Helvetica

Neo-grotesque sans-serif typeface

For the country referred to as the same name in Latin, see Switzerland.

For other uses, see Helvetica (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Helvetia, the national personification of Switzerland.

Helvetica

Category| Sans-serif
Classification| Neo-grotesque[1]
Designer(s)| Max Miedinger
Eduard Hoffmann
Foundry| Haas'sche Schriftgiesserei (Basel)
Date released| 1957
Re-issuing foundries| Mergenthaler Linotype Company
Design based on| Akzidenz-Grotesk
Variations| Helvetica Inserat
Helvetica Compressed
Neue Helvetica
Helvetica Now
Others (see below)
Also known as| Neue Haas Grotesk
Shown here| Neue Helvetica
Metrically compatible with|

* Arial
Arimo
Liberation Sans

Helvetica, also known by its original name Neue Haas Grotesk, is a widely-used sans-serif typeface developed in 1957 by Swiss typeface designer Max Miedinger and Eduard Hoffmann. [2]

Helvetica is a neo-grotesque design, one influenced by the famous 19th-century (1890s) typeface Akzidenz-Grotesk and other German and Swiss designs.[3] Its use became a hallmark of the International Typographic Style that emerged from the work of Swiss designers in the 1950s and 1960s, becoming one of the most popular typefaces of the mid-20th century.[4] Over the years, a wide range of variants have been released in different weights, widths, and sizes, as well as matching designs for a range of non-Latin alphabets. Notable features of Helvetica as originally designed include a high x-height, the termination of strokes on horizontal or vertical lines and an unusually tight spacing between letters, which combine to give it a dense, solid appearance.

Developed by the Haas'sche Schriftgiesserei (Haas Type Foundry) of Münchenstein (Basel), Switzerland, its release was planned to match a trend: a resurgence of interest in turn-of-the-century "grotesque" sans-serifs among European graphic designers, that also saw the release of Univers by Adrian Frutiger the same year.[5][6][7] Hoffmann was the president of the Haas Type Foundry, while Miedinger was a freelance graphic designer who had formerly worked as a Haas salesman and designer.[8]

Miedinger and Hoffmann set out to create a neutral typeface that had great clarity, had no intrinsic meaning in its form, and could be used on a wide variety of signage.[8] Originally named Neue Haas Grotesk (New Haas Grotesque), it was soon licensed by Linotype and renamed Helvetica in 1960, which in Latin means 'Swiss', from Helvetia]], capitalising on Switzerland's reputation as a centre of ultra-modern graphic design.[9]

## History

[edit]

A 1969 poster by Robert Geisser exemplifying the "Swiss" style of the 1950s and 60s: solid red colour, simple images and neo-grotesque sans-serif type, all in lower case. This design appears to use Helvetica or a close imitation.

The first version of the typeface (which later became known as Helvetica) was created in 1957 by Swiss type designer Max Miedinger. His goal was to design a new sans serif font that could compete in the Swiss market as a neutral font that should not be given any additional meaning. The main influence on Helvetica was Akzidenz-Grotesk from Berthold; Hoffman's scrapbook of proofs of the design shows careful comparison of test proofs with snippets of Akzidenz-Grotesk.[10] Its 'R' with a curved tail resembles Schelter-Grotesk, another turn-of-the-century sans-serif sold by Haas.[5][10][11] Wolfgang Homola comments that in Helvetica "the weight of the stems of the capitals and the lower case is better balanced" than in its influences.[12]

Attracting considerable attention on its release as Neue Haas Grotesk (Nouvelle Antique Haas in French-speaking countries),[a] Stempel and Linotype adopted Neue Haas Grotesk for release in hot metal composition, the standard typesetting method at the time for body text, and on the international market.[14]

