurgan Bell Beaker  | R1b1a1a2a1a2b1  | [25]
1881–1700 BC  | Alalakh | Turkey | Levantine Middle Bronze Age II  | J1a2a1a2, J2b2, T1a1, L2-L595, J2a1a1a2b2a1b  | [26]
550–332 BC  | Beirut | Lebanon | Iron Age III Achaemenid period  | G2a2a1a2, G2a2b1a2, J1a2a1a2, I2a1b, Q1b  | [27]

## Modern distribution

[edit]

### H1a

[edit]

#### South Asia

[edit]

H-M69 is typical among populations of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan,[2] in both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian speaking groups.[28][4][29]

Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in:

* India \- Divided into zones below:
* North India \- According to a study (Trivedi2007) it is found 24.5% (44/180) in both Caste and tribal population of North India. Most frequently found : 65.0% among Brahmins from Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh,[30] 59% among Uttar Pradesh (UP) Gonds,[31] 44.4% (8/18) among UP Chamar,[4] 38.1% among UP Kurmis,[32] 20.7% (6/29) among UP Rajputs,[4] 18.3% (9/49) among New Delhi Hindus,[33] 18.2% among Kanyakubja Brahmins of UP,[32] 16.13% (5/31) among UP Brahmins,[31] 20.5% among Vaish from Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh,[30] 12.1% (5/41) Haryana Brahmin,[32] 11.11% (6/54) among UP Kols,[31] 10.53% (2/19) among Himachal Brahmin,[31] 10.2% (5/49) in Jammu and Kashmir| (J&K) Gujars,[31] 9.8% (5/51) in J&K Kashmiri Pandits,[31] 9.3% (4/43) in Haryana Bania[32]
* South India – 27.2% (110/405) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition.[34][35] Haplogroup H is found in high frequencies among Dravidian-speaking Koraga at 87% and Koya at around 70%.[36][28] Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in 26.4% (192/728) of an ethnically diverse pool of samples from various regions of India.[4]
* West India \- Among 37.5% (6/16) of Marathas,[32] 33.3% (68/204) of samples from Maharashtra[37] 31.3% (5/16) of Dhangars,[32] 33.3 (16/48) samples of Bharwad of Gujarat 20.69% (12/58) among Gujaratis of Texas, USA.[38] and 13.8% (4/29) among unspecified Gujaratis in India,[39] 26% (13/50)among Dawoodi Bohra,[40] 27.27 (6/22) among Bhils,[31] 20% (3/15) among Chitpavan Brahmins,[32] 15.8% (3/19) in Deshastha Brahmins,[32] 1.56% among Gujarati Brahmins[31]
* East India \- 36.4% (4/11) among Bihar Bania,[32] 30.8% (4/13) in Bihar Kurmi,[32] 28.6% (4/14) Bihar Kayastha,[32] 23.1% (3/13) among Odisha Khandayat,[32] 15% (3/20) among West Bengal Namasudra,[32] 14.81% (4/27) among Bihar Paswan,[31] 10% (2/20) among Bihar Bhumihar,[32] 9.7% (3/31) among Bengalis of West Bengal (WB),[28] 8.3% each for Odia Brahmins and Bihar Rajputs,[32] 5.56% (1/18) among West Bengal Brahmins.[4]
* Central India \- Gondi people of Madhya Pradesh carry around 62.5% of halpogroup H, while Madhya Pradesh Brahmins have it at 23.8%.[31] 21.1% (4/19) of Kshatriyas, 17.6% (3/17) of Brahmins, and 17.1% (4/23) of Shudras carry this haplogroup.[32]
* Bangladesh \- 35.71% (15/42) in samples from Dhaka,[38] and 17.72% (115/649) among Bengali samples from various areas of the country.[41]
* Sri Lanka – in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition[34][35] and in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of Sinhalese.[28]
* Nepal – one study has found Haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 12% of a sample of males from the general population of Kathmandu (including 4/77 H-M82, 4/77 H-M52(xM82), and 1/77 H-M69(xM52, APT)) and 6% of a sample of Newars (4/66 H-M82).[42] In another study, Y-DNA that belongs to Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 25.7% (5/37 = 13.5% H-M69 from a village in Morang District, 9/57 = 15.8% H-M69 from a village in Chitwan District, and 30/77 = 39.0% H-M69 from another village in Chitwan District) of Tharus in Nepal.[43]
* Pakistan – in 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun, 4.1% Burusho and 6.3% in other Pakistanis.[4][44] Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 8% (3/38) of a sample of Burusho (also known as Hunza), including 5% (2/38) H-M82(xM36, M97, M39/M138) and 3% (1/38) H-M36.[45]
* Afghanistan – in 7.1% Tajik.[2], in 6.1% Pashtun.[2]

#### Roma people

[edit]

Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Roma, especially Balkan Roma, among whom it accounts for approximately as high as 60% of males.[46] A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Roma populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania.[47] High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H-M82 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).

