Haplogroup K2b (Y-DNA)

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup K2b (P331)

Possible time of origin| About 3,000 years younger than K-M9 40,000-50,000 years old
Possible place of origin| Probably Central Asia, South Asia or Southeast Asia[1][2]
Ancestor| K2
Descendants|

* K2b1 (previously known as MS) and;
* Haplogroup P (K2b2; subclades include haplogroups Q and R).

Defining mutations| P331, CTS2019/M1205, PF5990/L405, PF5969,[3][1]

Haplogroup K2b (P331), also known as MPS[3] is a human y-chromosome haplogroup that is thought to be less than 3,000 years younger than K, and less than 10,000 years younger than F, meaning it probably is around 50,000 years old, according to the age estimates of Tatiana Karafet et al. 2014.[1]

Basal K2b* has not been identified in living males.

K2b1 (P397/P399) known previously as Haplogroup MS, and Haplogroup P (P-P295), also known as K2b2 are the only primary clades of K2b. The population geneticist Tatiana Karafet and other researchers (2014) point out that K2b1, its subclades and P* are virtually restricted geographically to South East Asia and Oceania.[1] Whereas, in a striking contrast, P1 (P-M45) and its primary subclades Q and R now make up "the most frequent haplogroup in Europe, the Americas, and Central Asia and South Asia". According to Karafet et al., the estimated dates for the branching of K, K2, K2b and P point to a "rapid diversification" within K2 "that likely occurred in Southeast Asia", with subsequent "westward expansions" of P*, P1, Q and R.[1]

According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K originated in the Middle East or Central Asia, in the region of Iran or Pakistan.[4]

## Phylogenetic structure[edit]

Main article: Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K

* K2b (P331), also known as MPS.
* K2b1 (P397, P399), similar to the previous Haplogroup MS.
* Haplogroup S (B254) also known as K2b1a.
* Haplogroup M (P256) also known as K2b1b.
* Haplogroup P (P-F5850)
* P1 (P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231)
* P1a (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763); formerly P2
* P1b (FT292000)
* P1c (M45/PF5962); descendant subclades include the major haplogroups Q and R.

## Distribution[edit]

Modern populations with living members of K2b1 all subclades), P* (P-P295*; K2b2*) and P2 (K2b2b) appear to be restricted to Oceania, South East Asia and Siberia.

Basal, un-mutated P1* (K2b2a*; P-M45*), in modern times, is distributed in isolated pockets, over an relatively wide area that includes Island South East Asia.

Some Negrito populations of South-East Asia carry next to noteworthy East Asian ancestry, very high levels of K2b at the subclade level. It is carried, for instance, by more than 83% of males among the Aeta (or Agta) people of the Philippines, in the form of K2b1 (60%), P* (P-P295*, a.k.a. K2b2*) and P2 (P-B253; K2b2b).

### K2b1[edit]

K2b1 is found in 83% of males of Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta people of the Philippines.[1] It is also found among other Melanesian populations, as well as indigenous Australians, and at lower levels amongst Polynesians.[1] It is also found in the Melanesian populations of Indonesia.

Major studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA, published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that about 29% of indigenous Australian males belong to subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308),[1] and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders.[5] (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* [K-M526], C1b2b [M347; previously Haplogroup C4], and basal C* [M130].)

Population | K2b1 (including haplogroups M & S)

|

Papua New Guinea | 82.76%
Maori | 03.82% (1.95% of those sampled, i.e. 49% of Maori males were deemed to have non-indigenous Y-DNA)
Fiji | 60.75%
Solomon Islands | 71.9%
French Polynesia | 08%
Vanuatu | 76.5%
New Caledonia |
Guam | 33.3% (small sample size)
Samoa | 08.04%
Kiribati | 00% (small sample size)
Tonga | 20.69%
Micronesia FDR | 66.67%
Marshall Islands | 63.64%
American Samoa |
Northern Mariana Islands |
Palau | 61.5% (small sample size)
Cook Islands | 03.9%
Wallis and Futuna | 26%
Tuvalu | 36%
Nauru | 28.6% (small sample size)
Norfolk Island |
Niue | 00% (small sample size)
Tokelau | 50% (small sample size)
Hawaii | 20% (small sample size from FTDNA)
Aboriginal Australians | 29%[5]
Timor | 25%
Aeta | 60%
Malaysia | 02.40% ( small sample size )
Flores | 35%
Sulawesi | 11.3%
Sulawesi | 00%
East Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Islands) | 25.9%
Java Indonesia | 00%
Bali Indonesia | 00.9%
Sumatra Indonesia | 00%
Borneo Indonesia | 05.8%
West Papua (Papua Province, Indonesia) | 52.6%
West Papua (Papua Province, Indonesia) | 82.6%
Sumba Indonesia | 25.2%
Chukkese people Micronesia | 76.5%
Pohnpeian people Micronesia | 70% (small sample size)

### P (K2b2)[edit]

Apart from the basal paragroup P* (K2b2), it has only one subclade: P1 (M45), also known as K2b2a – which is also the parent of the major haplogroups Q (K2b2a1) and R (K2b2a2).[1]

P (K2b2) descendant haplogroups Q (K2b2a1) and R (K2b2a2) is widely distributed among males of Native American, Central Asian, South Asian and Siberian ancestry.

