Harvard University

Private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US

"Harvard" redirects here. For other uses, see Harvard (disambiguation).

Harvard University

Coat of arms

Latin: Universitas Harvardiana[1][2]

Former names

| Harvard College
Motto| Veritas (Latin)[3]

Motto in English

| "Truth"
Type| Private research university
Established| October 28, 1636 (388 years ago) (1636-10-28)[4]
Founder| Massachusetts General Court
Accreditation| NECHE

Academic affiliations

* AAU
* COFHE
* NAICU
* UArctic
* URA
* Space-grant

Endowment| $53.2 billion (2024)
President| Alan Garber
Provost| John F. Manning[5]

Academic staff

| ~2,400 faculty members (and >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)[6]
Students| 21,278 (fall 2023)[7]
Undergraduates| 7,110 (fall 2023)[7]
Postgraduates| 14,168 (fall 2023)[7]
Location|

Cambridge, Massachusetts

United States

42°22′28″N 71°07′01″W﻿ / ﻿42.37444°N 71.11694°W﻿ / 42.37444; -71.11694
Campus| Midsize city[8], 209 acres (85 ha)
Newspaper| The Harvard Crimson
Colors| Crimson, white, and black[9]

Nickname| Crimson

Sporting affiliations

* NCAA Division I FCS – Ivy League
* ECAC Hockey
* NEISA
* CWPA
* IRA
* EAWRC
* EARC
* EISA

Mascot| John Harvard
Website| www.harvard.edu

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.[10]

Harvard was founded and authorized by the Massachusetts General Court, the governing legislature of colonial-era Massachusetts Bay Colony.[11] While never formally affiliated with any denomination, Harvard trained Congregational clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century.

By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the Boston elite.[12][13] Following the American Civil War, under Harvard president Charles William Eliot's long tenure from 1869 to 1909, Harvard developed multiple professional schools, which transformed it into a modern research university. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the Association of American Universities.[14] James B. Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II, and liberalized admissions after the war.

The university has ten academic faculties and a faculty attached to Harvard Radcliffe Institute. The Faculty of Arts and Sciences offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate academic disciplines, and other faculties offer graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three campuses:[15] the main campus, a 209-acre (85 ha) in Cambridge centered on Harvard Yard; an adjoining campus immediately across Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston's Longwood Medical Area.[16] Harvard's endowment, valued at $53.2 billion, makes it the wealthiest academic institution in the world.[17][18] Harvard Library, with more than 20 million volumes, is the world's largest academic library.

Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers include 188 living billionaires, 8 U.S. presidents, 24 heads of state and 31 heads of government, founders of notable companies, Nobel laureates, Fields Medalists, members of Congress, MacArthur Fellows, Rhodes Scholars, Marshall Scholars, Turing Award Recipients, Pulitzer Prize recipients, and Fulbright Scholars; by most metrics, Harvard University ranks among the top universities in the world in each of these categories.[Notes 1] Harvard students and alumni have also collectively won 10 Academy Awards and 110 Olympic medals, including 46 gold medals.

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Harvard University

### Colonial era

[edit]

See also: John Harvard (clergyman), Nathaniel Eaton, and Increase Mather

A 1767 engraving of Harvard College by Paul Revere

Harvard was founded in 1636 by a vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Its first headmaster, Nathaniel Eaton, took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired English North America's first known printing press.[19][20] The same year, on his deathbed, John Harvard, a Puritan clergyman who had emigrated to the colony from England, bequeathed the emerging college £780 and his library of some 320 volumes;[21] the following year, it was named Harvard College.

In 1643, a Harvard publication defined the college's purpose: "[to] advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."[22]

In its early years, the college trained many Puritan ministers[23] and offered a classical curriculum based on the English university model exemplified by the University of Cambridge, where many colonial Massachusetts leaders had studied prior to emigrating to the colony. Harvard College never formally affiliated with any particular Protestant denomination, but its curriculum conformed to the tenets of Puritanism.[24] In 1650, the charter for Harvard Corporation, the college's governing body, was granted.

From 1681 to 1701, Increase Mather, a Puritan clergyman, served as Harvard's sixth president. In 1708, John Leverett became Harvard's seventh president and the first president who was not also a clergyman.[25] Harvard faculty and students largely supported the Patriot cause during the American Revolution.[26][failed verification]

The earliest known official seal of Harvard University, commonly referred to as the Seal of 1650 or the In Christi Gloriam seal, features a square shield bearing three open books arranged around a central chevron. This design symbolises the pursuit of learning under divine guidance. The motto IN CHRISTI GLORIAM ("To the glory of Christ") appears prominently on the seal, which is encircled by the Latin inscription SIGILL COL HARVARD CANTAB NOV ANGL 1650, meaning "Seal of Harvard College, Cambridge, New England, 1650." This seal reflects the original religious mission of the institution.

