Helen Frankenthaler

American painter (1928 - 2011)

"Frankenthaler" redirects here. For the French wine grape that is also known as Frankenthaler, see Gouais blanc.

For the German/Italian wine grape that is also known as Frankenthaler, see Trollinger.

Helen Frankenthaler

Frankenthaler in 1956

Born| (1928-12-12)December 12, 1928

New York City, US

Died| December 27, 2011(2011-12-27) (aged 83)

Darien, Connecticut, US

Education| Dalton School
Bennington College
Known for| Abstract painting
Notable work| Mountains and Sea
Movement| Abstract expressionism, color field painting, lyrical abstraction

Helen Frankenthaler (December 12, 1928 – December 27, 2011) was an American abstract expressionist painter. She was a major contributor to the history of postwar American painting. Having exhibited her work for over six decades (early 1950s until 2011), she spanned several generations of abstract painters while continuing to produce vital and ever-changing new work.[1] Frankenthaler began exhibiting her large-scale abstract expressionist paintings in contemporary museums and galleries in the early 1950s. She was included in the 1964 Post-Painterly Abstraction exhibition curated by Clement Greenberg that introduced a newer generation of abstract painting that came to be known as color field. Born in Manhattan, she was influenced by Greenberg, Hans Hofmann, and Jackson Pollock's paintings. Her work has been the subject of several retrospective exhibitions, including a 1989 retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, and been exhibited worldwide since the 1950s. In 2001, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts.

Frankenthaler had a home and studio in Darien, Connecticut.[2]

## Early life and education[edit]

Helen Frankenthaler was born on December 12, 1928, in New York City.[3] Her father was Alfred Frankenthaler, a New York State Supreme Court judge.[3] Her mother, Martha (Lowenstein), had emigrated with her family from Germany to the United States as an infant.[4] Helen's two sisters, Marjorie and Gloria, were six and five years older, respectively. Growing up on Manhattan's Upper East Side, Frankenthaler absorbed the privileged background of a cultured and progressive Jewish intellectual family that encouraged all three daughters to prepare themselves for professional careers. Her nephew is the artist/photographer Clifford Ross.[5]

Frankenthaler studied at the Dalton School under muralist Rufino Tamayo and also at Bennington College in Vermont.[3] While at Bennington, Frankenthaler studied under the direction of Paul Feeley, who is credited with helping her understand pictorial composition, as well as influencing her early cubist-derived style.[6] Upon her graduation in 1949, she studied privately with Australian-born painter Wallace Harrison,[7] and with Hans Hofmann in 1950.[8][9] She met Clement Greenberg in 1950 and had a five-year relationship with him.[4] She married the painter Robert Motherwell in 1958; the couple divorced in 1971.[10] Both born of wealthy parents, they were known as "the golden couple" and for their lavish entertaining.[4] She gained two stepdaughters from him, Jeannie Motherwell and Lise Motherwell.[4] Jeannie Motherwell studied painting at Bard College and the Art Students League in New York and had several exhibits.

In 1994, Frankenthaler married Stephen M. DuBrul, Jr., an investment banker who served the Gerald Ford administration.[4] Frankenthaler had been on the faculty of Hunter College.[citation needed]

## Style and technique[edit]

Mountains and Sea (1952), on long-term loan to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC

Active as a painter for nearly six decades, Frankenthaler passed through many phases and stylistic shifts.[11] Initially associated with abstract expressionism[12] because of her focus on forms latent in nature, Frankenthaler is identified with the use of fluid shapes, abstract masses, and lyrical gestures.[8][13] She made use of large formats on which she painted, generally, simplified abstract compositions.[14] Her style is notable in its emphasis on spontaneity, as Frankenthaler herself stated, "A really good picture looks as if it's happened at once."[6]

Frankenthaler's official artistic career was launched in 1952 with the exhibition of Mountains and Sea.[15] Throughout the 1950s, her works tended to be centered compositions.[11] In 1957, Frankenthaler began to experiment with linear shapes and more organic, sun-like, rounded forms.[8] In the 1960s, her style shifted towards the exploration of symmetrical paintings, as she began to place strips of colors near the edges of her paintings. Her style grew to be more simplified.[11] She began to make use of single stains and blots of solid color against white backgrounds, often in the form of geometric shapes.[8] Beginning in 1963, Frankenthaler began to use acrylic paints rather than oil paints because they allowed for both opacity and sharpness when put on the canvas.[9] By the 1970s, she had done away with the soak stain technique entirely, preferring thicker paint that allowed her to employ bright colors almost reminiscent of Fauvism. Throughout the 1970s, Frankenthaler explored the joining of areas of the canvas through the use of modulated hues, and experimented with large, abstract forms.[11] Her work in the 1980s was characterized as much calmer, with its use of muted colors and relaxed brushwork.[8] "Once one's true talent begins to emerge, one is freer in a way but less free in another way, since one is a captive of this necessity and deep urge".[16]

