Health problems of musicians

Musicians can experience a number of health problems related to the practice and performance of music.[1] The differences in career paths, occupations and performance scenarios are some of the determinants of a wide range of possible health effects.

## Health conditions

[edit]

The most common injury type suffered by musicians is repetitive strain injury. A survey of orchestral performers found that 64–76% had significant repetitive strain injuries.[2] Other types of musculoskeletal disorders, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and focal dystonia, are also common.[3][4][5]

Non-musculoskeletal problems include:

* contact dermatitis,
* hearing problems due to exposure to loud music, such as tinnitus, hearing loss, hyperacusis and diplacusis,[6][7][8][9]
* respiratory disorders or pneumothorax,
* increased intraocular pressure,
* gastroesophageal reflux disease, and
* psychological issues such as performance anxiety.[3]

They are also at an increased risk of having problems with the stomatognathic system, in particular the mouth and teeth, which may in some cases lead to permanent injuries that prevent the musicians from playing.[10]

There is little consistency across the hearing healthcare sector with respect to the care of musicians' hearing and the provision of hearing protection.[11] However, the American Academy of Audiology has published a consensus document regarding best practices for hearing loss prevention with musicians.[12]

Playing a brass or woodwind instrument puts the musician at greater risk of inguinal hernia.[13] Woodwind instrumentalists, in rare cases, suffer a condition known as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also referred to as saxophone lung, caused by Exophiala infection. It is held that this can occur if instruments are not cleaned properly.[14]

The risks for disc jockeys working in nightclubs with loud music include noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus.[15] Nightclubs constantly exceed safe levels of noise exposure, with average sound levels ranging from 93.2 to 109.7 dB.[16] Constant music exposure creates temporary and permanent auditory dysfunction for professional disk jockeys, with average levels at 96 dB, which is above the level at which ear protection is mandatory for industry. Three-quarters of disk jockeys have tinnitus[17] and are at risk of tenosynovitis in the wrists and other limbs. Tenosynovitis results from staying in the same position over multiple gigs for scratching motion and cueing; this would be related to a repetitive strain injury.[18] Gigs can last 4–5 hours in nightlife and the hospitality industry; as a result there are potential complications of prolonged standing which include slouching, varicose veins, cardiovascular disorders, joint compression, and muscle fatigue.[19][20] It is also common for other staff to experience these, such as bartenders and security staff.

The World Health Organization launched the Make Listening Safe initiative as part of the celebration of World Hearing Day on 3 March 2015.[21] WHO reviewed existing noise regulations for various entertainment sites – including clubs, bars, concert venues, and sporting arenas and released a global Standard for Safe Listening Venues and Events as part of World Hearing Day 2022.

## See also

[edit]

* Performing arts medicine
* Safe-In-Sound Award
* Safe listening
* Hyperacusis
* Diplacusis
* 2023 concert abuse spate