#### Basal P* (K2b2*)[edit]

P-P295* (sometimes known as "pre-P", before P-M45 was redesignated P1) is found among 28% of males among the Aeta, as well as in Timor at 10.8%, and one case may have been found in Papua New Guinea (Kaysar et al. 2006) although this has not been verified.[1]

Population | Rate of P* (%) | Notes

|
|

Papua New Guinea | 0.69 | assumed from Kayser et al. 2006, i.e. one P* found
New Zealand | 0 |
Fiji | 0 |
Solomon Islands | 0 |
French Polynesia | 0 |
Vanuatu | 0 |
New Caledonia |  |
Guam | 0 |
Samoa | 0 |
Kiribati |  |
Tonga | 0 |
Federated States of Micronesia | 0 |
Marshall Islands | 0 |
American Samoa |  |
Northern Mariana Islands |  |
Palau |  |
Cook Islands | 0 |
Wallis and Futuna | 0 |
Tuvalu | 0 |
Nauru |  |
Norfolk Island |  |
Niue | 0 | small sample size
Tokelau | 0 | small sample size
Hawaii | 0 | small sample size from FTDNA
Australia | 0 |
Timor | 10.8 |
Aeta | 28 |
Filipino Austronesian | 0 |
Malay | 0 |
Flores | 0 |
Sulawesi | 0.6 |
East Indonesia | 0 |
Java Indonesia | 0 |
Bali Indonesia | 0 |
Sumatra Indonesia | 0 |
Borneo Indonesia | 0 |
West Papua Province | 0 |
Papua Province | 0 |
Sumba Indonesia | 3.2

#### P1 (K2b2a)[edit]

P1 (M45/PF5962), also known as K2b2a, is hundreds of times more common than P* (K2b2; PxM45), as it includes haplogroups Q and R, is estimated as being 14,300 years younger than K2b.[1]

Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1 are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altaian Kizhi,[6] and 35% among Nivkh males.

Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 at low to moderate frequencies.[7] In South Asia it is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals). Cases of P1 (M45) reported in South Asia may be unresolved cases or R2 or Q.[7]

Population group (with ethnolinguistic affiliation) |  | Paper | N | Percentage | SNPs Tested

|
|
|
|
|

Tuvinian (Turkic) |  | Darenko 2005 | 113 | 35.40 | P-M45
Nivkh (isolate) |  | Lell 2001 | 17 | 35 | P-M45
Altai-Kizhi (Altaians) (Turkic) |  | Darenko 2005 | 92 | 28.3 | P-M45
Todjin (Turkic) |  | Darenko 2005 | 36 | 22.2 | P-M45
Chukchi (Chukotkan) |  | Lell 2001 | 24 | 20.8 | P-M45
Koryak (Chukotkan) |  | Lell 2001 | 27 | 18.5 | P-M45
Yupik (Eskimo-Aleut) |  | Lell 2001 | 33 | 18.2 | P-M45
Uighur (Turkic) |  | Xue 2006 | 70 | 17.1 | P-M45
Kalmyk (Mongolic) |  | Darenko 2005 | 68 | 11.8 | P-M45
Turkmen (Turkic) |  | Wells 2001 | 30 | 10 | P-M45
Soyot (Turkic) |  | Darenko 2005 | 34 | 8.8 | P-M45
Uriankhai (Mongolic) |  | Katoh 2004 | 60 | 8.3 | P-M45
Khakas (Turkic) |  | Darenko 2005 | 53 | 7.6 | P-M45
Kazakh (Turkic) |  | Wells 2001 | 54 | 5.6 | P-M45
Uzbek (Turkic) |  | Wells 2001 | 366 | 5.5 | P-M45
Khasi-Khmuic (Austro-Asiatic) |  | Reddy 2009 | 353 | 5.40 | P-M45(xM173) §
Mundari (Austro-Asiatic) |  | Reddy 2009 | 64 | 10.90 | P-M45(xM173) §
Nicobarese (Mon-Khmer) |  | Reddy 2009 | 11 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) §
Southeast Asia (Austro-Asiatic) |  | Reddy 2009 | 257 | 1.60 | P-M45(xM173) §
Garo (Tibeto-Burman) |  | Reddy 2009 | 71 | 1.40 | P-M45(xM173) §
India (Tibeto-Burman) |  | Reddy 2009 | 226 | 3.10 | P-M45(xM173) §
East Asia (Tibeto-Burman) |  | Reddy 2009 | 214 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) §
Eastern India (Indo-European) |  | Reddy 2009 | 54 | 18.50 | P-M45(xM173) §
Iran (Southern Talysh) |  | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Azerbaijan (Northern Talysh) |  | Nasidze 2009 | 40 | 5.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Mazandarani (Iranian) |  | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Gilaki (Iranian) |  | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Tehran (Iranian) |  | Nasidze 2004 | 80 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Isfahan (Iranian) |  | Nasidze 2004 | 50 | 6.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Bakhtiari (Iranian) |  | Nasidze 2008 | 53 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Iranian Arabs (Arabic) |  | Nasidze 2008 | 47 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
North Iran (Iranian) |  | Regueiro 2006 | 33 | 9.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Iran (Iranian) |  | Regueiro 2006 | 117 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Caucacus (Georgian) |  | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 77 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Caucacus (Armenian) |  | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 100 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Hvar (Croatian) |  | Barać et al. 2003 |  | 14 |
Korčula (Croatian) |  | Barać et al. 2003 |  | 6 |