Western Dream (1957) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2022

### Color field painting[edit]

Stride (1969) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2022

In 1960, the term color field painting was used to describe the work of Frankenthaler.[17] In general, this term refers to the application of large areas, or fields, of color to the canvas. This style was characterized by the use of hues that were similar in tone or intensity, as well as large formats and simplified compositions, all of which are qualities descriptive of Frankenthaler's work from the 1960s onward.[14] The color field artists differed from abstract expressionists in their attempted erasure of emotional, mythic, and religious content.[18]

### Technique[edit]

Frankenthaler often painted onto unprimed canvas with oil paints that she heavily diluted with turpentine, a technique that she named "soak stain." This allowed for the colors to soak directly into the canvas, creating a liquefied, translucent effect that strongly resembled watercolor. Soak stain was also said to be the ultimate fusing of image and canvas, drawing attention to the flatness of the painting itself.[6] The major disadvantage of this method, however, is that the oil in the paints will eventually cause the canvas to discolor and rot away.[19][20] The technique was adopted by other artists, notably Morris Louis (1912–1962) and Kenneth Noland (1924–2010), and launched the second generation of the color field school of painting.[21] Frankenthaler often worked by laying her canvas out on the floor, a technique inspired by Jackson Pollock.[6]

Frankenthaler preferred to paint in privacy. If assistants were present, she preferred them to be inconspicuous when not needed.[22]

## Influences[edit]

One of her most important influences was Clement Greenberg (1909–1994), an art and literary critic with whom she had a personal friendship and who included her in the Post-Painterly Abstraction exhibition that he curated in 1964.[10][23] Through Greenberg she was introduced to the New York art scene. Under his guidance she spent the summer of 1950 studying with Hans Hofmann (1880–1966), catalyst of the Abstract Expressionist movement.

The first Jackson Pollock show Frankenthaler saw was at the Betty Parsons Gallery in 1950. She had this to say about seeing Pollock's paintings Autumn Rhythm, Number 30, 1950 (1950), Number One,1950 (Lavender Mist) (1950):

> It was all there. I wanted to live in this land. I had to live there, and master the language.

Some of her thoughts on painting:

> A really good picture looks as if it's happened at once. It's an immediate image. For my own work, when a picture looks labored and overworked, and you can read in it—well, she did this and then she did that, and then she did that—there is something in it that has not got to do with beautiful art to me. And I usually throw these out, though I think very often it takes ten of those over-labored efforts to produce one really beautiful wrist motion that is synchronized with your head and heart, and you have it, and therefore it looks as if it were born in a minute.

> — In Barbara Rose, Frankenthaler (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1975, p. 85)

John Elderfield wrote that the watercolors of Paul Cézanne and John Marin were important early influences:

> Watercolor... expands the brightness and flatness of plein-air painting because it visibly reveals these qualities in the whiteness of its support, which always makes its presence felt due to the insubstantiality of its covering. Marin and Cézanne were important to Frankenthaler not only for their watercolors or for the lightness of their work, but, more importantly, because both of them had liberated their oil paintings by treating them like watercolors, which was what Frankenthaler began to do... In Cézanne’s case this transposition of techniques also encouraged him to leave uncovered areas of white canvas between patches of thinned-down oil. This was especially interesting to Frankenthaler too.[24]

## Major works[edit]

### Paintings[edit]

In Mountains and Sea, her first professionally exhibited work, Frankenthaler made use of the soak stain technique. The work itself was painted after a trip to Nova Scotia, which partly questions the extent of its non-representational status. Although Mountains and Sea is not a direct depiction of the Nova Scotia coastline, elements of the work suggest a kind of seascape or landscape, like the strokes of blue that join with areas of green. Much like Mountains and Sea, Frankenthaler's Basque Landscape (1958) seems to refer to a very specific, external environment, but it is also abstract.[11] The same can be said for Lorelei (1956), a work based on a boat ride Frankenthaler took down the Rhine.[25]

