Hardee County, Florida

County in Florida, United States

County in Florida

Hardee County

County

Hardee County Courthouse

Seal

Location within the U.S. state of Florida

Florida's location within the U.S.

Coordinates: 27°29′N 81°49′W﻿ / ﻿27.49°N 81.81°W﻿ / 27.49; -81.81
Country|  United States
State|  Florida
Founded| April 23, 1921
Named after| Cary A. Hardee
Seat| Wauchula
Largest city| Wauchula
Area

• Total

| 638 sq mi (1,650 km2)
• Land| 638 sq mi (1,650 km2)
• Water| 0.6 sq mi (2 km2)  0.1%
Population

(2020)

• Total

| 25,327

• Estimate

(2023[1])

| 25,760
• Density| 43/sq mi (17/km2)
Time zone| UTC−5 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district| 17th
Website| www.hardeecounty.net

Hardee County is a county located in the Florida Heartland of the Central Florida region in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,327.[2] Its county seat is Wauchula.[3] Hardee County comprises the Wauchula, Florida, Micropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

[edit]

Hardee County was created by an act of April 23, 1921[4] in which the Florida Legislature divided "old DeSoto County" into five parts, forming the Counties of Hardee, DeSoto, Charlotte, Highlands and Glades.[5]

The county is named after Cary A Hardee, the Governor of Florida who served from 1921 to 1925 and who signed the act creating the county.[5]

The settlement of what is now Hardee County, Florida, began with the establishment of the Kennedy–Darling Indian-trading post on Paynes Creek in April 1849. The enterprise came to an end on July 17, 1849, when two of the clerks, George Payne and Dempsey Whidden, were killed by Indians. A third clerk, William McCullough, and his wife Nancy were also wounded, and the post was burned down.[6][7][8]

Reports of the attack motivated the U.S. Army to establish a chain of fortifications across Florida, and construction began on Fort Chokonikla on October 26, 1849. The fort was subsequently abandoned in July 1850 due to an outbreak of sickness and never reoccupied.[6][8]

During the Seminole Wars, Fort Green and Fort Hartsuff[9] were both garrisoned in the area. Fort Hartstuff would later become the settlement and county seat of Wauchula.

The Florida Southern Railway arrived in 1886 and ushered in a new era of increased settlement for what is now Hardee County, with many new settlers finding employment working with the railroad, tending stores, farming, ranching and teaching.[10]

At the dawn of the 20th century, the county seat Wauchula was incorporated in 1902, and the first bank was opened in 1904.[11]

A community group of activists referred to as "Divisionists" first began lobbying for the creation of new counties with the area of "old DeSoto County" in 1907, and after a 15-year campaign, the Florida Legislature separated Desoto into five parts, creating the 638-square mile Hardee County.[12][5]

On August 13, 2004, Hurricane Charley went directly through Hardee County. Maximum sustained winds in downtown Wauchula were clocked at 149 mph (240 km/h) with higher gusts. Most buildings in the county sustained damage, and many were totally destroyed.

## Geography

[edit]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 638 square miles (1,650 km2), of which 638 square miles (1,650 km2) is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) (0.1%) is water.[13]

Hardee County is located in a region colloquially referred to as "Bone Valley." The region contains most of North America's phosphate deposits and a large portion of the world's accessible deposits.[14] CommercialPhosphate mining in the region that is now the county has been ongoing since the late 19th century.[15]

The Mosaic Company currently operates the only mines in the county with around 10,000 acres near Fort Green and 16,778 acres near Ona, FL.[16]

There is controversy over the mining practice and the rezoning and conversion of agricultural land into open pit mines. Land is reclaimed after mining and leaves artificially-created lakes and wetlands.[17]

Reclamation standards for phosphate lands include contouring to safe slopes, providing for acceptable water quality and quantity, revegetation, and the return of wetlands to pre-mining type, nature, function and acreage.[15]

Opponents of mining say converting agricultural land to phosphate mining is harmful to the environment, increasing background radiation levels,[18] harming water quality and rendering some areas poorly suited for agriculture.[19]

Supporters of mining say it is critical to America's food supply and economy,[20] and that reclaimed mine land is better for the environment than agricultural land.[21]

### Adjacent counties

[edit]