§ These may include members of haplogroup R2.

Population group  | N  | P (xQ,xR)  |  | Q  |  | R  |  | Paper

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  | Count  | %  | Count  | %  | Count  | %  |
Gope | 16  | 1  | 6.4  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Oriya Brahmin | 24  | 1  | 4.2  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Mahishya | 17  | 3  | 17.6  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Bhumij | 15  | 2  | 13.3  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Saora | 13  | 3  | 23.1  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Nepali | 7  | 2  | 28.6  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Muslims of Manipur | 9  | 3  | 33.3  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Himachal Pradesh Rajput | 15  | 1  | 6.7  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Lambadi | 18  | 4  | 22.2  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Gujarati Patel | 9  | 2  | 22.2  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Katkari | 19  | 1  | 5.3  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Madia Gond | 14  | 1  | 7.1  |  |  |  |  | Sahoo 2006
Kamma Chowdary | 15  | 0  | 0  | 1  | 6.7  | 12  | 80  | Sahoo 2006

## See also[edit]

* Ancient populations haplogroups are assumed from small ancient sample sizes.
* † Stands for assumed extinction (no living sample of the same haplogroup)
* [1] Entire Phylogeny except for Hg X + distribution of K2b1 clades K2* clades and K2c+K2d, as well as P(xm45)
* [8][9][10][11] Ancient dna.
* [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Modern Populations+Ancient Basques
* [3][24] y-dna haplogroup X.

## Notes[edit]

Assuming B70 ky for the TMRCA of M168 chromosomes,10 we estimate the interval of time between the diversification of K-M9 and that of K-P331 to be <3 ky. This rapid diversification has also been assessed using whole Y-chromosome sequence data.22 In addition, we estimate the total time between the common ancestor of K-M9 and that of P-P295 to be <5 ky, and the time between the common ancestor P-P295 and that of P-P27 to be 12.3 ky (95% CI: 6.6–20 ky).[1]

## References[edit]

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2. ^ Sanghamitra Sahoo; et al. (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (4): 843–848. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
3. ^ a b c "PhyloTree y – Minimal y tree".
4. ^ Wells, Spencer (20 November 2007). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic Books. p. 79\. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan."
5. ^ a b Nagle, N.; Ballantyne, K. N.; Van Oven, M.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Xue, Y.; Taylor, D.; Wilcox, S.; Wilcox, L.; Turkalov, R.; Van Oorschot, R. A.; McAllister, P.; Williams, L.; Kayser, M.; Mitchell, R. J. (2016). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 159 (3): 367–381. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22886. PMID 26515539.
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* v
* t
* e

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)

|

|  | "Y-chromosomal Adam"

|

| A00 | A0-T [χ 3]
| A0 | A1 [χ 4]
| A1a | A1b
| A1b1 | BT
| B | CT
| DE | CF
| D | E |  | C | F
| F1 |  F-Y27277 [χ 5] |  F3 |  GHIJK
| G | HIJK
| IJK | H
| IJ | K
| I | J |  |  LT [χ 6] |  K2 [χ 7]
| I1 | I2 |  | J1 | J2 |  | L |  T |  | K2e | K2d | K2c | K2b [χ 8] | K2a
| K2b1 [χ 9] |  P [χ 10] |  | K-M2313 [χ 11]
| S [χ 12] |  M [χ 13] |  | P1 |  | NO1 |
| P1c | P1b | P1a |  | N |  | O
| R | Q |

* Y-DNA by population
* Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people

Footnotes

1. ^ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.
2. ^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
3. ^ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
4. ^ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
5. ^ F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
6. ^ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
7. ^ Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
8. ^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
9. ^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
10. ^ Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
11. ^ K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
12. ^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
13. ^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

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