Swan Lake #2 (1961) depicts a large area of blue paint on the canvas, with breaks in the color that are left white. A rectilinear brown square encompasses the blue, balancing both the cool tones of the blue with the warmth of the brown, and the gestural handling of the paint with the strong linearity of the square.[11]

Eden, from 1956, is an interior landscape, meaning it depicts the images of the artist's imagination. Eden tells the story of an abstract, interior world, idealized in ways that a landscape never could be. The work is almost entirely gestural, save for the incorporation of the number "100" two times in the center of the image. When asked about the process of creating this work, Frankenthaler stated that she began by painting the numbers, and that a sort of symbolic, idealized garden grew out of that.[25]

### Prints and woodcuts[edit]

Frankenthaler recognized a need to continually challenge herself to develop as an artist. For this reason, in 1961, she began to experiment with printmaking at the Universal Limited Art Editions (ULAE), a lithographic workshop in West Islip, Long Island. Frankenthaler collaborated with Tatyana Grosman in 1961 to create her first prints.[6]

In 1976, Frankenthaler began to work within the medium of woodcuts. She collaborated with Kenneth E. Tyler. The first piece they created together was Essence of Mulberry (1977), a woodcut that used eight different colors. Essence of Mulberry was inspired by two sources: the first was an exhibition of fifteenth century woodcuts that Frankenthaler saw on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the second being a mulberry tree that grew outside of Tyler's studio. In 1995, the pair collaborated again, creating The Tales of Genji, a series of six woodcut prints. To create woodcuts with a resonance similar to Frankenthaler's painterly style, she painted her plans onto the wood itself, making maquettes. The Tales of Genji took nearly three years to complete. Frankenthaler then went on to create Madame Butterfly, a print that employed one hundred and two different colors and forty-six woodblocks.[6]

## Awards and legacy[edit]

Frankenthaler received the National Medal of Arts in 2001.[26] She served on the National Council on the Arts of the National Endowment for the Arts from 1985 to 1992.[27] Her other awards include First Prize for Painting at the first Paris Biennial (1959); Temple Gold Medal, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia (1968); New York City Mayor's Award of Honor for Arts and Culture (1986); and Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement, College Art Association (1994).[28] In 1990, she was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1994.

Frankenthaler did not consider herself a feminist: "For me, being a 'lady painter' was never an issue. I don't resent being a female painter. I don't exploit it. I paint."[29] Mary Beth Edelson's feminist piece Some Living American Women Artists / Last Supper (1972) appropriated Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper, with the heads of notable women artists including Frankenthaler collaged over the heads of Christ and his apostles. This image, addressing the role of religious and art historical iconography in the subordination of women, became "one of the most iconic images of the feminist art movement."[30][31]

In 1953, Kenneth Noland and Morris Louis saw her Mountains and Sea which, Louis said later, was a "bridge between Pollock and what was possible."[32] On the other hand, some critics called her work "merely beautiful."[33] Grace Glueck's obituary in The New York Times summed up Frankenthaler's career:

> Critics have not unanimously praised Ms. Frankenthaler's art. Some have seen it as thin in substance, uncontrolled in method, too sweet in color and too "poetic." But it has been far more apt to garner admirers like the critic Barbara Rose, who wrote in 1972 of Ms. Frankenthaler's gift for "the freedom, spontaneity, openness and complexity of an image, not exclusively of the studio or the mind, but explicitly and intimately tied to nature and human emotions.[4]

### Helen Frankenthaler Foundation[edit]

The New York-based Helen Frankenthaler Foundation, established and endowed by the artist during her lifetime, is dedicated to promoting greater public interest in and understanding of the visual arts.[34][35] In 2021 the foundation created Frankenthaler Climate Initiative.[36] In July 2021, the foundation award the first round of grants totaling $5.1 million. The recipients included the Museo de Arte de Ponce, the Santa Rosa Indian Museum and Cultural Center, the Studio Museum in Harlem, and the Yale University Arts Center.[37]

In a 2023 lawsuit filed at the New York Supreme Court, Frankenthaler’s nephew Frederick Iseman claimed that Clifford Ross and other family members on the board exploited the Helen Frankenthaler Foundation “to advance their own personal interests and careers” and were committed to completely shutting down the foundation in the near future.[38]

