Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh

Bangladeshi Islamic advocacy group

Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh

The logo of Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh

Abbreviation| HIB
Hefazat
Formation| January 2010; 15 years ago (2010-01)
Founders| Shah Ahmad Shafi
Junaid Babunagari
Izharul Islam Chowdhury
Abdul Malek Halim
Type| Islamist advocacy group
Headquarters| Al-Jamiatul Islamiah Azizul Uloom Babunagar, Hathazari Chittagong, Bangladesh[1]

Region served

| Bangladesh

Official language

| Bengali

Amir

| Muhibbullah Babunagari

Secretary General

| Sajidur Rahman

Joint Secretary-General

| Mamunul Haque
Part of a series on the

Deobandi movement
Ideology and influences

* Dars-i Nizami
* Maturidi theology
* Hanafi fiqh

Founders and key figures

* Mamluk Ali Nanautawi
* Imdadullah Muhajir Makki
* Rahmatullah Kairanawi
* Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri
* Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
* Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
* Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi
* Sayyid Muhammad Abid
* Mahmud Deobandi
* Muhammad Ali Mungeri
* Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
* Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
* Ashraf Ali Thanwi
* Ubaidullah Sindhi
* Anwar Shah Kashmiri
* Kifayatullah Dehlawi
* Hussain Ahmad Madani
* Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi
* Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
* Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi
* Zakariyya Kandhlawi

Notable institutions

Darul ulooms and madrasas

* Deoband
* Mazahir Uloom
* Nadwatul Ulama
* Aminia
* Shahi
* Dabhel
* Hathazari
* Ashrafia
* Karachi
* Banuri Town
* Bury
* In'aamiyyah
* List of Deobandi universities

Centres (markaz) of Tablighi Jamaat

* Bhopal
* Dewsbury
* Dhaka
* Nerul
* Nizamuddin
* Raiwind

Associated organizations

* All India Muslim
Personal Law Board
* Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasa
Education Commission
* Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh
* Islamic Fiqh Academy, India
* Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
* Tablighi Jamaat

Deobandi jihadism
Deobandi jihadism:

* Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
* Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
* Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan
* Taliban
* in Pakistan
* Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan

* v
* t
* e

Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh (Bengali: হেফাজতে ইসলাম বাংলাদেশ, lit. 'Protection of Islam, Bangladesh') is a Deobandi Islamist advocacy group consisting mostly of religious teachers (Ulama) and students in Bangladesh.[2][3][4][5][6] The group is mainly based on qawmi madrasas in Bangladesh. In 2013, they submitted a 13-point charter to the government of Bangladesh, which included the demand for the enactment of a blasphemy law.[7][8] Under recent years, Hefazat has been formed into more of a moderate and anti-terrorist ideology due to success of Awami League in ensuring jobs and mobilising qawmi madrasas.[9]

## History

[edit]

Shah Ahmad Shafi

Hefazat-e-Islam was formed in 2010, as a pressure group comprising the teachers of several madrasas at Chittagong, Bangladesh.[4] Shah Ahmad Shafi, the former director of Hathazari Madrasa, Allama Junaid Babunagari, and Mufti Izharul Islam, the chairman of the Islamist party Islami Oikya Jote, Abdul Malek Halim, founder and principal of the first women's Qawmi madrasah (Haildhar Madrasah) in Bangladesh are regarded as the founders of Hefazat-e-Islam.[2][10][11] The formation was allegedly triggered by the 2009 "Women Development Policy" draft.[12] On 24 February 2010, Hefazat wanted to hold a rally at Laldighi Maidan, Chittagong to protest the government's move to slap a ban on religion-based politics, cancellation of the fifth amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh, and a proposed education policy that would have ended madrasah education.[2][3] The police refused their request to hold a rally and injured 19 protesters.[2] A few of these madrasa students were arrested by police and later released.[13] In 2011, Hefazat-e-Islam protested some aspects of the proposed Women Development Policy.[14][15] According to The Economist, Hefazat was financed by doctrinaire Islamists in Saudi Arabia.[16]