In 1885, the Harvard Corporation adopted a revised design known as the Appleton Seal, based on an earlier version created by President Josiah Quincy in 1843. Designed by William Sumner Appleton (Harvard AB 1860), the seal features a triangular shield bearing three open books with the motto VERITAS ("Truth"). Surrounding the shield is the motto CHRISTO ET ECCLESIÆ ("For Christ and the Church"), and the outer border bears the inscription SIGILLVM ACADEMIÆ HARVARDINÆ IN NOV. ANG. ("Seal of Harvard College in New England"). This version of the seal sought to harmonise the university's intellectual pursuits with its ecclesiastical roots.[27]

### 19th century

[edit]

See also: Charles William Eliot and Samuel Webber

The John Harvard statue in Harvard Yard

In the 19th century, Harvard was influenced by Enlightenment Age ideas, including reason and free will, which were widespread among Congregational ministers and which placed these ministers and their congregations at odds with more traditionalist, Calvinist pastors and clergies.[28]: 1–4 Following the death of Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan in 1803 and that of Joseph Willard, Harvard's eleventh president, the following year, a struggle broke out over their replacements. In 1805, Henry Ware was elected to replace Tappan as Hollis chair. Two years later, in 1807, liberal Samuel Webber was appointed as Harvard's 13th president, representing a shift from traditional ideas at Harvard to more liberal and Arminian ideas.[28]: 4–5 [29]: 24

In 1816, Harvard University launched new language programs in the study of French and Spanish, and appointed George Ticknor the university's first professor for these language programs.

From 1869 to 1909, Charles William Eliot, Harvard University's 21st president, decreased the historically favored position of Christianity in the curriculum, opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was an influential figure in the secularization of U.S. higher education, he was motivated primarily by Transcendentalist and Unitarian convictions influenced by William Ellery Channing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and others, rather than secularism. In the late 19th century, Harvard University's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers.[30]

### 20th century

[edit]

See also: A. Lawrence Lowell and James B. Conant

A 1906 aerial watercolor portrait of Harvard University[31]

In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities.[14] For the first few decades of the 20th century, the Harvard student body was predominantly "old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians," according to sociologist and author Jerome Karabel.[32]

Over the 20th century, as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with it, Harvard University's reputation as one of the world's most prestigious universities grew notably. The university's enrollment also underwent substantial growth, a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the undergraduate college. Radcliffe College emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools in the nation for women.

In 1923, a year after the proportion of Jewish students at Harvard reached 20%, A. Lawrence Lowell, the university's 22nd president, unsuccessfully proposed capping the admission of Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population. Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university's freshman dormitories, writing that, "We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial."[33][34][35][36]

Between 1933 and 1953, Harvard University was led by James B. Conant, the university's 23rd president, who reinvigorated the university's creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among the nation and world's emerging research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, and devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1945, under Conant's leadership, an influential 268-page report, General Education in a Free Society, was published by Harvard faculty, which remains one of the most important works in curriculum studies,[37] and women were first admitted to the medical school.[38]

Between 1945 and 1960, admissions were standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of students. Following the end of World War II, for example, special exams were developed so veterans could be considered for admission.[39] No longer drawing mostly from prestigious prep schools in New England, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians remained underrepresented.[40] Over the second half of the 20th century, however, the university became incrementally more diverse.[41]

Between 1971 and 1999, Harvard controlled undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe's women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard University.[42]

### 21st century

[edit]

See also: Drew Gilpin Faust, Lawrence Bacow, Claudine Gay, and Alan Garber

An aerial view of Harvard University at night in 2017

On July 1, 2007, Drew Gilpin Faust, dean of Harvard Radcliffe Institute, was appointed Harvard's 28th and the university's first female president.[43] On July 1, 2018, Faust retired and joined the board of Goldman Sachs, and Lawrence Bacow became Harvard's 29th president.[44]

In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.[45]

Bacow retired in June 2023, and on July 1 Claudine Gay, a Harvard professor in the Government and African American Studies departments and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became Harvard's 30th president. In January 2024, just six months into her presidency, Gay resigned following allegations of antisemitism and plagiarism.[46] Gay was succeeded by Alan Garber, the university's provost, who was appointed interim president. In August 2024, the university announced that Garber would be appointed Harvard's 31st president through the end of the 2026–27 academic year.

#### Second presidency of Donald Trump

[edit]

See also: Education policy of the second Donald Trump administration § Actions against universities

In April 2025, the United States federal government under President Donald Trump threatened to withhold nearly $9 billion in government funds from the university unless the university complied with government demands to modify many of its policies. This threat was part of a broader battle over universities' autonomy following contentious student protests against the Gaza war, and followed similar demands made of Columbia University.[47] The university's leadership resisted the government's demands, claiming that they were an unlawful overreach of government authority.[48] In response, the US Department of Education announced they were freezing $2.3 billion in federal funds to Harvard.[49] The Department of Homeland Security subsequently threatened to revoke Harvard's eligibility to host international students.[47] Harvard responded by filing a lawsuit against the Trump administration in the District Court of Massachusetts, arguing that the freezing of funds was unconstitutional.[50][51]

In May 2025, education secretary Linda McMahon informed Harvard president Garber that the federal government would no longer provide grant funding until the university complied with the Trump administration's demands.[52] The following week, the Trump administration cut an additional $450 million in grants to the school.[53]