## Exhibitions[edit]

Frankenthaler's first solo exhibition took place at the Tibor de Nagy Gallery, New York, in the fall of 1951. Her first major museum show, a retrospective of her 1950s work with a catalog by the critic and poet Frank O'Hara, a curator at the Museum of Modern Art, was at the Jewish Museum in 1960. Subsequent solo exhibitions include "Helen Frankenthaler," Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (1969; traveled to Whitechapel Gallery, London; Orangerie Herrenhausen, Hanover; and Kongresshalle, Berlin), and "Helen Frankenthaler: a Painting Retrospective," The Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth (1989–90; traveled to the Museum of Modern Art, New York; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; and Detroit Institute of Arts).[39] Miles McEnery Gallery, a New York-based contemporary art gallery which exhibited Color-Field and Abstract Expressionist paintings, showcased a range of her work in 2009 "Helen Frankenthaler," December 10, 2009 – January 23, 2010).[40][41] In 2016 her work was included in the exhibition Women of Abstract Expressionism organized by the Denver Art Museum.[42] On October 6, 2019, Frankenthaler was included in Sparkling Amazons: Abstract Expressionist Women of the 9th St. Show at the Katonah Museum of Art in Westchester County, NY.[43] which ran until January 26, 2020; *2019: "Postwar Women: alumnae of the Art Students League of New York 1945-1965", Phyllis Harriman Gallery, Art Students League of NY; curated by Will Corwin.;[44] 2020: "9th Street Club", Gazelli Art House, London; curated by Will Corwin[45]

In 2021, a decade after her death the New Britain Museum of American Art mounted an exhibition of her works on paper from the final stages of her opus titled "Helen Frankenthaler; Late Works 1990 - 2003".[46]

In 2023 her work was included in the exhibition Action, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists and Global Abstraction 1940-1970 at the Whitechapel Gallery in London.[47]

## Collections[edit]

* Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto
* Art Institute of Chicago
* Centre Pompidou, Paris
* The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection
* Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, Kalamazoo, MI
* Los Angeles County Museum of Art
* Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
* Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
* Museum of Modern Art, New York
* National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
* National Gallery of Australia
* Pérez Art Museum Miami, FL[48]
* Portland Art Museum, Oregon
* San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
* Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
* Speed Art Museum, Louisville, KY
* Spencer Museum of Art, Lawrence, KS
* Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT
* University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, MI
* Walker Art Center, Minneapolis
* Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

## National Endowment for the Arts[edit]

She was a presidential appointee to the National Council on the Arts, which advises the NEA's chairman. In The New York Times in 1989, she argued government funding for the arts was "not part of the democratic process" and was "beginning to spawn an art monster".[49] According to the Los Angeles Times, "Frankenthaler did take a highly public stance during the late 1980s 'culture wars' that eventually led to deep budget cuts for the National Endowment for the Arts and a ban on grants to individual artists that still persists. In a 1989 commentary for The New York Times, she wrote that, while "censorship and government interference in the directions and standards of art are dangerous and not part of the democratic process," controversial grants to Andres Serrano, Robert Mapplethorpe, and others reflected a trend in which the NEA was supporting work "of increasingly dubious quality. Is the council, once a helping hand, now beginning to spawn an art monster? Do we lose art ... in the guise of endorsing experimentation?"[50][51]

## Death[edit]

Frankenthaler died on December 27, 2011, at the age of 83 in Darien, Connecticut, following a long and undisclosed illness.[52]