* Polk County, Florida \- north
* Highlands County, Florida \- east
* DeSoto County, Florida \- south
* Manatee County, Florida \- west
* Hillsborough County, Florida \- northwest

## Demographics

[edit]

Historical population Census| Pop.| Note| %±

|
|
|

1930| 10,348| | —
1940| 10,158| | −1.8%
1950| 10,073| | −0.8%
1960| 12,370| | 22.8%
1970| 14,889| | 20.4%
1980| 19,379| | 30.2%
1990| 19,499| | 0.6%
2000| 26,938| | 38.2%
2010| 27,731| | 2.9%
2020| 25,327| | −8.7%
2023 (est.)| 25,760| [22]| 1.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[23]
1790-1960[24] 1900-1990[25]
1990-2000[26] 2010-2019[2]
Hardee County racial composition as of 2020
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[a] Race  | Pop 2010[29] | Pop 2020[30] | % 2010  | % 2020

|
|
|
|

White (NH)  | 13,315  | 11,873  | 48.01%  | 46.88%
Black or African American (NH)  | 1,877  | 2,111  | 6.77%  | 8.33%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)  | 91  | 55  | 0.33%  | 0.22%
Asian (NH)  | 294  | 165  | 1.06%  | 0.65%
Pacific Islander (NH)  | 8  | 3  | 0.03%  | 0.01%
Some Other Race (NH)  | 6  | 35  | 0.02%  | 0.14%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH)  | 245  | 481  | 0.88%  | 1.9%
Hispanic or Latino | 11,895  | 10,604  | 42.89%  | 41.87%
Total | 27,731 | 25,327 |  |
A map of racial demographics in Hardee County, Florida by Census tract

Legend

* Non-Hispanic White

40–50%

50–60%

>90%

Hispanic

50–60%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 25,327 people, 7,991 households, and 5,838 families residing in the county.

As of the census[31] of 2000, there were 26,938 people, 8,166 households, and 6,255 families residing in the county. The population density was 42 inhabitants per square mile (16/km2). There were 9,820 housing units at an average density of 15 per square mile (5.8/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 70.66% White, 8.33% Black or African American, 0.68% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 17.99% from other races, and 1.97% from two or more races. 35.68% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

According to 2005 Census Estimates the county's population was 50.6% non-Hispanic white, 39.8% Latino, 9.0% African-American and 1.3% Native American.[32]

In 2000 there were 8,166 households, out of which 34.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.00% were married couples living together, 11.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.40% were non-families. 18.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.40.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.60% under the age of 18, 11.00% from 18 to 24, 28.30% from 25 to 44, 19.20% from 45 to 64, and 13.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 119.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 123.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,183, and the median income for a family was $32,487. Males had a median income of $23,793 versus $18,823 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,445. About 17.00% of families and 24.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.20% of those under age 18 and 16.10% of those age 65 or over.

## Politics

[edit]

United States presidential election results for Hardee County, Florida[33][34] Year  | Republican | Democratic | Third party(ies)

|
|
|

No.  | % | No.  | % | No.  | %
2024 | 6,336  | 77.65% | 1,751  | 21.46%  | 73  | 0.89%
2020 | 6,122  | 72.01% | 2,298  | 27.03%  | 82  | 0.96%
2016 | 5,242  | 68.57% | 2,149  | 28.11%  | 254  | 3.32%
2012 | 4,696  | 64.83% | 2,463  | 34.00%  | 85  | 1.17%
2008 | 4,763  | 64.00% | 2,568  | 34.51%  | 111  | 1.49%
2004 | 5,049  | 69.65% | 2,149  | 29.65%  | 51  | 0.70%
2000 | 3,765  | 60.38% | 2,342  | 37.56%  | 129  | 2.07%
1996 | 2,928  | 47.18% | 2,417  | 38.95%  | 861  | 13.87%
1992 | 2,900  | 45.08% | 2,018  | 31.37%  | 1,515  | 23.55%
1988 | 3,640  | 66.96% | 1,688  | 31.05%  | 108  | 1.99%
1984 | 3,962  | 72.06% | 1,536  | 27.94%  | 0  | 0.00%
1980 | 2,603  | 48.82% | 2,599  | 48.74%  | 130  | 2.44%
1976 | 2,189  | 42.86%  | 2,670  | 52.28% | 248  | 4.86%
1972 | 3,563  | 84.57% | 647  | 15.36%  | 3  | 0.07%
1968 | 1,278  | 28.34%  | 703  | 15.59%  | 2,529  | 56.08%
1964 | 2,321  | 54.88% | 1,908  | 45.12%  | 0  | 0.00%
1960 | 1,960  | 52.96% | 1,741  | 47.04%  | 0  | 0.00%
1956 | 1,589  | 45.67%  | 1,890  | 54.33% | 0  | 0.00%
1952 | 1,802  | 46.55%  | 2,069  | 53.45% | 0  | 0.00%
1948 | 689  | 24.12%  | 1,871  | 65.49% | 297  | 10.40%
1944 | 708  | 24.72%  | 2,156  | 75.28% | 0  | 0.00%
1940 | 694  | 21.33%  | 2,559  | 78.67% | 0  | 0.00%
1936 | 844  | 28.27%  | 2,142  | 71.73% | 0  | 0.00%
1932 | 566  | 18.55%  | 2,485  | 81.45% | 0  | 0.00%
1928 | 2,087  | 70.06% | 826  | 27.73%  | 66  | 2.22%
1924 | 264  | 22.66%  | 795  | 68.24% | 106  | 9.10%