Decertification Letter sent by Kristi Noem on May 22, 2025

Later that same month, Department of Homeland Security secretary Kristi Noem announced that Harvard's Student and Exchange Visitor Program certification had been revoked, barring Harvard from hosting international students.[54][55] The following day, Harvard sued the Trump administration for banning them from enrolling international students and U.S. District Judge Allison Burroughs granted a temporary restraining order stopping the ban.[56][57][58][59]

On May 30, 2025, the State Department ordered all US embassies and consulates to conduct "comprehensive and thorough vetting" of the online presence of anyone seeking to visit Harvard from abroad.[60]

On June 4, 2025, Trump issued a proclamation restricting international students from studying at Harvard, and directing the State Department to consider revoking the visas of current international students studying at that university.[61][62] The following day, Harvard filed a legal challenge, amending their existing federal complaint against the administration.[63][64][65]

## Campuses

[edit]

### Cambridge

[edit]

See also: Harvard Divinity School, Harvard Graduate School of Design, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard Law School, and Harvard Radcliffe Institute

Massachusetts Hall, Harvard's oldest building, constructed in 1720[66] Memorial Hall, built on the main Cambridge campus in 1870 Memorial Church, dedicated and opened in 1932 on Harvard Yard Harvard Yard at the center of Harvard's main campus in Cambridge

The 209-acre (85 ha) main campus of Harvard University is centered on Harvard Yard, colloquially known as "the Yard", in Cambridge, Massachusetts, about three miles (five km) west-northwest of downtown Boston, and extending to the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. The Yard houses several Harvard buildings, including four of the university's libraries, Houghton, Lamont, Pusey, and Widener. Also on Harvard Yard are Massachusetts Hall, built between 1718 and 1720 and the university's oldest still standing building, Memorial Church, and University Hall

Harvard Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, including Sever Hall, Harvard Hall, and freshman dormitories. Upperclassmen live in the twelve residential houses, located south of Harvard Yard near the Charles River and on Radcliffe Quadrangle, which formerly housed Radcliffe College students. Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.[67]

Also on the main campus in Cambridge are the Law, Divinity (theology), Engineering and Applied Science, Design (architecture), Education, Kennedy (public policy), and Extension schools, and Harvard Radcliffe Institute in Radcliffe Yard.[68] Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.[69][70]

### Allston

[edit]

Main article: Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts

Harvard Business School, Harvard Innovation Labs, and many athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in the Allston section of Boston across the John W. Weeks Bridge, which crosses the Charles River and connects the Allston and Cambridge campuses.[71]

The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.[72] Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.[73]

In 2021, the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences expanded into the new Allston-based Science and Engineering Complex (SEC), which is more than 500,000 square feet in size.[74] SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and Harvard Innovation Labs, and designed to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups and collaborations with mature companies.[75]

### Longwood

[edit]

Main article: Longwood Medical and Academic Area

Harvard Medical School in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston

The university's schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, and Public Health are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, about 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.[16]

Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. Additional affiliates, including Massachusetts General Hospital, are located throughout Greater Boston.

### Other

[edit]

Harvard owns Dumbarton Oaks, a research library in Washington, D.C., Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, Concord Field Station in Estabrook Woods in Concord, Massachusetts,[76] the Villa I Tatti research center in Florence, Italy,[77] and the Center for Hellenic Studies in Greece. The Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,[78] and Arnold Arboretum in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston.

## Organization and administration

[edit]

### Governance

[edit]

See also: Harvard Board of Overseers, President and Fellows of Harvard College, and President of Harvard University

Harvard is governed by a combination of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College, which is also known as the Harvard Corporation. These two bodies, in turn, appoint the President of Harvard University.[79]

There are 16,000 staff and faculty,[80] including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.[81]

As of 2025, Harvard differs radically from its peer universities in two important ways. First, Harvard does not make its governing statutes publicly available, meaning that members of the Harvard community interested in reform must first persuade the university to give them a copy of those documents. Second, Harvard does not have an academic senate like most of its peers, although it is currently attempting to create one.[82]

### Endowment

[edit]

Main article: Harvard University endowment

Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world, valued at about $50.7 billion as of 2023.[17][18]

During the recession of 2007–2009, it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.[83] The endowment has since recovered.[84][85][86][87]

About $2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.[88] Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[89] Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.[90]

#### Divestment

[edit]

Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated divesting Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in South Africa during apartheid, Sudan during the Darfur genocide, and tobacco, fossil fuel, and private prison industries.[91][92]

In the late 1980s, during the disinvestment from South Africa movement, student activists erected a symbolic shanty town on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.[93][94]

In response to pressure, the university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230 million out of a total of $400 million between 1986 and 1987.[93][95]

## Academics

[edit]

### Teaching and learning

[edit]

School | Founded

|

Harvard College | 1636
Medicine | 1782
Divinity | 1816
Law | 1817
Engineering | 1847
Dental Medicine | 1867
Graduate Arts and Sciences | 1872
Business | 1908
Extension | 1910
Design | 1936
Education | 1920
Public Health | 1913
Government | 1936

Harvard is a large, highly residential research university[96] offering 50 undergraduate majors,[97] 134 graduate degrees,[98] and 32 professional degrees.[99] During the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.[99]

Harvard College, the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has a liberal arts and sciences focus.[96][97] To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.[100] In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.[101]

Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.[102]

The Faculty of Arts and Sciences, with an academic staff of 1,211 as of 2019, is the largest Harvard faculty, and has primary responsibility for instruction in Harvard College, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and the Division of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties and a faculty attached to the Harvard Radcliffe Institute.