## See also[edit]

* Lyrical abstraction
* Wash (visual arts)
* Sunset Corner

## References[edit]

1. ^ National Gallery of Art Retrieved August 17, 2010
2. ^ Web page titled "Helen Frankenthaler" Archived 2010-02-17 at the Wayback Machine, at the "Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame" website, retrieved January 30, 2010
3. ^ a b c "Helen Frankenthaler", Britannica, Retrieved 24 December 2014.
4. ^ a b c d e f Glueck, Grace (December 27, 2011). "Helen Frankenthaler, Abstract Painter Who Shaped a Movement, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
5. ^ Grace Glueck, NY Times, 1998 Retrieved August 17, 2010
6. ^ a b c d e f Babington, Jacklyn (2005). "Against the grain: the woodcuts of Helen Frankenthaler". Artonview. 44: 22–27.
7. ^ Wilkin, Karen. "Frankenthaler at the Guggenheim". The New Criterion. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
8. ^ a b c d e Brookeman, Christopher. "Frankenthaler, Helen". Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press.
9. ^ a b Tolley-Stokes, Rebecca. Frankenthaler, Helen, 1928-2011. Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture. `{{cite book}}`: `|website=` ignored (help)
10. ^ a b Belz, Carl. "Helen Frankenthaler". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
11. ^ a b c d e f Carmean, E.A. Jr. (1978). "On Five Paintings by Helen Frankenthaler". Art International. 22: 28–32.
12. ^ Tate bio Retrieved August 17, 2010
13. ^ Chadwick, Whitney (2007). Women, Art, and Society (Fourth ed.). New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 328\. ISBN 978-0-500--20393-4.
14. ^ a b Anfam, David. "Colour field painting". Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press.
15. ^ Britannica Retrieved August 17, 2010
16. ^ Dorofeyeva, L. V. (November 1975). "Obtaining of measles virus haemagglutinin from strain L-16 grown in primary cell cultures". Acta Virologica. 19 (6): 497. ISSN 0001-723X. PMID 1998.
17. ^ 'Color Field' Artists Found a Different Way Retrieved 3 August 2010
18. ^ "Colour Field Painting". Tate. Retrieved August 17, 2010
19. ^ Carmean, E.A. Helen Frankenthaler A Paintings Retrospective, Exhibition Catalog, p.12, Harry N. Abrams in conjunction with The Museum of Modern Art, Fort Worth, ISBN 0-8109-1179-5
20. ^ John Elderfield, After a Breakthrough on the 1950s paintings of Helen Frankenthaler Retrieved August 17, 2010
21. ^ Fenton, Terry. "Morris Louis". sharecom.ca. Retrieved December 8, 2008
22. ^ Loos, Ted (April 27, 2003). "Helen Frankenthaler, Back to the Future". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
23. ^ list of artists in the exhibition Retrieved August 17, 2010
24. ^ Alison Rowley (2007). Helen Frankenthaler: Painting History, Writing Painting. I.B.Tauris. p. 32\. ISBN 978-1-84511-518-0.
25. ^ a b Elderfield, John (1989). "After a "Breakthrough": On the 1950s Paintings of Helen Frankenthaler". MoMA. 2 (1): 8–11. JSTOR 4381078.
26. ^ "Lifetime Honors: National Medal of Arts". National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
27. ^ Kennedy, Mark for The Associated Press (December 27, 2011). "Abstract Painter Helen Frankenthaler Dies At 83". Salon.com. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
28. ^ "Collection Online Helen Frankenthaler - Guggenheim Museum". Guggenheim Museum. The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation (SRGF). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
29. ^ Grace Glueck says in the NYT this quote comes from: Gruen, John (1972). The Party's Over Now: Reminiscences of the fifties—New York's artists, writers, musicians, and their friends. Viking Press. ISBN 0-916366-54-5.
30. ^ "Mary Beth Edelson". The Frost Art Museum Drawing Project. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
31. ^ "Mary Beth Adelson". Clara - Database of Women Artists. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of Women in the Arts. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
32. ^ Gibson, Eric (December 27, 2011). "Pushing Past Abstraction". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
33. ^ Rose, Joel (December 27, 2011). "Abstract Artist Helen Frankenthaler Dies At Age 83". National Public Radio (NPR). Retrieved December 27, 2011.
34. ^ exhibit-e.com. "Mission - Foundation - Helen Frankenthaler Foundation". www.frankenthalerfoundation.org. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
35. ^ "Elizabeth A. T. Smith Named Director of Helen Frankenthaler Foundation". Observer. New York City. 9 July 2013.
36. ^ "Grants For Clean, Efficient Energy in Visual Arts Museums". Frankenthaler Climate Initiative. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
37. ^ "Helen Frankenthaler Foundation Awards $5.1 Million in Climate Grants to Art Institutions". Artforum. 29 July 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
38. ^ Daniel Cassady (9 November 2023), Bitter Family Feud Revealed in Lawsuit Against the Helen Frankenthaler Foundation, Accuses Board of ‘Grabstract Expressionism’ ARTnews.
39. ^ "Painted on 21st Street - March 8 - April 13, 2013 - Gagosian Gallery". Gagosian Gallery. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
40. ^ "Miles McEnery Gallery". Ocula. 18 May 2021.
41. ^ "Helen Frankenthaler". Miles McEnery Gallery.
42. ^ Marter, Joan M. (2016). Women of abstract expressionism. Denver New Haven: Denver Art Museum Yale University Press. p. 175\. ISBN 9780300208429.
43. ^ "Abstract Expressionist Women Of The 9th St Show Comes To The Katonah Museum Of Art". artdaily.com. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
44. ^ "New York Galleries: What to See Right Now". The New York Times. 2019-11-20. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
45. ^ Dazed (2020-01-15). "20 London art events in 2020 to leave the house for". Dazed. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
46. ^ "Helen Frankenthaler: Late Works, 1990–2003". 11 February 2021.
47. ^ "Action, Gesture, Paint". Whitechapel Gallery. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
48. ^ "Blue Jump • Pérez Art Museum Miami". Pérez Art Museum Miami. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
49. ^ "Helen Frankenthaler: Innovative painter who took abstract art in a new direction". The Independent. January 12, 2012. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
50. ^ Boehm, Mike (December 28, 2011). "Painter took art in new directions". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
51. ^ Frankenthaler, Helen (17 July 1989). "Did We Spawn an Arts Monster?". The New York Times.
52. ^ "Helen Frankenthaler, Abstract Painter Who Shaped a Movement, Dies at 83" by GRACE GLUECK, The New York Times, DEC. 27, 2011 [1]