Within the H-M82 haplogroup, an identical 8-microsatellite Y-chromosome haplotype is shared by nearly 30% of Gypsy men, an astonishing degree of preservation of a highly differentiated lineage, previously described only in Jewish priests. (A newly discovered founder population: the Roma/Gypsies - Stanford Medicine 2005)[48]

Important studies show a limited introgression of the typical Roma Y-chromosome haplogroup H1 in several European groups, including approximately 0.61% in Gheg Albanians and 2.48% in Tosk Albanians.[49]

H1a in Roma populations  Population  | n/Sample size  | Percentage  | Source

|
|
|

Bulgarian Roma  | 98/248  | 39.5  | [47]
Hungarian Roma  | 34/107  | 31.8  | [50]
Kosovar Roma  | 25/42  | 59.5  | [51]
Lithuanian Roma  | 10/20  | 50  | [47]
Macedonian Roma  | 34/57  | 59.6  | [46]
Portuguese Roma  | 21/126  | 16.7  | [52]
Serbian Roma  | 16/46  | 34.8  | [51]
Slovakian Roma  | 19/62  | 30.65  | [50]
Spanish Roma  | 5/27  | 18.5  | [47]

#### Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia & Middle East

[edit]

Haplogroup H1a is found at much lower levels outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Roma populations but is still present in other populations:

* Europe \- 0.9% (1/113) H-M82 in a sample of Serbians,[46] 2% (1/57) H-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks,[33] 1% (1/92 H-M82)[33] to 2% (1/50 H-M69)[53] of Ukrainians, H1a2a in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of Greeks.[44] to 7.5% (3/40 H-M82)[53] of Romanians[citation needed]
* Caucasus\- 2.6% (1/38) H-M82 in a sample of Balkarians,[33]
* Central Asia \- 12.5% (2/16) H-M52 in a sample of Tajiks from Dushanbe,[54] 5.19% (7/135) H-M69 in a sample of Salar from Qinghai,[55] 5.13% (2/39) H (including 1/39 H(xH1,H2) and 1/39 H1) in a sample of Uyghurs from Darya Boyi Village, Yutian (Keriya) County, Xinjiang,[56] 4.65% (6/129) H-M69 in a sample of Mongols from Qinghai,[55] 4.44% (2/45) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Samarkand,[54] 3.56% (17/478) H-M69 and 0.84% (4/478) F-M89(xG-M201, H-M69, I-M258, J-M304, L-M20, N-M231, O-M175, P-M45, T-M272) in a sample of Uyghurs from the Hotan area, Xinjiang,[55] 2.86% (2/70) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Xorazm,[54] 2.44% (1/41) H-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs from Kazakhstan,[54] 1.79% (1/56) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara,[54] 1.71% (3/175) H-M69 in a sample of Hui from the Changji area, Xinjiang,[55] 1.59% (1/63) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley,[54] 1.56% (1/64) H1 in a sample of Uyghurs from Qarchugha Village, Yuli (Lopnur) County, Xinjiang,[56] 1.32% (1/76) H2 in a sample of Uyghurs from Horiqol Township, Awat County, Xinjiang,[56] 0.99% (1/101) H-M69 in a sample of Kazakhs from the Hami area, Xinjiang.[55]
* West Asia\- 6% (1/17) H-M52 in a sample of Turks,[53][54] 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syrians,[53] 4% (2/53) H-M52 in a sample of Iranians from Samarkand,[54] 2.6% (3/117) H-M82 in a sample from southern Iran,[57] 4.3% (7/164) of males from the United Arab Emirates,[58] 2% of males from Oman,[59] 1.9% (3/157) of males from Saudi Arabia,[60] 1.4% (1/72 H-M82) of males from Qatar,[58] and 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in another sample of Turks.[61]

#### East & South-East Asia

[edit]

At the easternmost extent of its distribution, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in Thais from Thailand (1/17 = 5.9% H-M69 Northern Thailand;[62] 2/290 = 0.7% H-M52 Northern Thai;[63] 2/75 = 2.7% H-M69(xM52) and 1/75 = 1.3% H-M52(xM82) general population of Thailand[64]), Balinese (19/551 = 3.45% H-M69),[35] Tibetans (3/156 = 1.9% H-M69(xM52, APT)),[42] Filipinos from southern Luzon (1/55 = 1.8% H-M69(xM52)[64]), Bamars from Myanmar (1/59 = 1.7% H-M82, with the relevant individual having been sampled in Bago Region),[65] Chams from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (1/59 = 1.7% H-M69),[62] and Mongolians (1/149 = 0.7% H-M69).[34] The subclade H-M39/M138 has been observed in the vicinity of Cambodia, including one instance in a sample of six Cambodians[4] and one instance in a sample of 18 individuals from Cambodia and Laos.[45] A genome study about Khmer people resulted in an average amount of 16,5% of Khmer belonging to y-DNA H.[4]

### H1b

[edit]

H1b is defined by the SNPs - B108, Z34961, Z34962, Z34963, and Z34964.[66] Only discovered in 2015, H1b was detected in a single sample from an individual in Myanmar.[67] Due to only being classified recently, there are currently no studies recording H1b in modern populations.