There are four Harvard joint programs with MIT, which include the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, the Broad Institute, The Observatory of Economic Complexity, and edX.

### Professional schools

[edit]

The university maintains 12 schools, which include:

School  | Founded  | Enrollment[103][failed verification]

|
|

Medicine | 1782  | 660
Divinity | 1816  | 377
Law | 1817  | 1,990
Dental Medicine | 1867  | 280
Graduate Arts and Sciences | 1872  | 4,824
Business | 1908  | 2,011
Extension | 1910  | 3,428
Design | 1914  | 878
Education | 1920  | 876
Public Health | 1922  | 1,412
Government | 1936  | 1,100
Engineering | 2007  | 1,750 (including undergraduates)

### Research

[edit]

Harvard is a founding member of the Association of American Universities[104] and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine, according to the Carnegie Classification.[96]

The medical school consistently ranks first among medical schools for research,[105] and biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school and its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.[106] In 2019, the medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the National Institutes of Health, more than twice that of any other university.[107]

### Libraries

[edit]

Main article: Harvard Library

Widener Library, the anchor of Harvard Library, the largest academic library in the world with more than 20 million holdings

Harvard Library, the largest academic library in the world with 20.4 million holdings, is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard. It includes 25 individual Harvard libraries around the world with a combined staff of more than 800 librarians and personnel.[108]

Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. The nation's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases is stored in Pusey Library on Harvard Yard, which is open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in Harvard-Yenching Library.

Other major libraries in the Harvard Library system include Baker Library/Bloomberg Center at Harvard Business School, Cabot Science Library at Harvard Science Center, Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., Gutman Library at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard Film Archive at the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Houghton Library, and Lamont Library.

### Museums

[edit]

Main article: Harvard Art Museums

Harvard Art Museums includes three museums, the Arthur M. Sackler Museum covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art; the Busch–Reisinger Museum (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art; and the Fogg Museum covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art.

Harvard Museums of Science and Culture include the Harvard Museum of Natural History, which itself includes the Harvard Mineralogical and Geological Museum, the Harvard University Herbaria featuring the Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Others include the Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments at Harvard Science Center, the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East, and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier and housing the Harvard Film Archive, the Warren Anatomical Museum at Harvard Medical School's Center for the History of Medicine, and the Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African American Art at the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research.

### Reputation and rankings

[edit]

Academic rankings

National
Forbes[109]| 8
U.S. News & World Report[110]| 3
Washington Monthly[111]| 1
WSJ/College Pulse[112]| 6
Global
ARWU[113]| 1
QS[114]| 4
THE[115]| 3
U.S. News & World Report[116]| 1

Harvard University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.[117] Since its founding in 2003, the Academic Ranking of World Universities has ranked Harvard first in each of its annual rankings of the world's colleges and universities. Similarly, the Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings, which was published from 2004 to 2009, ranked Harvard first in the world in each of its annual rankings. Since then, Harvard has been ranked first in the world each year since 2011 by its successor, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[118]

Harvard was also ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance.[119]

Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the University Ranking by Academic Performance in 2019–20 and Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities in 2011, which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies.[120] According to annual polls done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States for both students and their parents[121][122][123][124]

In 2019, Harvard's engineering school was ranked the third-best school in the world for engineering and technology by Times Higher Education.[125]

In international relations, Foreign Policy magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.[126]

Student body composition as of May 2, 2022  Race and ethnicity[127] | Total

|

White | 36%  | 36

Asian | 21%  | 21

Hispanic | 12%  | 12

Foreign national | 11%  | 11

Black | 11%  | 11

Other[Notes 2] | 9%  | 9

Economic diversity
Low-income[Notes 3] | 18%  | 18

Affluent[Notes 4] | 82%  | 82

## Student activities

[edit]

### Student government

[edit]

Further information: Harvard Graduate Council

The Undergraduate Council represented Harvard College undergraduate students until it was dissolved in 2022,[128] and replaced by the Undergraduate Association. The Graduate Council represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.[129]

### Student media

[edit]

Further information: The Harvard Crimson

The Harvard Crimson, founded in 1873 and run entirely by Harvard undergraduate students, is the university's primary student newspaper. Many notable alumni have worked at the Crimson, including two U.S. presidents, Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903) and John F. Kennedy (AB 1940).