## Libraries

[edit]

Hardee County is part of the Heartland Library Cooperative which serves Hardee County and some of the surrounding counties, including Glades, Highlands, Okeechobee, and DeSoto. The seven-branch library system has one branch in Wauchula. Hardee County Public Library and the Heartland Library Cooperative are also members of the Tampa Bay Library Consortium.[35]

Hardee County Public Library was established in the mid-1980s after a group of residents expressed concern that the current small local library was not enough for the growing county. In September 1984 the Board of County Commissioners adopted the Resolution 84-21 that allowed the creation of the Hardee County Public Library. Later in 1997, the Board of County Commissioners signed an inter-local agreement to become a member of the Heartland Library Cooperative. Becoming a member of the Heartland Library Cooperative allows the library more resources and materials for its members. In the summer of 2004, the library building was severely damaged by Hurricane Charley and managed to keep its doors open for a couple of years before ultimately closing in 2006 for much-needed repairs. The library reopened its doors in January 2007. The library went from 5,800 square feet in 1984 to 15,680 square feet in 2007. It circulates an average of 71,251 items per year to 27,652 residents.[36][37]

In addition to traditional materials and online resources, the Hardee County Public Library contains archives from the Florida Advocate[38] and Herald-Advocate (local newspapers) on microfilm as well as Wauchula City Directories from the 1970s-to 1980s.[39] A library card is free for people who reside in Hardee County and other participating counties in the Heartland Library Cooperative.[40]

Hardee County Courthouse

### Cities

[edit]

* Bowling Green
* Wauchula

### Town

[edit]

* Zolfo Springs

### Census-designated places

[edit]

* Fort Green
* Fort Green Springs
* Gardner
* Lemon Grove
* Limestone
* Ona

### Other unincorporated communities

[edit]

* Crewsville
* Lake Dale
* Oak Grove
* Popash
* Sweetwater Ranch
* Village of Charlie Creek[citation needed]

## Transportation

[edit]

### Airports

[edit]

* Wauchula Municipal Airport

### Major highways

[edit]

See also: List of county roads in Hardee County, Florida

* U.S. Route 17
* State Road 62
* State Road 64
* State Road 66
* State Road 636

## Government and infrastructure

[edit]

Hardee Correctional Institution is in an unincorporated area in the county.[41]

## Education

[edit]

The Hardee County School District is the sole school district of the county.[42] Its education system consists of nine schools that serve approximately 5,300 students. The district has five elementary schools, one junior high school, one high school, one alternative school, and one adult/community school.[43]

Hardee Senior High and Hardee Junior High are situated in Wauchula, while the preschools and elementary schools are located in Bowling Green, Hilltop, North Wauchula, Wauchula, and Zolfo Springs.

The District is diverse, with a minority enrollment of 70%, 47.9% of whom come from economically disadvantaged backgrounds.[44] The high school graduation rate in the county (91%) is above the state average of 87.3%.[45][46]

South Florida State College is a public college serving Hardee, Highlands and DeSoto Counties. Its Hardee campus is in Bowling Green.