### H2

[edit]

H2 (H-P96), which is defined by seven SNPs – P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, and L286 – is the only primary branch found mainly outside South Asia.[66] Formerly named F3, H2 was reclassified as belonging to haplogroup H due to sharing the marker M3035 with H1.[68] While being found in numerous ancient samples, H2 has only been found scarcely in modern populations across West Eurasia.[5]

H2 in modern populations  Region  | Population  | n/Sample size  | Percentage  | Source

|
|
|
|

Central Asia  | Dolan | 1/76  | 1.3  | [69]
West Asia  | UAE | 1/164  | 0.6  | [70]
West Asia  | South Iran | 2/117  | 1.7  | [71]
West Asia  | Assyrian | 1/181  | 0.5  | [72]
West Asia  | Armenia | 5/900  | 0.6  | [73]
Southern Europe  | Sardinia | 2/1194  | 0.2  | [74]

### H3

[edit]

H3 (Z5857) like H1, is also mostly centered in South Asia, albeit at much lower frequencies.[67]

Like other branches of H, due to it being newly classified it is not explicitly found in modern population studies. Samples belonging to H3 were likely labeled under F*.[67] In consumer testing, it has been found principally among South Indians and Sri Lankans, and other areas of Asia such as Arabia as well.[10]

* * *

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for the subclades H1a1a (H-M82) and H2 (H-P96), formerly F3, showing its distribution in different part of the world.[32]

Continent/subcontinental region  | Country &/or ethnicity  | Sample size  | H1a1a (M82) freq. (%)  | Source

|
|
|
|

East/Southeast Asia | Cambodia | 6 | 16.67 | Sengupta et al. 2006
East/Southeast Asia | Cambodia/Laos | 18 | 5.56 | Underhill et al. 2000
South Asia | Nepal | 188 | 4.25 | Gayden et al. 2007
South Asia | Afghanistan | 204 | 3.43 | Haber et al. 2012
South Asia | Malaysian Indians | 301 | 18.94 | Pamjav et al. 2011
South Asia | Terai-Nepal | 197 | 10.66 | Fornarino et al. 2009
South Asia | Hindu New Delhi | 49 | 10.2 | Fornarino et al. 2009
South Asia | Andhra Pradesh Tribals | 29 | 27.6 | Fornarino et al. 2009
South Asia | Chenchu Tribe India | 41 | 36.6 | Kivisild et al. 2003
South Asia | Koya Tribe India | 41 | 70.7 | Kivisild et al. 2003
South Asia | West Bengal India | 31 | 9.6 | Kivisild et al. 2003
South Asia | Konkanastha Brahmin India | 43 | 9.3 | Kivisild et al. 2003
South Asia | Gujarat India | 29 | 13.8 | Kivisild et al. 2003
South Asia | Lambadi India | 35 | 8.6 | Kivisild et al. 2003
South Asia | Punjab India | 66 | 4.5 | Kivisild et al. 2003
South Asia | Sinhalese Sri Lanka | 39 | 10.3 | Kivisild et al. 2003
South Asia | Northwest India | 842 | 14.49 | Rai et al.2012
South Asia | South India | 1845 | 20.05 | Rai et al.2012
South Asia | Central India | 863 | 14.83 | Rai et al.2012
South Asia | North India | 622 | 13.99 | Rai et al.2012
South Asia | East India | 1706 | 8.44 | Rai et al.2012
South Asia | West India | 501 | 17.17 | Rai et al.2012
South Asia | Northeast India | 1090 | 0.18 | Rai et al.2012
South Asia | Andaman Island | 20 | 0 | Thangaraj et al. 2003
Middle East and North Africa | Saudi Arabia | 157 | 0.64 | Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Middle East and North Africa | Turkish | 523 | 0.19 | Cinnioglu et al. 2004
Middle East and North Africa | Iran | 150 | 2 | Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Middle East and North Africa | Iran | 938 | 1.2 | Grugni et al. 2012

## See also

[edit]

* v
* t
* e

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)

|

|  | "Y-chromosomal Adam"

|

| A00 | A0-T [χ 3]
| A0 | A1 [χ 4]
| A1a | A1b
| A1b1 | BT
| B | CT
| DE | CF
| D | E |  | C | F
| F1 |  F-Y27277 [χ 5] |  F3 |  GHIJK
| G | HIJK
| IJK | H
| IJ | K
| I   | J  |  |    LT [χ 6] |       K2 [χ 7]
| I1   | I2  |  | J1   | J2  |  | L   |   T  |  | K2e | K2d | K2c | K2b [χ 8]  | K2a
| K2b1 [χ 9] |   P [χ 10] |  | K-M2313 [χ 11]
| S [χ 12] |  M [χ 13]    |  | P1   | P2   |  | NO1 |
| P1c | P1b | P1a |  | N |  | O
| R | Q |

* Y-DNA by population
* Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people

Footnotes

1. ^ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91\. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.
2. ^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
3. ^ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
4. ^ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
5. ^ F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
6. ^ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
7. ^ Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
8. ^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
9. ^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
10. ^ Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
11. ^ K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
12. ^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
13. ^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

## References

[edit]

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