Harlequin (software company)

Software company

Harlequin

The Harlequin lifting tile logo

Trade name

| Harlequin
Company type| Private
Industry|

* Application software
* Programming languages
* Think tank

Predecessor| None
Founded| 1987; 37 years ago (1987) in Cambridge, East of England, England
Founder| Jo Marks
Defunct| 1999 (1999)
Fate| Acquired by Global Graphics
Successors|

* Functional Objects
* Global Graphics
* The Gwydion Maintainers
* LispWorks
* Xanalys

Headquarters|

Barrington, Cambridgeshire

United Kingdom

Number of locations

| 8 (1998)

Areas served

* Western Europe
* North America
* Australia

Key people

| Jo Marks
Owner| Jo Marks

Number of employees

| 300 (1998)

Harlequin was a technology company based in Cambridge, UK and Cambridge, Massachusetts. It specialized in application software for printing, graphics, law enforcement, artificial intelligence, and in implementations of programming languages. Harlequin employees sometimes referred to themselves as "The 'Late Binding' company" and the firm eventually evolved into a think tank for advanced technologies.

After Global Graphics[1] purchased Harlequin, they spun off the application groups for Lisp, artificial intelligence (AI), and law enforcement as Xanalys,[2] and they spun off the Harlequin Dylan team as Functional Objects. Global Graphics acquired Harlequin mainly for the PostScript technologies, and it still continues to develop and market them under the Harlequin name.

## Think tank products[edit]

Harlequin had two main lines of business:

* Digital prepress (mainly ScriptWorks, a PostScript language compatible raster image processor (RIP), now selling under the name Harlequin RIP)
* Modern language development environments: compilers and integrated development environments (IDEs) for Lisp (LispWorks), ML (MLWorks), and Dylan (DylanWorks)

Other products included data analysis tools created using LispWorks, the Lisp IDE.

The think tank structure of Harlequin can also be recognized via the development of a flexible and modular memory management system, the Memory Pool System (MPS). MPS was designed to support:

* A wide range of requirements from high-speed manual memory management, to complex garbage collection with many different types of reference
* Two product ScriptWorks PostScript RIP, and their Harlequin Dylan compiler and IDE for the Dylan language

## Think tank spin-offs[edit]

In January 2005 employees founded the independently owned LispWorks Limited[3] to focus on the Lisp business.

Several of Harlequin's other assets and technologies have also been acquired and open sourced by companies founded by former Harlequin employees.

* Functional Objects Inc., was founded in 1999 to continue developing and producing the Dylan IDE. In 2004, all code was open sourced to The Gwydion Maintainers.[4] They renamed the IDE to Open Dylan.[5][6]
* Ravenbrook Limited[7] acquired the Memory Management Reference,[8] a public resource on memory management and garbage collection, the Memory Pool System,[9] a flexible memory manager and garbage collector (now open sourced), and MLWorks,[10] a Standard ML compiler and integrated development environment (also open sourced).

## History[edit]

Harlequin Limited was founded in 1987 by Jo Marks in Cambridge, England, and the first offices were located in the founder's home in Cambridge. The firm later moved to an office on Station Road, Cambridge, then in 1989 relocated to Barrington Hall, in the village of Barrington, Cambridgeshire, near Cambridge, which became the permanent company headquarters.

Expansion followed, and Harlequin Limited became The Harlequin Group Limited, with wholly owned subsidiaries in the United Kingdom (UK) (Harlequin Limited), the United States (Harlequin, Inc. - office opened in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1993) and Australia (Harlequin Australia Pty Limited). The firm acquired in February 1995 the rights to the Lisp-related technology Lucid Common Lisp of Lucid Inc., that went out of business in summer 1994 due to financial hardships. Many of the newly hired American Lisp staff had formerly worked for two other Lisp companies which had failed previously: Lucid Inc. and Symbolics. In 1997, the group company became Harlequin Group plc.

At its peak in 1997–1998 the firm had over 300 staff, with offices in: Cambridge, England (including Barrington Hall and Longstanton); Edinburgh; Manchester; Cambridge, Massachusetts; Menlo Park, California, and several other places.

Due to failed expansion plans, the firm was declared bankrupt in summer 1999 and went into administration. It was acquired by Global Graphics,[11] primarily for the PostScript technologies, which Global Graphics continues to develop and market under the Harlequin name (in 2006). Global Graphics created a subsidiary Xanalys[12] for the data analysis and LispWorks businesses. In November 2006, Global moved from Barrington Hall to Cambourne Business Park.

In September 2005, CompuDyne Corporation[13] acquired Xanalys, which operated for several years as part of Tiburon, Inc.[14] the Public Safety and Justice division of CompuDyne. In January 2009 Xanalys was acquired by the UK staff based in Manchester and Cambridge.[15] The firm continues to sell investigation and analysis tools developed by Harlequin originally (such as Link Explorer[16] and Powercase[17]) to a worldwide market.