### 13-point demand agitation

[edit]

Further information: An Open Letter from Shah Ahmad Shafi to the Government and the Public

In 2013, Hefazat-e-Islam was reformed after the allegation that some of the protesters in the Shahbag protests were involved in publishing of content offensive to Muslims on blogs,[17] including the depiction of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as a pornographic character.[18] They arranged a rally towards capital city Dhaka, demanding enaction of capital punishment of the "atheist bloggers" involved in the Shahbag movement and a blasphemy law.[19][20][21] They included their demands in 13 points which included:[22]

* Restoration of the phrase: "Complete faith and trust in the Almighty Allah" in the constitution.[citation needed]
* Passing a law in the parliament keeping a provision of the capital punishment of death sentence to prevent defaming Islam.
* Taking measures for stringent punishment of self-declared atheists and bloggers, who led the Shahbagh movement, and anti-Islamists who made derogatory remarks against Muhammad, Also taking steps to stop the spread of "propaganda".[23]
* Stopping infiltration of all "alien-culture", including "shamelessness" in the name of individual's freedom of expression, anti-social activities, adultery, free mixing of males and females and candle lighting.[17] Women must be encouraged to wear hijab and their overall security must be ensured. Stopping harassment of women, open fornication and adultery, sexual harassment, all forms of violence against women and an end to the tradition of dowry.[23]
* Making Islamic education mandatory from primary to higher secondary levels cancelling the women policy and anti-religion education policy.
* Official declaration of Ahmadiyyas as non-Muslim.[17][23]
* Stopping erection of sculptures at intersections, schools, colleges and universities across the country.[citation needed]
* Lifting restrictions on prayers for ulama in all mosques across the country, including Baitul Mukarram National Mosque.[17]
* Stopping Anti-Islamic content in media.[23]
* Halting anti-Islam activities by NGOs across the country, including in the Chittagong Hill Tracts;[23] (Hefazat fears a "foreign conspiracy" to separate Chittagong Hill Tracts from Bangladesh and make it a Christian state)[2]
* Stopping attacks and extrajudicial killings of ulama.[17]
* Stopping harassment of teachers and students of qawmi madrassas and ulama.[17]
* Freedom for all arrested ulama and madrassa students and withdrawal of all cases filed against them, compensation for the victims, and bringing the assailants to justice.[17]

#### Long march in April 2013

[edit]

On 6 April 2013, Hefazat-e-Islam organised a long march towards the Motijheel area in Dhaka from Chittagong, Sylhet and Rajshahi to push for their 13-point demand.[24] This was dubbed by some in the media as the "Siege of Dhaka".[25] Awami League leader Nowsher Khan died of head injuries during a clash between his party activists and those of Hefazat-e Islam at Bhanga in Faridpur district.[26] Hefazat supporters also attacked at a rally of Ekatturer Ghatak Dalal Nirmul Committee in Dhaka from their procession, injuring several people including a policeman.[27] Hefazat supporters also attacked and injured Afsar Ahmed, the pro-vice chancellor of Jahangirnagar University,[28] and reportedly threatened journalists.[29][30]

#### 5–6 May protests

[edit]

Main article: 2013 Shapla Square protests

On 5 May 2013, Hefazat arranged a rally in Dhaka, in the demand of their 13 points.[31] On 4 May 2013, Hefazat activists gathered at all six entrance routes to Dhaka; creating a blockade, from dawn on 5 May 2013.[18] At noon, with the permission of Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP), activists entered Dhaka and started moving towards Baitul Mukarram National Mosque in order to attend a prayer service.[18] However activists of Hefazat-e-Islam were attacked by the ruling Awami League activists at various places using lethal arms such as pistols and guns who were using the Gulistan Road to reach Shapla Square.[18][32] In return, Hefazat activists threw bricks at them.[18] During the clashes, two television journalists were injured, apparently by Hefazat protesters.[33] At about 3:00 pm while Hefazat leaders were delivering speeches, the Secretary General of Awami League, Sayed Ashraful Islam, at a press conference, threatened them to leave Dhaka.[18] On the other hand, the opposition party, Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) asserted that Hefazat members had a democratic right to assemble and articulate their cause.[18] Hefazat supporters reportedly set fire to book stores located beside the south gate of the Baitul Mukarram during their program, inadvertently burning copies of Qurans,[34] and assaulting two reporters.[33] However, reports of this event are disputed,[35] and Hefazat denies burning any books.[11] According to BNP leader MK Anwar, the Qurans were burned by Debashish, a leader of the ruling party Awami League's volunteer wing, the Swechchhasebak League.[25] Hefazat also denies the violent incidents of vandalism and arson attributed to it.[11]