## Further reading[edit]

* Alexander Nemerov. 2021. Fierce Poise: Helen Frankenthaler and 1950s New York. Penguin.
* Elderfield, John. Helen Frankenthaler, 1989, Harry N. Abrams ISBN 0-8109-0916-2
* Gabriel, Mary. Ninth Street Women: Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning, Grace Hartigan, Joan Mitchell, and Helen Frankenthaler: five painters and the movement that changed modern art. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2018
* Helen Frankenthaler, After Mountains and Sea: Frankenthaler 1956-1959 (New York : Guggenheim Museum, ©1998.) ISBN 0-8109-6911-4, ISBN 978-0-8109-6911-7 ISBN 978-0892071975
* Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.) ISBN 0-9677994-0-6. p. 16; p. 37; pp. 142–145, York 1986. ISBN 0-87099-477-8
* Pollock, Griselda, "Killing Men and Dying Women". In: Orton, Fred and Pollock, Griselda (eds), Avant-Gardes and Partisans Reviewed. London: Redwood Books, 1996. ISBN 0-7190-4398-0
* Wilkin, Karen. Frankenthaler: Works on Paper 1949-1984, George Braziller (February 1985), ISBN 978-0-8076-1103-6

## Bibliography[edit]

* Alison Rowley, Helen Frankenthaler: Painting History, Writing painting. I.B.Tauris Publishers, 2007.
* Helen Frankenthaler in Interview with Henry Geldzahler, in Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art, edited by Kristine Stiles and Peter Selz, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 28–30. ISBN 0-520-20253-8
* Helen Frankenthaler in 'Oral history Interview with Barbara Rose, 1968, for the Archives of American Art - Smithsonian Institution

## External links[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Helen Frankenthaler.

* Helen Frankenthaler Foundation
* Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution: Oral History Interview
* Video: Helen Frankenthaler at Turner Contemporary, Margate by Laura Bushell on Artinfo 4 March 2014
* Roberta Smith, "Two Artists Who Embraced Freedom" New York Times, 12/29/11
* Helen Frankenthaler Artwork Examples on AskART.
* "Frankenthaler's New Way of Making Art", The Wall Street Journal, November 8, 2008
* Helen Frankenthaler in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler Collection
* Helen Frankenthaler "Contemporary Experience Lecture" The Baltimore Museum of Art: Baltimore, Maryland, 1970 Archived 2015-06-01 at the Wayback Machine Accessed June 26, 2012
* Helen Frankenthaler in the Utah Museum of Fine Arts Collection

* v
* t
* e

Feminist art movement in the United States

* Feminist art
* Feminist art movement
* Women artists

Precursors|

* American Association of University Women (1881)
* National Association of Women Artists (1889)
* New York School of Applied Design for Women (1892)

Venues or organizations|

* A.I.R. Gallery
* Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art (Brooklyn Museum)
* Feminist Art Coalition
* Hera Gallery
* Lesbian Art Project
* National Museum of Women in the Arts
* New York Feminist Art Institute
* SOHO20 Gallery
* tArt Collective
* Washington Women's Art Center
* Women Artists in Revolution (WAR)
* Women's Art Resources of Minnesota
* Woman's Building (Los Angeles)
* The Women's Building (San Francisco)
* Women's Interart Center
* Women's Studio Workshop