In 1960, its name was changed by Haas' German parent company Stempel to Helvetica in order to make it more marketable internationally; it comes from the Latin name for the pre-Roman tribes of what became Switzerland. Intending to match the success of Univers, Arthur Ritzel of Stempel redesigned Neue Haas Grotesk into a larger family.[15][16] The design was popular: Paul Shaw suggests that Helvetica "began to muscle out" Akzidenz-Grotesk in New York City from around summer 1965, when Amsterdam Continental, which imported European typefaces, stopped pushing Akzidenz-Grotesk in its marketing and began to focus on Helvetica instead.[17][18] It was also made available for phototypesetting systems, as well as in other formats such as Letraset dry transfers[19] and plastic letters,[20] and many phototypesetting imitations and knock-offs were rapidly created by competing phototypesetting companies.[21][22]

In the late 1970s and 1980s, Linotype licensed Helvetica to Xerox, Adobe and Apple, guaranteeing its importance in digital printing by making it one of the core fonts of the PostScript page description language.[23][24] This led to a version being included on Macintosh computers and a clone compatible metrically, Arial, on Windows computers. The rights to Helvetica are now held by Monotype Imaging, which acquired Linotype; the Neue Haas Grotesk digitisation (discussed below) was co-released with Font Bureau.[5]

### Characteristics

[edit]

Helvetica's tight apertures contribute to a regular, dense design.

* Tall x-height, which makes it easier to read at distance.
* Tight spacing between letters.
* An oblique rather than italic style, a common feature of almost all grotesque and neo-grotesque typefaces.
* Wide capitals of uniform width, particularly obvious in the wide 'E' and 'F'.
* Square-looking 's'.
* Bracketed top flag of '1'.
* Rounded off square tail of 'R'.
* Concave curved stem of '7'.
* Two-storied 'a' (with curves of bowl and stem), a standard neo-grotesque feature, and single-storey 'g'

> Helvetica can't do everything...it can be really weak in small sizes. Shapes like 'C' and 'S' curl back into themselves, leaving tight "apertures"—the channels of white between a letter's interior and exterior... The lowercase 'e', the most common letter in English and many other languages, takes an especially unobliging form. These and other letters can be a pixel away from being some other letter.

Tobias Frere-Jones[25]

Like many neo-grotesque designs, Helvetica has narrow apertures, which limits its legibility onscreen and at small print sizes. It also has no visible difference between upper-case 'i' and lower-case 'L', although the number 1 is quite identifiable with its flag at top left.[26][27] Its tight, display-oriented spacing may also pose problems for legibility.[28] Other fonts intended for legibility at small sizes such as Verdana, Meta, Trebuchet, or a monospace font such as Courier, which makes all letters quite wide, may be more appropriate than Helvetica.

## Usage examples

[edit]

Helvetica is among the most widely used sans-serif typefaces.[29] Versions exist for Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Greek, Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Urdu, Khmer, and Vietnamese alphabets. Chinese faces have been developed to complement Helvetica.

Helvetica is a common choice for commercial wordmarks: in 2007, the BBC remarked that a list of users "would fill this page".[30][31]

Helvetica has been widely used by the U.S. government; for example, federal income tax forms are set in Helvetica, and NASA used the type on the Space Shuttle orbiter.[32] Helvetica is also used in the United States television rating system. The Canadian government also uses Helvetica as its identifying typeface, with three variants being used in its corporate identity program, and encourages its use in all federal agencies and websites.[33]

A hand-cut rubylith master used in the 1983 phototypesetting release of Neue Helvetica[34]

Helvetica is commonly used in transportation settings.[35] New York City's Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) adopted Helvetica for use in signage in 1989. From 1970 to 1989, the standard font was Standard Medium, an American release of Akzidenz-Grotesk, as defined by Unimark's New York City Transit Authority Graphic Standards Manual. The MTA system is still rife with a proliferation of Helvetica-like fonts, including Arial, in addition to some old signs in Medium Standard, and a few anomalous signs in Helvetica Narrow.[36][37][38] Helvetica is also used in the Washington Metro, the Chicago 'L', Philadelphia's SEPTA, and the Madrid Metro.[39] Amtrak used the typeface on the "pointless arrow" logo, and it was adopted by Danish railway company DSB for a time period.[40] In addition, the former state-owned operator of the British railway system developed its own Helvetica-based Rail Alphabet font, which was also adopted by the National Health Service and the British Airports Authority.[41] The Helvetica 77 variation is used in street and house signage in Riga and other municipalities in Latvia, although common road signage in the country uses a version of DIN 1451.[42]