In the early hours of 6 May security forces, drawn from police, the elite Rapid Action Battalion and paramilitary Border Guard Bangladesh jointly launched an operation named "Operation Secure Shapla" to prevent Hefazat's violence by driving them out from Dhaka.[36][37][38] At the beginning of operation, police cut the power supply in the city's commercial area, but the total operation was live telecasted over few TV channel.[39] During the course of the operations, two television channels, Diganta Television and Islamic TV, were shut down.[40][41]

##### Casualties

[edit]

According to government estimates, the number of casualties in this operation was 11, including a few law enforcement members,[42] while the Daily Star gave as little as 5 deaths.[43] This figure was dismissed by Human Rights Watch and other news agencies.[44] Hefazat and the BNP initially claimed that 2,000-3,000 had been killed in the operations.[37] British journalist confirmed that at least 36 people had died.[45][46] which is also rejected by government. According to The Economist, European diplomats, as many as 50 people were killed in Dhaka, which didn't provide any diplomat's name.[41][46] Because of the differing views, Human Rights Watch called for an independent body to investigate the protest deaths.[45][46][47] the poet and activist Farhad Mazhar said the government and media were making a cover-up and disinformation campaign.[48] Human Rights Watch disputed opposition claims of 200 deaths, but agreed that a massacre had occurred.[32][42][49] Amnesty International demanded that Bangladesh government set up an independent and impartial investigation immediately to look into police excesses.[25] UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon voiced concern over the killing of unarmed protesters in Bangladesh and requested the government to sit with religious and political leaders.[43]

On 6 May, the protests spread across the country. In Narayanganj, students and teachers of a local madrasa held protests and blockaded the Dhaka-Chittagong highway.[50][51][52] In return, police fired several hundred gunshots, killing 27 people. In Hathazari Upazila, Chittagong, six people were shot dead by police. In Bagerhat, one Hefazat member died in a clash between protesters and police.[50]

### Lawsuits

[edit]

The government filed 12 cases against top leaders of the Hefazat-e Islam for murder, vandalism, arson and destruction of properties and other charges,[53] after a demand for impartial investigations from supporting organisations.[54] In 2014, a case was filed with the International Criminal Court against 25 Bangladeshi ministers and security officials, including Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina for alleged torture, forced disappearance, extrajudicial executions and mass killings.[55]

### Secularism lawsuit

[edit]

In 2016, secular activists led by Anisuzzaman submitted a petition to remove Islam as the state religion.[56] They argued that since secularism was one of the four fundamental principles of the first 1972 constitution, it should be reinstated.[57] Secularism was removed from the constitution in 1975, and Islam was made the state religion in 1988, during the term of Hussain Muhammad Ershad as president.[58] In 1988, few secular minded citizens of Bangladesh had filed a petition to restore the secularism in the constitution.[59] On 27 March 2016, a Bangladeshi court accepted a petition to remove Islam as the state religion.[58] Hefazat-e-Islam reportedly had threatened armed resistance if Islam was dropped as the state religion.[60] The court rejected the petition, stating that those who brought it forward did not have the right to do so.[61] A lawyer and Hefazat spokesperson argued that having Islam as the state religion would not affect minority religions.[56] They also noted that the petition was unnecessary as Bangladeshi Muslims were respectful of minority religions and "set a tremendous example of communal harmony even after having Islam as state religion."[61]