Exhibitions or installations|

* Womanhouse (1972)
* Three Weeks in May (1977)
* The Sister Chapel (1974–1978)
* The Dinner Party (1979)
* WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution (2007)

Films or documentaries|

* !Women Art Revolution

Publications|

* Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics (1977–1992)
* The Feminist Art Journal (1972–1977)

Groups|

* subRosa
* Guerrilla Girls
* The Waitresses
* Women Artists in Revolution
* Women's Caucus for Art
* Where We At

Notable women|

* Alison Bechdel
* Lynda Benglis
* Louise Bourgeois
* Norma Broude
* Judy Chicago
* Elaine de Kooning
* Mary Beth Edelson
* Suzi Ferrer
* Helen Frankenthaler
* Mary Garrard
* Nancy Graves
* Eva Hesse
* Lila Katzen
* Jane Kaufman
* Lee Krasner
* Georgia O'Keeffe
* Barbara Kruger
* Louise Nevelson
* Yoko Ono
* M. C. Richards
* Rachel Rosenthal
* Carolee Schneemann
* Cindy Sherman
* Alma Thomas
* June Wayne

Lists|

* List of feminist artists
* Women in the art history field

Feminist movements and ideologies

Awards for Helen Frankenthaler

* v
* t
* e

Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame

1990s

| 1994|

* Mary Jobe Akeley
* Anni Albers
* Marian Anderson
* Beatrice Fox Auerbach
* Emma Fielding Baker
* Evelyn Longman Batchelder
* Catharine Beecher
* Jody Cohen
* Prudence Crandall
* Katharine Seymour Day
* Fidelia Fielding
* Charlotte Perkins Gilman
* Dorothy Goodwin
* Ella Grasso
* Estelle Griswold
* Mary Hall
* Alice Hamilton
* Katharine Hepburn
* Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn
* Isabella Beecher Hooker
* Emeline Roberts Jones
* Barbara B. Kennelly
* Clare Boothe Luce
* Rachel Taylor Milton
* Alice Paul
* Ellen Ash Peters
* Ann Petry
* Sarah Porter
* Theodate Pope Riddle
* Edna Negron Rosario
* Margaret Rudkin
* Susan Saint James
* Lydia Sigourney
* Virginia Thrall Smith
* Smiths of Glastonbury
* Hilda Crosby Standish
* Harriet Beecher Stowe
* Gladys Tantaquidgeon
* Betty Tianti
* Hannah Bunce Watson
* Chase G. Woodhouse

|

1995|

* Helen M. Feeney
* Caroline Hewins
* Donna Lopiano
* María Colón Sánchez

1996|

* Edythe J. Gaines
* Madeleine L'Engle
* Susanne Langer

1997|

* Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt
* Annie Dillard
* Margo Rose
* Laura Wheeler Waring

1998|

* Dorrit Hoffleit
* Constance Baker Motley
* Rosa Ponselle
* Lillian Vernon
* Mabel Osgood Wright

1999|

* Jane Hamilton-Merritt
* Sophie Tucker
* Ann Uccello
* Florence Wald

2000s

| 2000|

* Emily Barringer
* Adrianne Baughns-Wallace
* Mary Goodrich Jenson

|

2001|

* Laura Nyro
* Catherine Roraback
* Maria Miller Stewart

2002|

* Florence Griswold
* Eileen Kraus
* Miriam Therese Winter

2003|

* Dotha Bushnell Hillyer
* Clarice McLean

2005|

* Martha Coolidge
* Helen Frankenthaler
* Rosalind Russell

2006|

* Helen Keller
* Mary Townsend Seymour
* Anne Stanback

2007|

* Dorothy Hamill
* Joan Joyce
* Glenna Collett-Vare

2008|

* Jewel Plummer Cobb
* Patricia Goldman-Rakic
* Barbara McClintock
* Joan A. Steitz