## Athletics

[edit]

Main article: Harvard Crimson

Harvard football (right) taking on Cornell (left) at Harvard Stadium in October 2019

Harvard College competes in the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.[130]

Harvard and the other seven Ivy League universities are prohibited from offering athletic scholarships.[131] The school color is crimson.[132]

### National championships

[edit]

In the NCAA Division I era, which began in 1973, Harvard Crimson teams have won five NCAA Division I championships as of 2024: men's ice hockey in 1989, women's lacrosse in 1990, women's rowing in 2003, and men's fencing in 2006 and 2024. Including the pre-NCAA era, Harvard has won 159 national championships across all sports. Its men's squash team holds the record for the most national collegiate championships in the sport. Harvard's first national championship came in 1880, when its track and field team won the national championship.[133]

### Rivalries

[edit]

Further information: Cornell–Harvard hockey rivalry and Harvard-Yale football rivalry

Harvard's athletic programs maintain a long-standing rivalry with Yale in all sports, especially in college football, where Harvard and Yale compete in an annual football rivalry, which has played 139 times as of 2024, dating back to its first meeting in 1875.[134]

Every two years, Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford and Cambridge team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.[135]

In men's ice hockey, Harvard maintains a historic rivalry with Cornell, which dates back to their first meeting in 1910. The two teams play twice annually.

In men's rugby, Harvard maintains a rivalry with McGill, as demonstrated by the biennial Harvard-McGill rugby games, alternately played in Montreal and Cambridge.[136]

## Notable people

[edit]

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|

### Alumni

[edit]

Further information: List of Harvard University people, List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni, and List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

Since its founding nearly four centuries ago, Harvard alumni have distinguished themselves in academia, activism, arts, athletics, business, entrepreneurship, government, international affairs, journalism, media, music, non-profit organizations, politics, public policy, science, technology, writing, and other industries and fields.

Among the world's universities and colleges, Harvard has the most U.S. presidents (eight), living billionaires (188), Nobel laureates (162), Pulitzer Prize winners (48), Fields Medal recipients (seven), Marshall scholars (252), and Rhodes Scholars (369) among its alumni. Harvard alumni also include nine Turing Award laureates, ten Academy Awards winners, and 108 Olympic medalists, including 46 gold medal winners.[137][138][139][140][141][142]

* Notable Harvard alumni include:
* 2nd President of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[143]

* 6th President of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)[144][145]

* 26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)[146]

* 32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)[147]

* Cofounder and Executive Director of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Roger Nash Baldwin (AB, 1904; AM, 1905)[148]

* Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1909; AM, 1910)

* Physicist and leader of the Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (AB, 1925)

* 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)[149]

* 15th Prime Minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau (MA, 1947)

* 24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)[150]

* 43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)[151]

* 17th Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)

* 8th Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)

* 24th Prime Minister of Canada Mark Carney (AB, 1988)[152]

* 44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)[153][154]

* Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Ketanji Brown Jackson (AB,1992; JD, 1996)

* Academy Award and Golden Globe Award winning actress Natalie Portman (AB, 2003)

* 19th United States Secretary of Transportation, Pete Buttigieg (AB, 2004)[155]

### Faculty

[edit]

* Notable past and present Harvard faculty include:
* Stephen Breyer

* Henry Louis Gates Jr.

* Elena Kagan

* Robert Reich

* Amartya Sen

* B. F. Skinner

* Elizabeth Warren

* Janet Yellen

## In popular culture

[edit]

Tower at the University of Puerto Rico, showing the emblem of Harvard (on right), the oldest in the United States, and that of National University of San Marcos, Lima (left), the oldest in the Americas

Harvard's reputation as a center of elite achievement or elitist privilege has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman said in 2010.[156]

### Literature

[edit]

In contemporary literature, Harvard University features prominently in multiple novels, including:

* The Sound and the Fury (1929) and Absalom, Absalom! (1936), two novels by William Faulkner, both of which depict Harvard student life.[157]
* Of Time and the River (1935) by Thomas Wolfe, a fictionalized autobiography, depicting Wolfe's alter ego, Eugene Gant, a Harvard student.[158]
* The Late George Apley (1937), by 1915 Harvard alumnus John P. Marquand, a novel presenting a satirical view of Harvard men in the early 20th century,[158] which was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.[159]
* The Second Happiest Day (1953), by John P. Marquand, portrays Harvard during the World War II generation.[160][161][162][163][164]

### Films

[edit]

Harvard University features prominently in the plots of multiple major films, including:

* Love Story (1970), a romance between a wealthy Harvard ice hockey player, played by Ryan O'Neal, and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means, played by Ali MacGraw.[165][166][167]
* The Paper Chase (1973),[168] a drama based on the 1971 novel of the same name by Harvard alumnus John Jay Osborn Jr., about a first year Harvard Law School student facing a demanding contract law course and professor.
* A Small Circle of Friends (1980), a drama about three Harvard University students in the 1960s
* Prozac Nation (1994), a psychological drama starring Christina Ricci based on the novel of the same name by Elizabeth Wurtzel, which documents her real life story as a 19-year-old Harvard freshman struggling with substance abuse and clinical depression.
* Legally Blonde (2001), a comedy film starring Reese Witherspoon a blonde sorority girl who enrolls in Harvard Law School to get her ex-boyfriend back.
* Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story (2003), a Lifetime biographical television film, which chronicles the real life story of Liz Murray (played by Thora Birch), who overcomes homelessness and a dysfunctional family to gain entry and a scholarship to Harvard after winning a New York Times-sponsored essay competition.
* The Social Network (2010), a biographical drama film which portrays the founding of social networking website Facebook.