### Lady Justice statue

[edit]

Main article: Bangladesh Statue of Justice controversy

In 2017, supporters of Hefazat-e Islam protested against the display of a figure of the Greek goddess of justice at Bangladesh Supreme Court, calling it a measure and conspiracy to undermine Islam in Bangladesh.[62] Hefazat-e-Islam later petitioned the Supreme Court to remove the statue, which was supported by the Awami League-backed Bangladesh Awami Olama League and a news editor.[63]

### 2021 anti-Modi protests

[edit]

Main article: 2021 Bangladesh anti-Modi protests

On the news of arrival of Narendra Modi during Bangladesh golden jubilee of the independence celebrations on 26 March. Accusing Modi of being anti-Muslim, Hefazat-e-Islam started protesting against invitation of Modi.[64][65][66]

#### 26-28 March protests

[edit]

After the arrival of Narendra Modi in Bangladesh, Hefazat-e-Islam supporters gathered at Baitul Mukarram National Mosque, Dhaka on 26 March after the Friday prayer. During the protests, a deadly conflict started when supporters of Awami League tried to stop the protesters from waving their shoes as a sign of disrespect to Modi. This resulted in violent clashes from both sides. Protesters were dispersed by police using tear gas and rubber bullets injuring scores of people. After the incident, the violence then spread to several key districts in the country.[67] The attack in Baitul Mukarram infuriated students at Hathazari of Chittagong, a stronghold of pro-Hefazat students. Students came out in the street to protest the attack on their fellows. The demonstration was obstructed by police while passing the Hathazari Police Station. Protesters started attacking police stations, and public properties, prompting police to open fire. Four protesters died in the process.[68] To stop the spread of news and cut off communication across the country, the government of Bangladesh blocked Facebook on March 26, from the afternoon.[69]

Hundreds of Hefazat demonstrators returned to the streets of Dhaka on Saturday. Clashes were reported from many parts of the country. Brahmanbaria was widely affected by the violence. Hefazat supporters attacked train and government offices.[70] Five more people were killed on Saturday.[69] Meanwhile, Facebook and its instant messaging app, Facebook Messenger, were kept blocked across the country on Saturday.[71]

## Ideology

[edit]

Rifat Binte Lutful urged that although it started as a fundamentlist group, later it began to drift towards moderate Islamism with Awami League administration recognising qawmi madrasah degrees and forming an anti-radical unity.[72] The group has called on the government to cancel the commission instated by the 2024 interim government to protect and promote women's rights and freedom.[73][74][75]

## Controversy

[edit]

This "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. Please help integrate negative information into other sections or remove undue focus on minor aspects through discussion on the talk page. (August 2023)

|

### Allegations of links with Jamaat-e-Islami

[edit]

The Awami League government alleged that Hefazat is front for Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami and seeks to derail the International Crimes Tribunal for the war crimes committed in 1971.[76] Hefazat denies any role with Jamaat-e-Islami,[2] and alleged that this is a libel to subjugate Islamists in public life.[18] Analysts also say that any relationship claim is baffling as Ahmad Shafi belongs to a band of Islamists that, unlike Jamaat, did not oppose the independence of Bangladesh, and supported a united India and rejected the creation of Pakistan in 1947.[12]

### Allegations of links with pro-Taliban leaders

[edit]

Maulana Habibur Rahman, a madrasa principal of Sylhet and one of the organisers of Hefazat-e Islam's 5 May protest, claimed that he met Osama bin Laden and members of the banned militant organisation Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, in 1998.[77] However, Hefazat leaders have condemned Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami and Al-Qaeda and its leader Ayman al-Zawahiri.[78] In 2014, Hefazat spokesman Azizul Haque Islamabadi said:[78][79]

> There is prevailing a congenial and peaceful environment in Bangladesh. People are living in peace and in such a situation the announcement by Al-Qaeda chief Zawahiri has made the people fearful and worried. Bangladesh had experienced earlier militant activities and terrorism by Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen and Harkat-ul-Jihad. But they could not emerge successful and Al-Qaeda would not come out successful in Bangladesh despite their announcement.