## See also

[edit]

* Florida Heartland
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Hardee County, Florida

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[27][28]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
2. ^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 14, 2014.[permanent dead link]
3. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
4. ^ "Act of the Legislature of Florida to Divide the County of DeSoto, and to Create and Establish the Counties of Hardee, Highlands, Glades and Charlotte from Portions of DeSoto County, and Providing for the Organization and Government Thereof, 1921". State Library and Archives of Florida. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
5. ^ a b c "Historical Sketch of Hardee County". State Library and Archives of Florida. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
6. ^ a b "Hardee County, Florida: A Brief History". The Herald-Advocate. January 2, 2003. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
7. ^ "Senate Executive Document, No. 49, 31st Congress, 1st Session, Washington, May 1850". US Government Publishing Office. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
8. ^ a b "History of Fort Chokonikla". Florida State Parks. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
9. ^ "Site of Fort Hartsuff, Established August 8, 1856". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
10. ^ Plowden, Jean (1929). "History of Hardee County". City, County, and Regional Histories E-Book Collection. Florida Advocate: 22. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
11. ^ Plowden, Jean (1929). "History of Hardee County". City, County, and Regional Histories E-Book Collection. Florida Advocate: 25. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
12. ^ Plowden, Jean (1929). "History of Hardee County". City, County, and Regional Histories E-Book Collection. Florida Advocate: 29. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
13. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
14. ^ "Phosphate Primer". Florida Polytechnic University. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
15. ^ a b "Florida's Phosphate Mines". Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
16. ^ Bouffard, Kevin (January 7, 2019). "Mosaic to open new Hardee mine". Herald-Tribune. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
17. ^ Beavers, Casey. "An Overview of Phosphate Mining and Reclamation in Florida" (PDF). University of Florida Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
18. ^ Roessler, C. E. "The Effect of Mining and Land Reclamation on the Radiological Characteristics of the Terrestrial Environment of Florida's Phosphate Regions" (PDF). College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
19. ^ Manfuso, Jamie (September 14, 2002). "Hardee changes stance on mining". Herald-Tribune. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
20. ^ White, Dale (February 11, 2019). "Speakers debate merits, dangers of phosphate mining". Herald-Tribune. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
21. ^ Brown, M.T. (December 1992). "Landscape reclamation at a central Florida phosphate mine". Ecological Engineering. 1 (4): 323–354\. Bibcode:1992EcEng...1..323B. doi:10.1016/0925-8574(92)90014-S.
22. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
23. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
24. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
25. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
26. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
27. ^ https://www.census.gov/ [not specific enough to verify]
28. ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
29. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
30. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
31. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
32. ^ "Hardee County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
33. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
34. ^ "Our Campaigns". Retrieved June 22, 2025.
35. ^ "Membership – Tampa Bay Library Consortium". Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
36. ^ Hardee county public library—Hardee county (Fl) public library. (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2022, from https://librarytechnology.org/library/5233
37. ^ Lang, P. J. (2009). History of the Hardee County Public Library. https://www.hardeecountyfl.gov/_uploaded_files/library-history.pdf
38. ^ "About The Florida Advocate". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
39. ^ "Historical Resources – Heartland Library Cooperative". Retrieved April 29, 2022.
40. ^ "Getting & Using a Library Card – Heartland Library Cooperative". Retrieved April 29, 2022.
41. ^ Geography Division (April 13, 2021). 2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Hardee County, FL (PDF) (Map). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 1 (PDF p. 2/33). Retrieved April 10, 2025. "Hardee Correctional Instn"
42. ^ Geography Division (December 23, 2020). 2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Hardee County, FL (PDF) (Map). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 10, 2025. \- Text list
43. ^ "A History of Educational Excellence, Tradition & Pride". Hardee County Public Schools. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
44. ^ "Overview of Hardee School District". U.S. News World Report. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
45. ^ "Hardee County Enrollment vs. Graduation Rate". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
46. ^ "Florida's High School Cohort 2021-22 Graduation Rate" (PDF). Florida Department of Education. January 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2023.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hardee County, Florida.