## See also[edit]

* Harlequin RIP

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Digital printing and PDF software, Global Graphics Software, OEM software, electronic document management". Globalgraphics.com. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
2. ^ "Practical and Field-Proven Investigation Software". Xanalys. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
3. ^ "LispWorks". LispWorks. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
4. ^ "Gwydion Dylan". Gwydiondylan.org. Retrieved 2019-01-05.
5. ^ "Welcome to Open Dylan! – Open Dylan". Opendylan.org. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
6. ^ Open Dylan entry of wiki.opendylan.org for information about the latest version
7. ^ "Ravenbrook". Ravenbrook. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
8. ^ "The Memory Management Reference". Memorymanagement.org. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
9. ^ "Memory Pool System Project". Ravenbrook.com. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
10. ^ "MLWorks". Ravenbrook.com. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
11. ^ "digital printing and PDF software, Global Graphics Software, OEM software, electronic document management". Globalgraphics.com. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
12. ^ "Practical and Field-Proven Investigation Software". Xanalys. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
13. ^ "Compudyne". Compudyne. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
14. ^ "Tiburon Public Safety Software for Computer Aided Dispatch, Records Management and Corrections Management – Mission Critical Public Safety & Security Solutions". Tiburoninc.com. Archived from the original on 2009-05-02. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
15. ^ "Xanalys Staff Acquire Tiburon's Analytics and Investigative Management Division". Xanalys.com. 2009-01-19. Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
16. ^ "Xanalys Link Explorer". Xanalys.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
17. ^ "Xanalys PowerCase". Xanalys.com. Retrieved 2012-02-19.

* v
* t
* e

Lisp programming language

Features|

* Automatic storage management
* Conditionals
* Dynamic typing
* Higher-order functions
* Linked lists
* Macros
* M-expressions (deprecated)
* Read–eval–print loop
* Recursion
* S-expressions
* Self-hosting compiler
* Tree data structures

Object systems|

* Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)
* CommonLoops
* Flavors

Implementations|

| Standardized|

| Common
Lisp|

* Allegro Common Lisp
* Armed Bear Common Lisp (ABCL)
* CLISP
* Clozure CL
* CMU Common Lisp (CMUCL)
* Corman Common Lisp
* Embeddable Common Lisp (ECL)
* GNU Common Lisp (GCL)
* LispWorks
* Macintosh Common Lisp
* Mocl
* Movitz
* Poplog
* Steel Bank Common Lisp (SBCL)
* Symbolics Common Lisp

|

Scheme|

* History
* Bigloo
* Chez Scheme
* Chicken
* Gambit
* Game Oriented Assembly Lisp (GOAL)
* GNU Guile
* Ikarus
* JScheme
* Kawa
* MIT/GNU Scheme
* MultiLisp
* Pocket Scheme
* Racket (features)
* Scheme 48
* SCM
* SIOD
* T
* TinyScheme

ISLISP|

* OpenLisp

Unstandardized|

| Logo|

* MSWLogo
* NetLogo
* StarLogo
* UCBLogo

|

* Arc
* AutoLISP
* BBN LISP
* Clojure
* COWSEL
* Dylan (Apple, history)
* Emacs Lisp
* EuLisp
* Franz Lisp, PC-LISP
* Hy
* Interlisp
* Knowledge Engineering Environment
* *Lisp
* LeLisp
* LFE
* Lisp Machine Lisp
* Maclisp
* MDL
* MLisp
* newLISP
* NIL
* PC-LISP
* Picolisp
* Portable Standard Lisp
* RPL
* S-1 Lisp
* SKILL
* Spice Lisp
* Zetalisp

Operating system|

* List
* Common Lisp Interface Manager, McCLIM
* Genera
* Scsh

Hardware|

* Lisp machine
* TI Explorer
* Space-cadet keyboard

Community
of practice|

| Technical standards|

* Scheme Requests for Implementation
* Common Lisp HyperSpec
* X3J13

|

Education|

| Books|

* Common Lisp the Language
* How to Design Programs (HTDP)
* On Lisp
* Practical Common Lisp
* Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (SICP)

|

Curriculum|

* ProgramByDesign

Organizations|

| Business|

* Apple Computer
* Bolt, Beranek and Newman
* Harlequin
* Lucid Inc.
* Symbolics
* Xanalys

|

Education|

* Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
* MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL)
* Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
* University of California, Berkeley

People|

* Edmund Berkeley
* Daniel G. Bobrow
* William Clinger
* R. Kent Dybvig
* Matthias Felleisen
* Robert Bruce Findler
* Matthew Flatt
* Phyllis Fox
* Paul Graham
* Richard Greenblatt
* Timothy P. Hart
* Louis Hodes
* Mike Levin
* David Luckham
* John McCarthy
* Robert Tappan Morris
* Joel Moses
* David Park
* Steve Russell
* Richard Stallman

Common Lisp|

* Scott Fahlman
* Richard P. Gabriel
* Philip Greenspun (10th rule)
* David A. Moon
* Kent Pitman
* Guy L. Steele Jr.
* Daniel Weinreb

Scheme|

* Matthias Felleisen
* Shriram Krishnamurthi
* Guy L. Steele Jr.
* Gerald Jay Sussman
* Julie Sussman

Logo|

* Hal Abelson
* Denison Bollay
* Wally Feurzeig
* Brian Harvey
* Seymour Papert
* Mitchel Resnick
* Cynthia Solomon

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