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Hatheway, Melissa; Chesky, Kris (December 2013). "Epidemiology of health concerns among collegiate student musicians participating in marching band". Medical Problems of Performing Artists. 28 (4): 242–251\. ISSN 0885-1158. PMID 24337037.242-251&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=info:pmid/24337037&rft.issn=0885-1158&rft.aulast=Hatheway&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.au=Chesky,+Kris&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24337037&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
2. ^ Mitchell T (2010). Longyear S (ed.). "A painful melody: repetitive strain injury among musicians" (PDF). Pittsburg State University.
3. ^ a b Heinan M (April 2008). "A review of the unique injuries sustained by musicians". JAAPA. 21 (4): 45–6, 48, 50 passim. doi:10.1097/01720610-200804000-00015. PMID 18468369. S2CID 36408486.45-6,+48,+50+passim&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36408486#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/18468369&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097/01720610-200804000-00015&rft.aulast=Heinan&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
4. ^ Blanco-Piñeiro, Patricia; Díaz-Pereira, M. Pino; Martínez, Aurora (2017). "Musicians, postural quality and musculoskeletal health: A literature's review". Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 21 (1): 157–172\. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.06.018. ISSN 1532-9283. PMID 28167172.157-172&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1532-9283&rft_id=info:pmid/28167172&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.06.018&rft.aulast=Blanco-Piñeiro&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Díaz-Pereira,+M.+Pino&rft.au=Martínez,+Aurora&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28167172&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
5. ^ Wallace, Eric; Klinge, Derek; Chesky, Kris (June 2016). "Musculoskeletal Pain in Trombonists: Results from the UNT Trombone Health Survey". Medical Problems of Performing Artists. 31 (2): 87–95\. doi:10.21091/mppa.2016.2016. ISSN 0885-1158. PMID 27281379.87-95&rft.date=2016-06&rft.issn=0885-1158&rft_id=info:pmid/27281379&rft_id=info:doi/10.21091/mppa.2016.2016&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Klinge,+Derek&rft.au=Chesky,+Kris&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27281379&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
6. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
7. ^ Kardous CA, Themann CL, Morata TC, Reynolds J, Afanuh S (2015). "Workplace Solutions: Reducing the Risk of Hearing Disorders among Musicians" (PDF). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
8. ^ Behar A, Chasin M, Mosher S, Abdoli-Eramaki M, Russo FA (2018). "Noise exposure and hearing loss in classical orchestra musicians: A five-year follow-up". Noise & Health. 20 (93): 42–46\. doi:10.4103/nah.NAH_39_17 (inactive 1 November 2024). PMC 5926315. PMID 29676294.42-46&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5926315#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/29676294&rft_id=info:doi/10.4103/nah.NAH_39_17&rft.aulast=Behar&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Chasin,+M&rft.au=Mosher,+S&rft.au=Abdoli-Eramaki,+M&rft.au=Russo,+FA&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5926315&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
9. ^ Di Stadio, Arianna; Dipietro, Laura; Ricci, Giampietro; Della Volpe, Antonio; Minni, Antonio; Greco, Antonio; de Vincentiis, Marco; Ralli, Massimo (2018). "Hearing Loss, Tinnitus, Hyperacusis, and Diplacusis in Professional Musicians: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15 (10): 2120. doi:10.3390/ijerph15102120. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 6209930. PMID 30261653.
10. ^ Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Sáez-Yuguero MR, Bermejo-Fenoll A (September 2011). "Orofacial problems in musicians: a review of the literature". Medical Problems of Performing Artists. 26 (3): 150–6\. doi:10.21091/mppa.2011.3024. PMID 21987070.150-6&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info:doi/10.21091/mppa.2011.3024&rft_id=info:pmid/21987070&rft.aulast=Rodríguez-Lozano&rft.aufirst=FJ&rft.au=Sáez-Yuguero,+MR&rft.au=Bermejo-Fenoll,+A&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
11. ^ McGinnity, Siobhan; Beach, Elizabeth Francis; Mulder, Johannes; Cowan, Robert (2018). "Caring for musicians' ears: insights from audiologists and manufacturers reveal need for evidence-based guidelines". International Journal of Audiology. 57 (sup1): S12 – S19. doi:10.1080/14992027.2017.1405288. ISSN 1708-8186. PMID 29192525. S2CID 24276596.S12+-+S19&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1708-8186&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24276596#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/29192525&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/14992027.2017.1405288&rft.aulast=McGinnity&rft.aufirst=Siobhan&rft.au=Beach,+Elizabeth+Francis&rft.au=Mulder,+Johannes&rft.au=Cowan,+Robert&rft_id=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/221243/4/Caring%20for%20musicians%20ears%20insights%20from%20audiologists%20and%20manufacturers%20reveal%20need%20for%20evidence%20based%20guidelines.pdf.jpg&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
12. ^ "Musicians and Music Industry". Audiology. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