### Government links/constitutional offices

[edit]

* Hardee County Board of County Commissioners official website
* Hardee County Supervisor of Elections
* Hardee County Property Appraiser
* Hardee County Sheriff's Office
* Hardee County Tax Collector

#### Special districts

[edit]

* Hardee County Public Schools
* Southwest Florida Water Management District
* Heartland Library Cooperative

#### Judicial branch

[edit]

* Hardee County Clerk of Courts (Official Site)
* Public Defender, 10th Judicial Circuit of Florida serving Hardee, Highlands, and Polk counties
* Office of the State Attorney, 10th Judicial Circuit of Florida[permanent dead link]
* Circuit and County Court for the 10th Judicial Circuit of Florida

### Museum and library resources

[edit]

* Heartland Library Cooperative. Hardee County is part of the Heartland Library Cooperative
* The Herald-Advocate, the local newspaper for Hardee County, Florida fully and openly available in the Florida Digital Newspaper Library

### Other resources

[edit]

* Photos of Damage from Hurricane Charley at FloridaDisaster.org

Places adjacent to Hardee County, Florida

| Hillsborough County | Polk County |

|
|

|  |
Manatee County |

Hardee County, Florida

| Highlands County
|  |
| DeSoto County |

* v
* t
* e

Municipalities and communities of Hardee County, Florida, United States

County seat: Wauchula

Cities|

* Bowling Green
* Wauchula

Town|

* Zolfo Springs

CDPs|

* Fort Green
* Fort Green Springs
* Gardner
* Lemon Grove
* Limestone
* Ona

Unincorporated
communities|

* Oak Grove
* Popash
* Sweetwater

Ghost town|

* Moffit

* Florida portal
* United States portal

* v
* t
* e

Geography of Florida

Natural features|

* Beaches
* Caves
* Everglades (drainage and development)
* Keys
* Lakes
* Lake Okeechobee
* Reef
* Rivers
* Sinkholes
* Springs
* Straits
* Swamps

Regions|

* Big Bend
* region
* coast
* Central Florida
* Emerald Coast
* Everglades
* First Coast
* Forgotten Coast
* Gold Coast
* Halifax area
* Heartland
* Keys
* Nature Coast
* North central Florida
* North Florida
* Panhandle
* South Florida
* Southwest Florida
* Space Coast
* Suncoast
* Tampa Bay Area
* Treasure Coast

Metro areas|

* Cape Coral–Fort Myers
* Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin
* Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach
* Gainesville
* Homosassa Springs
* Jacksonville
* Lakeland–Winter Haven
* Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach
* Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island
* North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton
* Ocala
* Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford
* Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville
* Panama City
* Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent
* Port St. Lucie
* Punta Gorda
* Sebastian-Vero Beach
* Sebring
* Tallahassee
* Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater
* The Villages

Largest cities|

* Jacksonville
* Miami
* Tampa
* Orlando
* St. Petersburg
* Hialeah
* Port St. Lucie
* Tallahassee
* Cape Coral
* Fort Lauderdale
* Pembroke Pines
* Hollywood
* Gainesville
* Miramar
* Coral Springs
* Palm Bay
* West Palm Beach
* Clearwater
* Lakeland
* Pompano Beach
* Miami Gardens
* Davie

Counties|

* Alachua
* Baker
* Bay
* Bradford
* Brevard
* Broward
* Calhoun
* Charlotte
* Citrus
* Clay
* Collier
* Columbia
* DeSoto
* Dixie
* Duval
* Escambia
* Flagler
* Franklin
* Gadsden
* Gilchrist
* Glades
* Gulf
* Hamilton
* Hardee
* Hendry
* Hernando
* Highlands
* Hillsborough
* Holmes
* Indian River
* Jackson
* Jefferson
* Lafayette
* Lake
* Lee
* Leon
* Levy
* Liberty
* Madison
* Manatee
* Marion
* Martin
* Miami‑Dade
* Monroe
* Mosquito (former county)
* Nassau
* Okaloosa
* Okeechobee
* Orange
* Osceola
* Palm Beach
* Pasco
* Pinellas
* Polk
* Putnam
* Santa Rosa
* Sarasota
* Seminole
* St. Johns
* St. Lucie
* Sumter
* Suwannee
* Taylor
* Union
* Volusia
* Wakulla
* Walton
* Washington

Other|

* State forests
* State parks
* Highest points
* Wakulla Volcano

27°29′N 81°49′W﻿ / ﻿27.49°N 81.81°W﻿ / 27.49; -81.81

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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*[%±]: Percent change
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