## See also

[edit]

* Massachusetts portal
* United States portal

* Academic regalia of Harvard University
* Gore Hall
* Harvard College social clubs
* Harvard University Police Department
* Harvard University Press
* Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society
* I, Too, Am Harvard
* List of Harvard University named chairs
* List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University
* List of oldest universities in continuous operation
* Outline of Harvard University
* Secret Court of 1920

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.
"The official Harvard count, which is 49, only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to some 160 Nobel affiliates, the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do". Archived from the original on March 22, 2023.
* Rachel Sugar (May 29, 2015). "Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College". businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
* "Top Producers". us.fulbrightonline.org. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
* "Statistics". www.marshallscholarship.org. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
* "US Rhodes Scholars Over Time". www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
* "Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress". Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
* "The complete list of Fields Medal winners". areppim AG. 2014. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
2. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans and those who prefer not to say.
3. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
4. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class or wealthier.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University. Dublin, Ireland: Hodges, Figgis & Co. 1894\. ISBN 9781355361602. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
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132. ^ "Colors". Identity Guide. Harvard University. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
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137. ^ Siliezar, Juan (November 23, 2020). "2020 Rhodes, Mitchell Scholars named". harvard.edu. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
138. ^ Communications, FAS (November 24, 2019). "Five Harvard students named Rhodes Scholars". The Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
139. ^ Kathleen Elkins (May 18, 2018). "More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
140. ^ "Statistics". www.marshallscholarship.org. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
141. ^ "Pulitzer Prize Winners". Harvard University. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
142. ^ "Companies – Entrepreneurship – Harvard Business School". entrepreneurship.hbs.edu. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
143. ^ Barzilay, Karen N. "The Education of John Adams". Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
144. ^ "John Quincy Adams". The White House. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
145. ^ Hogan, Margaret A. (October 4, 2016). "John Quincy Adams: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
146. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt - Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
147. ^ Leuchtenburg, William E. (October 4, 2016). "Franklin D. Roosevelt: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
148. ^ "Roger Baldwin". Discover The Networks. Retrieved June 7, 2025.
149. ^ Selverstone, Marc J. (October 4, 2016). "John F. Kennedy: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
150. ^ "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
151. ^ L. Gregg II, Gary (October 4, 2016). "George W. Bush: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
152. ^ "About | Prime Minister of Canada". Prime Minister of Canada. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2025.
153. ^ "Barack Obama: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
154. ^ "Barack H. Obama - Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
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156. ^ Thomas, Sarah (September 24, 2010). "'Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role". Boston.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2020. "'In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness.... Someone from Missouri who has never lived in Boston ... can get this idea that it's all trust fund babies and ivy-covered walls.'"
157. ^ Crinkley, Richmond (July 12, 1962). "WILLIAM FAULKNER: The Southern Mind Meets Harvard In the Era Before World War I". www.thecrimson.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
158. ^ a b Vaughan Bail, Hamilton (1958). "Harvard Fiction: Some critical and Bibliographical Notes" (PDF). American Antiquarian Society: 346–347\. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
159. ^ "Late George Apley". Oxford Reference. Archived from the original on April 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
160. ^ King, Michael (2002). Wrestling with the Angel. p. 371\. "...praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP-ish class."
161. ^ Halberstam, Michael J. (February 18, 1953). "White Shoe and Weak Will". Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. "The book is written slickly, but without distinction.... The book will be quick, enjoyable reading for all Harvard men."
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163. ^ Du Bois, William (February 1, 1953). "Out of a Jitter-and-Fritter World". The New York Times. p. BR5. "exhibits Mr. Phillips' talent at its finest"
164. ^ "John Phillips, The Second Happiest Day". Southwest Review. Vol. 38\. p. 267\. "So when the critics say the author of "The Second Happiest Day" is a new Fitzgerald, we think they may be right."
165. ^ "Never Having To Say You're Sorry for 25 Years..." Harvard Crimson. June 3, 1996. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
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167. ^ "A Many-Splendored 'Love Story'". Harvard University Gazette. February 8, 1996.
168. ^ Walsh, Colleen (October 2, 2012). "The Paper Chase at 40". Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Abelmann, Walter H., ed. The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970–1995 (2004). 346 pp.
* Beecher, Henry K. and Altschule, Mark D. Medicine at Harvard: The First 300 Years (1977). 569 pp.
* Bentinck-Smith, William, ed. The Harvard Book: Selections from Three Centuries (2d ed.1982). 499 pp.
* Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; and Shenton, Robert. Harvard A to Z (2004). 396 pp. excerpt and text search
* Bethell, John T. Harvard Observed: An Illustrated History of the University in the Twentieth Century, Harvard University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-674-37733-8
* Bunting, Bainbridge. Harvard: An Architectural History (1985). 350 pp.
* Carpenter, Kenneth E. The First 350 Years of the Harvard University Library: Description of an Exhibition (1986). 216 pp.
* Cuno, James et al. Harvard's Art Museums: 100 Years of Collecting (1996). 364 pp.
* Elliott, Clark A. and Rossiter, Margaret W., eds. Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives (1992). 380 pp.
* Hall, Max. Harvard University Press: A History (1986). 257 pp.
* Hay, Ida. Science in the Pleasure Ground: A History of the Arnold Arboretum (1995). 349 pp.
* Hoerr, John, We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard; Temple University Press, 1997, ISBN 1-56639-535-6
* Howells, Dorothy Elia. A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879–1979 (1978). 152 pp.
* Keller, Morton, and Phyllis Keller. Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University (2001), major history covers 1933 to 2002 "online edition". Archived from the original on July 2, 2012.
* Lewis, Harry R. Excellence Without a Soul: How a Great University Forgot Education (2006) ISBN 1-58648-393-5
* Morison, Samuel Eliot. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936 (1986) 512pp; excerpt and text search
* Powell, Arthur G. The Uncertain Profession: Harvard and the Search for Educational Authority (1980). 341 pp.
* Reid, Robert. Year One: An Intimate Look inside Harvard Business School (1994). 331 pp.
* Rosovsky, Henry. The University: An Owner's Manual (1991). 312 pp.
* Rosovsky, Nitza. The Jewish Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe (1986). 108 pp.
* Seligman, Joel. The High Citadel: The Influence of Harvard Law School (1978). 262 pp.
* Sollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; and Underwood, Thomas A., eds. Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe (1993). 548 pp.
* Trumpbour, John, ed., How Harvard Rules. Reason in the Service of Empire, Boston: South End Press, 1989, ISBN 0-89608-283-0
* Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed., Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 337 pp.
* Winsor, Mary P. Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum (1991). 324 pp.
* Wright, Conrad Edick. Revolutionary Generation: Harvard Men and the Consequences of Independence (2005). 298 pp.