The typeface was displaced from some uses in the 1990s to the increased availability of other fonts on digital desktop publishing systems, and criticism from type designers including Erik Spiekermann and Martin Majoor, both of whom have criticised the design for its omnipresence and overuse.[5][43] Majoor has described Helvetica as 'rather cheap' for its failure to move on from the model of Akzidenz-Grotesk.[44]

IBM used Neue Helvetica as its corporate typeface until 2017, spending over $1m annually on licensing fees.[45] It switched in 2017 to the custom IBM Plex family, concluding that a custom open-source typeface would be more distinctive and practical, as it could be freely distributed and installed without rights issues.[45][46]

In 2019, the Switzerland national football team began using Helvetica for its kit, which it wore for the UEFA Euro 2020 tournament.[47]

## Media coverage

[edit]

An early Helvetica specimen in the asymmetric Swiss modernist style, showing tight spacing in the poster style of the period

An early essay on Helvetica's public image as a font used by business and government was written in 1976 by Leslie Savan, a writer on advertising at the Village Voice.[48] It was later republished in her book The Sponsored Life.[49]

In 2007, Linotype GmbH held the Helvetica NOW Poster Contest to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the typeface.[50][51] Winners were announced in the January 2008 issue of the LinoLetter.

In 2007, director Gary Hustwit released a documentary film, Helvetica (Plexifilm, DVD), to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the typeface.[52] In the film, graphic designer Wim Crouwel said, "Helvetica was a real step from the 19th century typeface... We were impressed by that because it was more neutral, and neutralism was a word that we loved. It should be neutral. It shouldn't have a meaning in itself. The meaning is in the content of the text and not in the typeface." The documentary also presented other designers who associated Helvetica with authority and corporate dominance, and whose rebellion from Helvetica's ubiquity created new styles.

From April 2007 to March 2008, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City displayed an exhibit called "50 Years of Helvetica".[53] In 2011 the Disseny Hub Barcelona displayed an exhibit called Helvetica. A New Typeface?. The exhibition included a timeline of Helvetica over the last fifty years, its antecedents and its subsequent influence, including in the local area.[54]

In 2011, one of Google's April Fools' Day jokes centered on the use of Helvetica. If a user attempted to search for the term "Helvetica" using the search engine, the results would be displayed in the font Comic Sans.[55]

## Variants

[edit]

Comparison of distinguishing characters in Akzidenz-Grotesk, Folio, Helvetica, and Univers 55

A number of unusual adaptations of Helvetica have been released that diverge from Miedinger's original design, notably the Bold Extended weight in which the 'r' has a droop, the extra-slanted Diagonal weight, Helvetica Compact with a different 'Q' and straight-sided capitals and the extra-condensed, high x-height Inserat.

A large number of variants of Helvetica were rapidly released to expand on its popularity, including new weights and languages. Linotype confessed by the time of a 1976 advertorial that things had become somewhat confused: "the series was not planned as a whole from its conception...the series is not as uniform as Univers".[56][57]

### Helvetica Light

[edit]

Helvetica Light was designed by Stempel's artistic director Erich Schultz-Anker, in conjunction with Arthur Ritzel.[58]

### Helvetica Inserat

[edit]

Helvetica Inserat (German for advertisement) is a version designed primarily for use in the advertising industry: this is a narrow variant that is tighter than Helvetica Black Condensed. It gives the glyphs an even larger x-height and a more squared appearance, similar to Schmalfette Grotesk. Adobe's release notes date it to 1966 and state that it originated with Stempel.[59]

### Helvetica Compressed (1966)

[edit]