13. ^ Okoshi, Kae; Minami, Taro; Masahiro, Kikuchi; Tomizawa, Yasuko (2017). "Musical Instrument-Associated Health Issues and Their Management". The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 243 (1): 49–56\. doi:10.1620/tjem.243.49. PMID 28931767. Retrieved 31 December 2020.49-56&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info:doi/10.1620/tjem.243.49&rft_id=info:pmid/28931767&rft.aulast=Okoshi&rft.aufirst=Kae&rft.au=Minami,+Taro&rft.au=Masahiro,+Kikuchi&rft.au=Tomizawa,+Yasuko&rft_id=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/243/1/243_49/_html/-char/ja#sec07&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
14. ^ Lallanilla M (8 November 2013). "What Is Saxophone Lung?". Live Science. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
15. ^ Potier, M.; Hoquet, C.; Lloyd, R.; Nicolas-Puel, C.; Uziel, A.; Puel, J. L. (2009). "The risks of amplified music for disc-jockeys working in nightclubs". Ear and Hearing. 30 (2): 291–3\. doi:10.1097/AUD.0b013e31819769fc. PMID 19194290. S2CID 21433591.291-3&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21433591#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/19194290&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31819769fc&rft.aulast=Potier&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Hoquet,+C.&rft.au=Lloyd,+R.&rft.au=Nicolas-Puel,+C.&rft.au=Uziel,+A.&rft.au=Puel,+J.+L.&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194290/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
16. ^ Santos, L.; Morata, T. C.; Jacob, L. C.; Albizu, E.; Marques, J. M.; Paini, M. (2007). "Music exposure and audiological findings in Brazilian disc jockeys (DJs)". International Journal of Audiology. 46 (5): 223–31\. doi:10.1080/14992020601188575. PMID 17487670. S2CID 41798256.223-31&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41798256#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/17487670&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/14992020601188575&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Morata,+T.+C.&rft.au=Jacob,+L.+C.&rft.au=Albizu,+E.&rft.au=Marques,+J.+M.&rft.au=Paini,+M.&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17487670/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
17. ^ Bray, A.; Szymański, M.; Mills, R. (2004). "Noise induced hearing loss in dance music disc jockeys and an examination of sound levels in nightclubs". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 118 (2): 123–8\. doi:10.1258/002221504772784577. PMID 14979949. S2CID 19542748.123-8&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19542748#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/14979949&rft_id=info:doi/10.1258/002221504772784577&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Szymański,+M.&rft.au=Mills,+R.&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14979949/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
18. ^ Suttle, A. L.; Wallace, E. A. (2011). "Disc jockey tenosynovitis". The American Journal of Medicine. 124 (4): e1. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.09.025. PMID 21435409.
19. ^ Waters, T. R.; Dick, R. B. (2015). "Evidence of health risks associated with prolonged standing at work and intervention effectiveness". Rehabilitation Nursing. 40 (3): 148–65\. doi:10.1002/rnj.166. PMC 4591921. PMID 25041875.148-65&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4591921#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/25041875&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/rnj.166&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rft.au=Dick,+R.+B.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4591921&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
20. ^ Bahk, J. W.; Kim, H.; Jung-Choi, K.; Jung, M. C.; Lee, I. (2012). "Relationship between prolonged standing and symptoms of varicose veins and nocturnal leg cramps among women and men". Ergonomics. 55 (2): 133–9\. doi:10.1080/00140139.2011.582957. PMID 21846281. S2CID 6791057.133-9&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6791057#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/21846281&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/00140139.2011.582957&rft.aulast=Bahk&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.au=Kim,+H.&rft.au=Jung-Choi,+K.&rft.au=Jung,+M.+C.&rft.au=Lee,+I.&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21846281/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
21. ^ Shrivastava, SaurabhR; Shrivastava, PrateekS; Ramasamy, Jegadeesh (2015). "Joining hands with World Health Organization initiative Make Listening Safe". Noise and Health. 17 (76): 173–174\. doi:10.4103/1463-1741.155854. ISSN 1463-1741. PMC 4918650. PMID 25913558.173-174&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918650#id-name=PMC&rft.issn=1463-1741&rft_id=info:pmid/25913558&rft_id=info:doi/10.4103/1463-1741.155854&rft.aulast=Shrivastava&rft.aufirst=SaurabhR&rft.au=Shrivastava,+PrateekS&rft.au=Ramasamy,+Jegadeesh&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918650&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">

## External links

[edit]

* Okoshi, Kae; Minami, Taro; Masahiro, Kikuchi; Tomizawa, Yasuko (2017). "Musical Instrument-Associated Health Issues and Their Management". The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 243 (1): 49–56\. doi:10.1620/tjem.243.49. PMID 28931767. Retrieved 31 December 2020.49-56&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info:doi/10.1620/tjem.243.49&rft_id=info:pmid/28931767&rft.aulast=Okoshi&rft.aufirst=Kae&rft.au=Minami,+Taro&rft.au=Masahiro,+Kikuchi&rft.au=Tomizawa,+Yasuko&rft_id=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/243/1/243_49/_article&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Health+problems+of+musicians" class="Z3988">
* National Association of Schools of Music (NASM) and the Performing Arts Medicine Association (PAMA) Advisories on Hearing Health. [1]
* Make Listening Safe Campaign UK