## External links

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|

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Cambridge, Massachusetts

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Education|

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Landmarks|

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Transportation|

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This list is incomplete.

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Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston

Current|

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Former|

* Episcopal Divinity School

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Public|

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Private|

* Boston U
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Association of Independent Colleges and Universities in Massachusetts (AICUM)

* Amherst
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* e

Connectome Consortium

California

Berkeley
Los Angeles
Chieti–Pescara (D'Annunzio)
Frankfurt (Ernst Strüngmann)
Harvard
Indiana
Minnesota
Nijmegen (Radboud)
Oxford
Saint Louis
Warwick
Washington

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* e

ECAC Hockey

Teams|

* Brown Bears
* men
* women
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* men
* women
* Colgate Raiders
* men
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* women
* Dartmouth Big Green
* men
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* Harvard Crimson
* men
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* men
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* Quinnipiac Bobcats
* men
* women
* Rensselaer Engineers
* men
* women
* St. Lawrence Saints
* men
* women
* Union Garnet Chargers
* men
* women
* Yale Bulldogs
* men
* women

Venues|

* Meehan Auditorium (Brown)
* Cheel Arena (Clarkson)
* Class of 1965 Arena (Colgate)
* Lynah Rink (Cornell)
* Thompson Arena (Dartmouth)
* Bright Hockey Center (Harvard)
* Hobey Baker Memorial Rink (Princeton)
* M&T Bank Arena (Quinnipiac)
* Houston Field House (Rensselaer)
* Appleton Arena (St. Lawrence)
* Achilles Rink (Union)
* Ingalls Rink (Yale)
* Herb Brooks Arena (Men's tournament)

Men's awards|

* All-ECAC Hockey Team
* Player of the Year
* Rookie of the Year
* Tim Taylor Award (Coach of the Year)
* Best Defensive Defenseman
* Best Defensive Forward
* Ken Dryden Award (Best Goaltender)
* Student-Athlete of the Year
* Wayne Dean Sportsmanship Award
* Most Outstanding Player in Tournament
* All-Tournament Team

Women's awards|

* Women's champions

Men's seasons|

* 1961–62
* 1962–63
* 1963–64
* 1964–65
* 1965–66
* 1966–67
* 1967–68
* 1968–69
* 1969–70
* 1970–71
* 1971–72
* 1972–73
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* 1975–76
* 1976–77
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* 1979–80
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* 1984–85
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* 1997–98
* 1998–99
* 1999–00
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* 2001–02
* 2002–03
* 2003–04
* 2004–05
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* 2007–08
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* 2017–18
* 2018–19
* 2019–20
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* 2024–25

* v
* t
* e

Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges

* BU Terriers
* Brown Bears
* Columbia Lions
* Cornell Big Red
* Dartmouth Big Green
* Georgetown Hoyas
* Harvard Crimson
* Holy Cross Crusaders
* MIT Engineers
* Navy Midshipmen
* Northeastern Huskies
* Penn Quakers
* Princeton Tigers
* Rutgers Scarlet Knights
* Syracuse Orange
* Wisconsin Badgers
* Yale Bulldogs

* v
* t
* e

Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association

Current members|

* Charleston Golden Eagles
* George Mason Patriots
* Harvard Crimson
* NJIT Highlanders
* Penn State Nittany Lions
* Princeton Tigers
* Sacred Heart Pioneers

Former members|

* Concordia Clippers
* East Stroudsburg Warriors
* Juniata Eagles
* New Haven Chargers
* New Paltz Hawks
* NYU Violets
* Queens Knights
* Rutgers–Newark Scarlet Raiders
* St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers
* Saint Francis Red Flash
* Springfield Pride
* Vassar Brewers