The German ambassador to Bangladesh Albrecht Conze opined that Hefazat demands fundamentalism in Bangladesh.[80] However, in 2014, diplomats from the American embassy in Bangladesh met with the leaders of Hefazat and discussed their demands.[81]

### Explosion at affiliated madrasa

[edit]

On 7 October 2013, an explosion occurred at a madrasah run by Hefazat-e-Islam's leader Mufti Izharul Islam Chowdhury driven Al Jamiatul Ulum Al Islamia Madrasa at Lal Khan Bazar, Chittagong.[82][83][84] Police reportedly seized explosives after the raid.[82][83] The madrasa authorities had claimed that computers' UPS of the school and laptops had exploded.[82]

## See also

[edit]

* List of Deobandi organisations
* 2020 Hefazat Delegate Conference
* 2020 sculpture controversy in Bangladesh
* 2025 Hefazat Grand Rally

## References

[edit]

1. ^ হাটহাজারীর আস্তানা ছেড়ে ফটিকছড়ি. Samakal (in Bengali). Retrieved 21 October 2022.
2. ^ a b c d e f "Unknown Islamist group flexes its muscles in Ctg". The Daily Star. 25 February 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
3. ^ a b ৩০ জন আহত, গ্রেপ্তার ৩৯, আট ঘণ্টা সড়ক অবরোধ চট্টগ্রামে হেফাজতে ইসলামের কর্মীদের সঙ্গে পুলিশের সংঘর্ষ [Hefajat-e-Islam clash with police at Chittagong, 30 injured and 39 arrested, road blocked for 8 hours]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 25 February 2010. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
4. ^ a b "Civil & Political Rights In Bangladesh" (PDF). Asian Centre for Human Rights. 1: 37. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
5. ^ "Bangladesh: 1 dead in clash over women's rights". Associated Press. 3 April 2013. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013 - via HighBeam Research.
6. ^ "Hifazat chief implementing Jamaat agenda". bdnews24.com. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
7. ^ Habib, Haroon (7 April 2013). "The 13-point demands". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
8. ^ "Govt must accede to our demands: Hifazat". bdnews24.com. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
9. ^ "Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh's Rivalry with Awami League: The Growing Islamist-Secular Divide". The Jamestown Foundation. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2024 - via Global Research and Anylysis.
10. ^ "19 hurt as new Islamist group holds protest in Chittagong". Hindustan Times. 25 February 2010. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
11. ^ a b c "Hefazat denies burning Quran allegations". The Daily Ittefaq. 10 May 2013. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
12. ^ a b Khalidi, Toufique Imrose (6 May 2013). "Behind the rise of Bangladesh's Hefazaat". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
13. ^ "All detainees set free in Ctg". The Daily Star. 26 February 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
14. ^ "Madrasa students block Ctg roads". bdnews24.com. 4 April 2011. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
15. ^ "10 policemen among 20 hurt in Ctg clash". New Age. 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
16. ^ "Banyan: The battle between Bangladesh's two begums is over". The Economist. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
17. ^ a b c d e f g "Hefazat-e-Islam explains the 13 points demands". Bangladesh Independent News Network. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
18. ^ a b c d e f g h "Assembly of Hefazate Islam Bangladesh and Human Rights Violations". Odhikar. 10 June 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
19. ^ "Bangladesh Islamists rally against atheist bloggers". Agence France-Presse. 6 April 2013. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
20. ^ "Bangladesh Islamists rally for blasphemy law". CNN. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
21. ^ "Islamist agitation fuels unrest in Bangladesh". Yahoo News. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
22. ^ "Govt must accept 13 points if wants to stay in office: Hefajat chief". Priyo. 6 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
23. ^ a b c d e "Allama Shafi hopes to end all confusion Hefazat-e-Islam explains the 13 points demands". Hefajat e Islam Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