Designed by Matthew Carter and Hans-Jürg Hunziker for cold type.[60] It shares some design elements with Helvetica Inserat, but uses a curved tail in Q, downward pointing branch in r, and tilde bottom £. Carter has said that in practice it was designed to be similar to Schmalfette Grotesk and to compete in this role with British designs Impact and Compacta, as this style was popular at the time.[61] Carter, who also later designed Helvetica Greek, had designed a modernised version of Akzidenz-Grotesk for signage at Heathrow in 1961, and commented later "if we'd known about [Helvetica] I'm sure we would have used it, since it's a much better typeface than the one I drew. But the typesetting trade was very conservative then, and new type designs traveled slowly."[62][63] The family consists of Helvetica Compressed, Helvetica Extra Compressed and Helvetica Ultra Compressed fonts. It has been digitised, for instance in the Adobe Helvetica release.

### Helvetica Rounded (1978)

[edit]

Helvetica Rounded is a version containing rounded stroke terminators, released for bold weights. Linotype's release notes date it to 1978.[64]

### Helvetica Narrow

[edit]

Helvetica Narrow is a version where its width is between Helvetica Compressed and Helvetica Condensed. The font was developed when printer ROM space was very scarce, so it was created by mathematically squashing Helvetica to 82% of the original width, resulting in distorted letterforms, with vertical strokes narrowed but horizontals unchanged.[65] Because of the distortion problems, Adobe dropped Helvetica Narrow in its release of Helvetica in OpenType format, recommending users choose Helvetica Condensed instead.[66]

### Helvetica Textbook

[edit]

Helvetica Textbook is an alternate design of the typeface, which uses 'schoolbook' stylistic alternates to increase distinguishability: a seriffed capital 'i' and 'j' to increase distinguishability, a 'q' with a flick upwards and other differences, such as the digits '1' and '4' similar to how handwritten digits are. The letters 'a', 't', 'u', and the digits '6' and '9' are replaced with designs similar to those in geometric sans-serifs such as those found in Futura, Akzidenz-Grotesk Schulbuch, and Avant Garde (except for 'u').[67] FontShop's FF Schulbuch is similar.[68][69]

### Language variants

[edit]

Helvetica Greek has gone through several versions. Letraset designed a semi-official version for their dry transfer lettering system, available by 1970, which sold well but was considered unidiomatic by Linotype.[70] Linotype published a 1971 version designed by Matthew Carter which was available for phototypesetting and so for general purpose printing such as extended text.[70][71][61][72][73][74] Carter felt in 1974 that the Letraset version was "a poor thing" and Linotype's version was "the real one" but that Letraset's was well-enough accepted in Greece that he felt it had "caused resistance to our version".[70] Linotype published a new version in 2001 designed by John Hudson at Tiro Typeworks.[70][71]

The Cyrillic version was designed in-house in the 1970s at D Stempel AG, then critiqued and redesigned in 1992 under the advice of Jovica Veljović, although a pirated version had already been created in 1963 by Russian designers Maxim Zhukov and Yuri Kurbatov.[75][76][77]

### Helvetica World

[edit]

Helvetica World supports Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, and Vietnamese scripts.[78]

The family consists of four fonts in two weights and one width, with complementary italics.

The Arabic glyphs were based on a redesigned Yakout font family from Linotype. Latin kerning and spacing were redesigned to have consistent spacing.[79] John Hudson of Tiro Typeworks designed the Hebrew glyphs for the font family,[80] as well as the Cyrillic, and Greek letters.[81]

## Neue Helvetica (1983)

[edit]

Varying Neue Helvetica typeface weights

Neue Helvetica (German pronunciation: [ˈnɔʏə] ⓘ), sometimes Helvetica Neue in some digital files,[82] is a reworking of the typeface with a more structurally unified set of heights and widths. Other changes include improved legibility, heavier punctuation marks, and increased spacing in the numbers.

Neue Helvetica uses a numerical design classification scheme, like Univers. The font family is made up of 51 fonts including nine weights in three widths (8 in normal width, 9 in condensed, and 8 in extended width variants) as well as an outline font based on Helvetica 75 Bold Outline (no Textbook or rounded fonts are available). Linotype distributes Neue Helvetica on CD.[83] Neue Helvetica also comes in variants for Central European and Cyrillic text.