* v
* t
* e

National Intercollegiate Rugby Association

Division 1|

* Army Black Knights
* Brown Bears
* Dartmouth Big Green
* Harvard Crimson
* Long Island Sharks
* Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers
* Navy Midshipmen
* Princeton Tigers
* Quinnipiac Bobcats
* Sacred Heart Pioneers

Division 2|

* American International Yellow Jackets
* Molloy Lions
* New Haven Chargers
* Notre Dame College Falcons
* Post Eagles
* Queens Royals
* West Chester Golden Rams

Division 3|

* Bowdoin Polar Bears
* Colby–Sawyer Chargers
* Guilford Quakers
* Manhattanville Valiants
* New England College Pilgrims
* Norwich Cadets
* University of New England Nor'easters
* Vermont State Castleton Spartans

Future teams|

* Adrian Bulldogs

* v
* t
* e

Sports teams based in Massachusetts

Australian football|

USAFL
Boston Demons

Baseball|

MLB
Boston Red Sox

Worcester Red Sox

Brockton Rox
CCBL
Bourne Braves
Brewster Whitecaps
Chatham Anglers
Cotuit Kettleers
Falmouth Commodores
Harwich Mariners
Hyannis Harbor Hawks
Orleans Firebirds
Wareham Gatemen
Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox
FCBL
Pittsfield Suns
Westfield Starfires
Worcester Bravehearts
NECBL
Martha's Vineyard Sharks
North Adams SteepleCats
North Shore Navigators
Valley Blue Sox

Basketball|

NBA
Boston Celtics

Esports|

CDL
Boston Breach
OWL
Boston Uprising

Football|

NFL
New England Patriots
IFL
Massachusetts Pirates
WFA
Boston Renegades

Hockey|

NHL
Boston Bruins
AHL
Springfield Thunderbirds
ECHL
Worcester Railers
NAHL
Northeast Generals
PWHL
Boston Fleet

Lacrosse|

WPLL
New England Command
UWLX
Boston Storm
PLL
Boston Cannons
WLL
Boston Guard

Roller derby|

WFTDA
Bay State Brawlers Roller Derby
Boston Roller Derby
MRDA
Pioneer Valley Roller Derby

Rugby league|

NARL
Boston Bears

Rugby union|

MLR
New England Free Jacks
NERFU
Boston RFC
Boston Ironsides RFC
Boston Irish Wolfhounds
Boston Maccabi Rugby
Charles River Rats
Mystic River
Old Gold Rugby
South Shore Anchors
Worcester RFC
WER
Boston Banshees

Soccer|

MLS
New England Revolution
NWSL
Boston Legacy FC (2026)
MLSNP
New England Revolution II
USL2
Black Rock FC
Boston Bolts
Boston City FC
Western Mass Pioneers
NPSL
Valeo FC
UWS
New England Mutiny

Ultimate|

AUDL
Boston Glory

College athletics|

| NCAA
Division I|

American International Yellow Jackets
Bentley Falcons
Boston College Eagles
Boston University Terriers
Harvard Crimson
Holy Cross Crusaders
Merrimack Warriors
Northeastern Huskies
Stonehill Skyhawks
UMass Minutemen and Minutewomen
UMass Lowell River Hawks

|

NCAA
Division II|

American International Yellow Jackets
Assumption Greyhounds
Bentley Falcons

NCAA
Division III|

Amherst Mammoths
Anna Maria Amcats
Babson Beavers
Brandeis Judges
Bridgewater State Bears
Clark Cougars
Curry Colonels
Dean Bulldogs
Eastern Nazarene Lions
Elms Blazers
Emerson Lions
Emmanuel Saints
Endicott Gulls
Fitchburg State Falcons
Framingham State Rams
Gordon Fighting Scots
Lasell Lasers
Lesley Lynx
Mount Holyoke Lyons
MCLA Trailblazers
Massachusetts Maritime Buccaneers
MIT Engineers
Nichols Bison
Regis Pride
Salem State Vikings
Simmons Sharks
Smith Pioneers
Springfield Pride
Suffolk Rams
Tufts Jumbos
UMass Boston Beacons
UMass Dartmouth Corsairs
Wellesley Blue
Wentworth Leopards
Western New England Golden Bears
Westfield State Owls
Wheaton Lyons
Williams Ephs
WPI Engineers
Worcester State Lancers

NAIA

Fisher Falcons

USCAA

Bay Path Wildcats
Hampshire Black Sheep

NJCAA Division II

Massasoit Warriors

NJCAA Division III

Benjamin Franklin Shockers
Bristol Bayhawks
Bunker Hill Bulldogs
Holyoke Cougars
Massachusetts Bay Buccaneers
Northern Essex Knights
Quinsigamond Chiefs
Roxbury Tigers
Springfield Technical Rams

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
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National|

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* France
* BnF data
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* 2
* Portugal
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* Korea
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* Israel

Geographic|

* Structurae
* MusicBrainz place

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN
* Museum of Modern Art

People|

* ISIL
* 2
* 3
* Trove

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

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