24. ^ "Hefajat men headed for Dhaka". New Age (Bangladesh). 6 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
25. ^ a b c "Amnesty wants neutral probe into Motijheel crackdown". Weekly Holiday. No. 1\. 10 May 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
26. ^ "Awami leader killed by Hifazat". bdnews24.com. 6 April 2013.
27. ^ "Hifazat attacks strikers in Dhaka". bdnews24.com. 6 April 2013.
28. ^ হেফাজতের সহিংসতায় জাবি প্রো-ভিসি আহত. banglanews24.com (in Bengali). 6 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013.
29. ^ 'নাস্তিকদের শায়েস্তা করি, এরপর মিডিয়া'. banglanews24.com (in Bengali). 6 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
30. ^ নারী সাংবাদিককে বেধড়ক পেটালো হেফাজতের লোকজন. banglanews24.com (in Bengali). 6 April 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013.
31. ^ "4 die in Hifazat havoc". bdnews24.com. 5 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
32. ^ a b "Blood on the Streets: The Use of Excessive Force During Bangladesh Protests". Human Rights Watch. August 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
33. ^ a b "2 scribes beaten up by Hifazat". bdnews24.com. 5 May 2013.
34. ^ Bashar, Reazul (6 May 2013). "Hifazat burns Quran, Hadith in blind rage". bdnews24.com.
35. ^ "'Who said this would be investigated?' Bangladesh and the May 2013 Massacre". Ceasefire Magazine. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
36. ^ Ashraf, Shamim (6 May 2013). "Hefajat men flee Motijheel". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
37. ^ a b "Govt trashes loss of thousands of lives rumour". The Daily Star. United News of Bangladesh. 10 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
38. ^ "Bangladesh clashes rage over blasphemy law". Al Jazeera. 6 May 2013.
39. ^ "18 cases after Hefazat's rally in Motijheel". The Daily Ittefaq. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
40. ^ Salam, Maria; Karim, Mohosinul; Islam, Muhammad Zahidul (6 May 2013). "Govt closes 2 TV networks". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
41. ^ a b "Political violence in Bangladesh: In hot blood". The Economist. 11 May 2013.
42. ^ a b "HRW rebuts genocide claim". bdnews24.com. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
43. ^ a b "Motijheel massacre spawns unintended consequences". Weekly Holiday. No. 1\. 10 May 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
44. ^ "Video suggests higher Bangladesh protest toll". Al Jazeera. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
45. ^ a b "Clashes over Bangladesh protest leave 27 dead". BBC News. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
46. ^ a b c Bergman, David; Nelson, Dean (6 May 2013). "36 killed in Dhaka as Islamic militants clash with police". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
47. ^ "Bangladesh: Independent Body Should Investigate Protest Deaths". New York: Human Rights Watch. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
48. ^ "Media manipulation and Motijheel mayhem". New Age (Bangladesh). 9 May 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
49. ^ "HRW bins genocide claim by BNP, Hefazat". Daily Sun (Bangladesh). Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
50. ^ a b "27 more killed". The Daily Star. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
51. ^ Paul, Ruma. "At least 20 dead in Islamist protests in Bangladesh". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
52. ^ "BNS bears Hefajat brunt". The Daily Star. 7 May 2013.
53. ^ "12 cases against Hifazat leaders". bdnews24.com. 6 May 2013.
54. ^ "ASK Concern of Ongoing Political clashes and Violence Observed on 5 May 2013". Ain O Shalish Kendro. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
55. ^ Haq, Quazi Shahreen (15 February 2014). "Cadman moves ICC to investigate Hasina govt". Bdnews24.com. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
56. ^ a b Bergman, David (28 March 2017). "Bangladesh court upholds Islam as religion of the state". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
57. ^ "Bangladesh: restoring secular Constitution". The Hindu. 25 June 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
58. ^ a b "Bangladesh: restoring secular Constitution". Reuters. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