It was developed at D. Stempel AG, a Linotype subsidiary. The studio manager was Wolfgang Schimpf, and his assistant was Reinhard Haus; the manager of the project was René Kerfante. Erik Spiekermann was the design consultant and designed the literature for the launch in 1983.[84][85] Figures were widened and some condensed weights changed from having nearly flat-sided verticals to a more continuous curve throughout the entire height.[86]

Designer Christian Schwartz, who would later release his own digitisation of the original Helvetica designs (see below), expressed disappointment with this and other digital releases of Helvetica: "digital Helvetica has always been one-size-fits-all, which leads to unfortunate compromises...the spacing has ended up much looser than Miedinger's wonderfully tight original at display sizes but much too tight for comfortable reading at text sizes."[87]

iOS used first Helvetica then Neue Helvetica[88] as its system font. All releases of macOS prior to OS X Yosemite (10.10) used Lucida Grande as the system font. The version of Neue Helvetica used as the system font in OS X 10.10 is specially optimised; Apple's intention is to provide a consistent experience for people who use both iOS and OS X.[89][82] Apple replaced Neue Helvetica with the similarly looking San Francisco in iOS 9 and OS X El Capitan (10.11),[90] meaning OS X 10.10 was the only macOS version to use Neue Helvetica as the system font.

### Neue Helvetica W1G (2009)

[edit]

It is a version with Latin Extended, Greek, Cyrillic scripts support. Only OpenType CFF font format was released.

The family includes the fonts from the older Neue Helvetica counterparts, except Neue Helvetica 75 Bold Outline. Additional OpenType features include subscript/superscript.

### Neue Helvetica Arabic (2009)

[edit]

Helvetica Arabic

Designed by Lebanese designer Nadine Chahine,[91] it is a version with Arabic script support. Only OpenType TTF font format was released.[92]

The family includes three fonts in three weights and one width, without italics (45, 55, 65).

### Neue Helvetica eText (2011)

[edit]

It is a version of Neue Helvetica optimised for on-screen use, designed by Akira Kobayashi of Monotype Imaging. Changes from Neue Helvetica include more open spacing.[93] Unlike Helvetica, the capitals are reduced in size so the lower-case ascenders rise above them, a common feature associated with text typefaces.[86][94]

The family includes eight fonts in four weights and one width, with complementary italics (45, 46, 55, 56, 65, 66, 75, 76). OpenType features include numerators/denominators, fractions, ligatures, scientific inferiors, subscript/superscript.[95]

### (Neue) Helvetica Thai (2012)

[edit]

Thai font designer Anuthin Wongsunkakon of Cadson Demak Co. created Thai versions of Helvetica and Neue Helvetica fonts.[96][97] The design uses loopless terminals in Thai glyphs,[98][99] which had also been used by Wongsunkakon's previous design, Manop Mai (New Manop).[100]

### Neue Helvetica Georgian (2015)

[edit]

It is a version with Georgian script support. Designed by Akaki Razmadze at Monotype Bad Homburg.[101]

Only OpenType CFF and TTF font formats were released.

The family includes eight fonts in eight weights and one width, without italics (25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95).

### Neue Helvetica Armenian (2016)

[edit]

Designed by Edik Ghabuzyan, it is a version of Neue Helvetica supporting Armenian language.[102]

The family includes 16 fonts in 8 weights (ultra light, thin, light, regular, medium, bold, heavy, black) with complementary italics.

### Neue Helvetica World (2017)

[edit]

Designed by Nadine Chahine, Linotype Design Studio, Monotype Design Studio and Edik Ghabuzyan, it is a version of Neue Helvetica with support of Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Thai, Armenian, Georgian and Vietnamese scripts for total 181 languages, and complete support of Unicode block u+0400.[103][104][105][106] Published in November 2017 by Linotype, it was released in Truetype and OpenType CFF formats.