2009|

* Martha Minerva Franklin
* Carolyn M. Mazure
* Helen L. Smits

2010s

| 2010|

* Anne M. Mulcahy
* Martha Parsons
* Maggie Wilderotter

|

2011|

* Isabelle M. Kelley
* Denise Nappier
* Patricia Wald

2012|

* Anne Garrels
* Annie Leibovitz
* Faith Middleton

2013|

* Rosa DeLauro
* Barbara Franklin
* Linda Lorimer
* Augusta Lewis Troup

2014|

* Beatrix Farrand
* Jennifer Lawton
* Marian Salzman

2015|

* Margaret Bourke-White
* Carolyn Miles
* Indra Nooyi

2016|

* Rebecca Lobo
* Jane Pauley
* Joyce Yerwood

2017|

* Kristen Griest
* Ruth A. Lucas
* Regina Rush-Kittle

2018|

* Lucia Chase
* Anika Noni Rose
* Tina Weymouth

2019|

* Marian Chertow
* Nell Newman
* Martha Langevin
* Elizabeth George Plouffe

2020s

| 2020|

* Josephine Bennett
* Frances Ellen Burr
* Catherine Flanagan
* Sarah Lee Brown Fleming
* Clara Hill (suffragist)
* Elsie Hill
* Helena Hill
* Emily Pierson

|

2021|

* Enola G. Aird
* Patricia Baker
* Donna Berman
* Khalilah L. Brown-Dean
* Glynda C. Carr
* Callie Gale Heilmann
* Jerimarie Liesegang
* Kica Matos
* Marilyn Ondrasik
* Pamela Selders
* Teresa C. Younger

2022|

* Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe
* Jennifer Rizzotti
* Lhakpa Sherpa
* Suzy Whaley

2023|

* Lisa Cortés
* Laura Cruickshank
* Carla Squatrito
* Regina Winters-Toussaint

* v
* t
* e

National Medal of Arts recipients (2000s)

2000|

* Maya Angelou
* Eddy Arnold
* Mikhail Baryshnikov
* Benny Carter
* Chuck Close
* Horton Foote
* Lewis Manilow
* National Public Radio, cultural programming division
* Claes Oldenburg
* Itzhak Perlman
* Harold Prince
* Barbra Streisand

2001|

* Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation
* Rudolfo Anaya
* Johnny Cash
* Kirk Douglas
* Helen Frankenthaler
* Judith Jamison
* Yo-Yo Ma
* Mike Nichols

2002|

* Florence Knoll Bassett
* Trisha Brown
* Philippe de Montebello
* Uta Hagen
* Lawrence Halprin
* Al Hirschfeld
* George Jones
* Ming Cho Lee
* William "Smokey" Robinson

2003|

* Austin City Limits
* Beverly Cleary
* Rafe Esquith
* Suzanne Farrell
* Buddy Guy
* Ron Howard
* Tabernacle Choir
* Leonard Slatkin
* George Strait
* Tommy Tune

2004|

* Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
* Ray Bradbury
* Carlisle Floyd
* Frederick Hart
* Anthony Hecht
* John Ruthven
* Vincent Scully
* Twyla Tharp

2005|

* Louis Auchincloss
* James DePreist
* Paquito D'Rivera
* Robert Duvall
* Leonard Garment
* Ollie Johnston
* Wynton Marsalis
* Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
* Tina Ramirez
* Dolly Parton

2006|

* William Bolcom
* Cyd Charisse
* Roy DeCarava
* Wilhelmina Holladay
* Interlochen Center for the Arts
* Erich Kunzel
* Preservation Hall Jazz Band
* Gregory Rabassa
* Viktor Schreckengost
* Ralph Stanley

2007|

* Morten Lauridsen
* N. Scott Momaday
* Craig Noel
* Roy Neuberger
* Les Paul
* Henry Z. Steinway
* George Tooker
* Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival (University of Idaho)
* Andrew Wyeth

2008|

* Stan Lee
* Richard M. Sherman
* Robert B. Sherman
* Olivia de Havilland
* Hank Jones
* Jesús Moroles
* Ford's Theatre Society
* Fisk Jubilee Singers, (Fisk University)
* José Limón Dance Foundation
* The Presser Foundation

2009|

* Bob Dylan
* Clint Eastwood
* Milton Glaser
* Maya Lin
* Rita Moreno
* Jessye Norman
* Joseph P. Riley Jr.
* Frank Stella
* Michael Tilson Thomas
* John Williams
* Oberlin Conservatory of Music
* School of American Ballet

* Complete list
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Norway
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Catalonia
* Germany
* Israel
* Belgium
* United States
* Latvia
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Netherlands

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* Auckland
* South Australia
* KulturNav
* MusicBrainz
* Museum of Modern Art
* Victoria
* RKD Artists
* ULAN

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* Trove

Other|

* SNAC
* 2
* IdRef

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