59. ^ "A Revived Challenge to Islam as Bangladesh's State Religion Goes to Court". The New York Times. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
60. ^ "Radical group Hefazat warns of armed resistance". Dhaka Tribune. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
61. ^ a b Vulliamy, Elsa (28 March 2016). "Bangladesh rejects petition to remove Islam as state religion". The Independent. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
62. ^ "Bangladesh Islamists protest court's Greek goddess statue". The Straits Times. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
63. ^ "Hefajat, Olama league demand removal of SC sculpture". The Daily Star. 5 February 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
64. ^ "Huge protest held ahead of Indian premier's Dhaka visit". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
65. ^ "Bangladesh deploys border guards after deadly anti-Modi protests". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
66. ^ "Hefazat: Not extending hartal due to Shab-e-Barat". Dhaka Tribune. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
67. ^ "Four killed in Bangladesh during protests against Modi visit". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
68. ^ "Four dead after Hefazat-police clash in Hathazari". The Daily Star. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
69. ^ a b Paul, Ruma; Ghoshal, Devjyot (28 March 2021). "Five killed, dozens injured in anti-Modi protests in Bangladesh". Reuters. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
70. ^ "Bangladesh violence spreads after PM Modi visit, attacks on Hindu temples, train". Hindustan Times. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
71. ^ "Dhaka protests widen after five die in clashes over Modi visit". Arab News. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
72. ^ Lutful, Rifat Binte (2023). "The Dynamics of Islamic Radicalization in Bangladesh: Confronting the Crisis". DOAJ. Vol. 14, no. 10\. p. 1244\. doi:10.3390/rel14101244. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
73. ^ "Hefazat to hold rally on May 3, demands abolition of Women's Affairs Reform Commission". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
74. ^ "Hefazat-e-Islam demands abolition of Women's Affairs Reform Commission". The Business Standard. 20 April 2025. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
75. ^ "Hefazat-e-Islam seeks cancellation of Women's Affairs Reform Commission". Prothom Alo. 20 April 2025. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
76. ^ "Hifazat chief implementing Jamaat agenda". bdnews24.com. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
77. ^ "Target Taliban rule". The Daily Star. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
78. ^ a b Azam, Kawsar (4 September 2014). "Al Qaeda won't gain ground in Bangladesh: Politicians". Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
79. ^ Mirsab, A (7 September 2014). "Condemnation continues to pour from all corners against Al-Qaeda establishment in South Asia". Indian Muslim Relief and Charities. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
80. ^ "Hifazat demands fundamentalism: German Ambassador". bdnews24.com. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
81. ^ Hayat, Tushar (20 February 2014). "US diplomat meets Hefazat leaders in Chittagong". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
82. ^ a b c "Hifazat madrasa raided, bombs, explosives seized". bdnews24.com. 8 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
83. ^ a b "Explosion at Ctg madrasa". The Daily Star. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
84. ^ "Explosion rocks Hefazat madrasa". Dhaka Tribune. 8 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Raqib, MA (2020). "Safeguarding Islam' in modern times: Politics, piety and Hefazat-e-Islami 'ulama in Bangladesh". Critical Research on Religion. 8 (3): 235–256\. doi:10.1177/2050303220952869. S2CID 225195149.
* Khan, H.M. (2018). "'Uprising's Dialectic Pedagogy: Gramsci, Scott and Mandela against the 2013 Hefazat-e-Islam Movement in Bangladesh". Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science. 36: 82–98\. doi:10.22151/politikon.36.5.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh at Wikimedia Commons