The family includes 6 fonts in 3 weights (45 Light, 55 Roman, 75 Bold), with complimentary italic. Roman fonts include 1,708 glyphs and 1,285 glyphs for italics.

For working with other languages, the publisher also recommended following complementary fonts:

* Devanagari: Saral Devanagari
* Japanese: Tazugane Gothic, Yu Gothic
* Korean: YD Gothic 100, YD Gothic 700
* Simplified Chinese: M Ying Hei PRC, M Hei PRC
* Traditional Chinese: M Ying Hei HK, M Hei HK

## Neue Haas Grotesk (2010)

[edit]

Neue Haas Grotesk Text, optically optimized for body text

Christian Schwartz's digitisation is based on original settings of the metal type and uses the typeface's original name.[107][108][109][110] It was released by Linotype (later Monotype Imaging), Commercial Type, and Font Bureau with an article on the history of Helvetica by Professor Indra Kupferschmid.[10]

Unlike earlier digitisations, Schwartz created two different optical sizes (labelled Text and Display), which have different spacing metrics giving tighter spacing at display size and looser spacing to increase legibility in body text. The release includes a number of features not present on digitisations branded as Helvetica, stylistic alternates such as separate punctuation sets for upper- and lower-case text, "modernist" cedilla designs styled to match the comma and reduced-height numbers to blend into extended text.[111][b] Both optical sizes provide stylistic alternates for a straight-legged upper case "R", while the Display variant additionally provides stylistic alternates for a lower case "a" without tail.[112][113] It originated from an abandoned redesign plan for The Guardian newspaper. Writing for Typographica, Matthew Butterick described the release as better than any previous digital release of Helvetica "it's never looked better".[114] Users include Bloomberg Businessweek, the Whitney Museum, and for the album Midnights, Taylor Swift.[115][116][117] Schwartz's company Commercial Type have additionally developed a companion monospaced version, agate version for small sizes and stencil font.[118] The release does not include condensed weights or support for Greek and Cyrillic.

### Variable Font Version

[edit]

The Text optical size of Neue Haas Grotesk is available on Windows 11 via "Pan-European Supplemental Fonts" optional feature. [119] This version is a variable font and provides weights ranging from Ultra Thin to Black. [120] As of 2023, the variable font version of Neue Haas Grotesk is not yet otherwise available.

Neue Haas Grotesk Text is also available on Windows 10 via "Pan-European Supplemental Fonts", [121] but this release includes static fonts instead of variable fonts.

## Helvetica Now (2019)

[edit]

Helvetica Now

Category| Sans-serif
Classification| Neo-grotesque sans-serif
Designer(s)| Jan Hendrik Weber and Charles Nix
Foundry| Monotype
Date released| 2019
Design based on| Neue Helvetica

In April 2019, Monotype announced an update of Neue Helvetica called "Helvetica Now", designed by Jan Hendrik Weber and Charles Nix of Monotype Imaging.[122][123][124] The family has one width in three optical sizes, Text, Micro and Display in 8, 6, and 10 weights respectively.[125] The condensed version corresponding to these optical sizes and weights was published later in 2021, along with Helvetica Now Variable.[126]

A key difference between the three optical sizes is the terminal design: Display retains the horizontal terminals in previous digital releases of Helvetica; Micro features diagonal terminals for many characters (e.g., lowercase "e" and "c"); while the design of Text is somewhere in between Display and Micro.[127] [128]

Features include circled figures and redesigned arrow and @ glyphs.[129] It also includes a number of alternate characters including curled lower-case "L", spurless rounded "G", a straight-legged "R" (found in Neue Haas Grotesk), single-story "a" (found in Helvetica Textbook) and lowercase "u" without a spur.[130][131]

### Helvetica Now Variable (2021)

[edit]

Helvetica Now was also released as a variable font, which has two styles (Regular and Italic) and three adjustable axes (weight, width, and optical size). Supported weight ranges include hairline to extra black, optical sizes include four point to infinity, widths include compressed and condensed.[132][133][134]

## Helvetica clones

[edit]

Comparison of Helvetica, Arial and Microsoft Sans Serif. Bitstream Vera, a humanist design not based on Helvetica, is shown for comparison.