* v
* t
* e

Islam in South Asia

Ideology|

* Ahl-i Hadith
* Barelvi
* Deobandi
* Islamism
* Pan-Islamism
* Wahhabism

Organisations|

| Afghanistan|

* Taliban
* Durrani Empire
* Emirate of Afghanistan
* 1929

|

Bangladesh|

* Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
* Islami Chhatra Shibir
* Islamic Democratic League
* Hefazat-e-Islam
* Islami Andolan Bangladesh
* Khelafat Majlish
* Islami Jatiya Oikya Front
* Islami Oikya Jote
* Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan
* Bangladesh Islami Front
* Islami Chhatra Sena
* Islamic Front Bangladesh
* Ahle Hadith Andolon Bangladesh

India|

*     * Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Azamgarh
* Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya
* Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa, Bareilly
* Sunni Students' Federation South India
* Raza Academy
* Samastha
* Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)
* All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board
* Darul Uloom Deoband
* Ahl-e-Hadith
* Jamaat-e-Islami Hind
* Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
* National Development Front
* Popular Front of India
* Students' Islamic Movement of India
* Students Islamic Organisation of India

Pakistan|

* Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat
* Tanzeem ul Madaris
* Dawat e Islami International
* Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan
* Jamaat Ahle Sunnat Pakistan
* Sunni Tehreek
* Tanzeem-ul-Madaris Ahle Sunnat, Pakistan
* Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba
* Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
* Jamiat Ahle Hadith
* Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam
* Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan
* Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal
* Tanzeem-e-Islami
* Tehrik-e-Jafaria
* All Pakistan Ulema Council
* Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat

Others|

* All India Sunni Conference
* Shaheed Ganj Mosque Movement
* Finality of Prophethood movement
* Dawat e Islami International
* All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board
* Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
* Ahlehadeeth Movement Bangladesh
* Hizb ut-Tahrir
* Jamaat-e-Islami
* Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir
* Jamaat ul-Fuqra
* Khaksars
* All India Khilafat Committee
* Muslim National Guard
* Tablighi Jamaat

Leaders|

* Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
* Abdul Wahid Bengali
* Habibullah Qurayshi
* Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi
* Peer Jamaat Ali Shah
* Abdullahil Baqi
* Hamid Raza Khan
* Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri
* Maulana Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni
* Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari (Justice)
* Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi
* Ahmad Saeed Kazmi
* Majduddin
* Amjad Ali Aazmi
* Maulana Sardar Ahmad
* Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
* Asjad Raza Khan
* Ibrahim Chatuli
* Ahmad Sirhindi
* Shah Turab ul Haq
* Muhammad Fazlur Rahman Ansari
* Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi
* Shah Ahmad Noorani
* Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi
* Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi
* Arshadul Qaudri
* Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi
* Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi
* Sahibzada Haji Muhammad Fazal Karim
* Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani
* Qazi Syed Rafi Mohammad
* Syed Hayatullah
* Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi
* Mian Tufail Mohammad
* Ashraf Ali Thanwi
* Anwar Shah Kashmiri
* Mahmud al-Hasan
* Ubaidullah Sindhi
* Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi
* Mohammad Ali Jouhar
* Shaukat Ali
* Muhammad Iqbal
* Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
* Abul A'la Maududi
* Shah Ahmad Noorani
* Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
* Fazl-ur-Rehman
* Ghulam Azam
* Ilyas Qadri
* Motiur Rahman Nizami
* Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussain Najafi
* Grand Ayatollah Bashir Hussain Najafi
* Taqi Usmani
* Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib
* Safdar Nagori
* Jalaluddin Umri
* Israr Ahmed
* Javed Ahmad Ghamidi
* Qazi Hussain Ahmad
* Arif Hussain Hussaini
* Delwar Hossain Sayeedi
* Syed Nazeer Husain
* Khalid Mehmood Soomro
* Siddiq Hasan Khan
* Ihsan Ilahi Zahir
* Ibtisam Ilahi Zahir
* Sanaullah Amritsari
* Saifullah Muhammadi
* Maulana Azad
* Azizul Haque
* Fazlul Haque Amini
* Nurul Islam Farooqi
* Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir
* Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria
* Sheikh Ahmadullah
* Maulana Sardar Ahmad
* Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
* Asjad Raza Khan

* Events

* Direct Action Day
* Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
* Hudood Ordinances
* Shah Bano case
* Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum, 1984
* Babri Masjid
* Noakhali riots

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in South Asia

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States

Other|

* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template