Derivative designs based on Helvetica were rapidly developed, taking advantage of the lack of copyright protection in the phototypesetting font market of the 1960s onward.[21][135] Some of these were straight clones, simply intended to be direct substitutes.[136] Many of these are almost indistinguishable from Helvetica, while some add subtle differences.

Substitute Helvetica designs that have survived into or originated during the digital period have included Monotype's Arial, Compugraphic's CG Triumvirate, ParaType's Pragmatica, Bitstream's Swiss 721, URW++'s Nimbus Sans and Scangraphic's Europa Grotesk.[21][137] Berthold itself responded to Helvetica's popularity with Akzidenz-Grotesk Buch, effectively a Helvetica clone.[138][139][140][141] Besides Helvetica imitations, Helvetica was available in custom derivatives with unusual special-order characters for many years, notably a straight-legged 'R' and round-topped 'A'.[10] CNN uses a custom derivative, "CNN Sans", which has a '1' with a base and larger x-height.[142][143][144]

### Nimbus Sans

[edit]

URW (later URW++) under the leadership of Peter Karow produced a modification of Helvetica called Nimbus Sans.[138] This is an extremely large font family with optical sizes spaced for different sizes of text and other variants such as stencil styles.[145] Florian Hardwig has described its display-oriented styles, with tight spacing, as more reminiscent of Helvetica as used in the 1970s from cold type than any official Helvetica digitisation.[146][147]

### Arial and MS Sans Serif

[edit]

Monotype's Arial, created for IBM and also used by Microsoft, is indistinguishable by most non-specialists.[148] Matthew Carter, who was a consultant for IBM during its design process, describes it as "a Helvetica clone, based ostensibly on their Grots 215 and 216" (Monotype's old 1920s sans-serif family, popular in British trade printing in the metal type period, and itself based on the Bauer Venus-Grotesk family).[23] Differences include:

* Helvetica's strokes are typically cut either horizontally or vertically. This is especially visible in the t, r, f, and C. Arial employs slanted stroke cuts, following Monotype Grotesque.
* Helvetica's G has a spur at bottom right; Arial does not, but instead has a vertical stroke connecting the curved portion to the crossbar.
* The tail of Helvetica's R is more upright whereas Arial's R is more diagonal.
* The number 1 of Helvetica has a square angle underneath the upper spur, Arial has a curve.
* The Q glyph in Helvetica has a straight cross mark, while the cross mark in Arial has a slight curve.

The design was created to substitute for Helvetica: Arial (and many other clones of the period) are metrically identical to the PostScript version of Helvetica, so that a document designed in Helvetica could be displayed and printed correctly without IBM having to pay Linotype for a Helvetica license on its printers.[23][149][150]

Microsoft's "Helv" design, later known as "MS Sans Serif", is a sans-serif typeface that shares many key characteristics to Helvetica, including the horizontally and vertically aligned stroke terminators and more-uniform stroke widths within a glyph.[151]

### Free Helvetica substitute fonts

[edit]

TeX Gyre Heros – an enhanced version of Nimbus Sans under the GUST Font License

* Nimbus Sans L, a version of URW's Nimbus Sans spaced to match the standard Linotype/PostScript version of Helvetica, was released under the GNU General Public License in 1996, and donated to the Ghostscript project to create a free PostScript alternative.[152][153] It (or a derivative) is used by much open-source software such as R as a system font.[154][155]
* TeX Gyre Heros[156] – a derivative of Nimbus Sans L with enhanced letter forms and metrics – has been prepared for use in the TeX scientific document preparation software, and since 2009 general under the GUST font license.[157][158]
* FreeSans is a free font descending from URW++ Nimbus Sans L, which in turn descends from Helvetica.[159] It is one of free (GPL) fonts developed in GNU FreeFont project, first published in 2002.

Other such typefaces take creative liberties from Helvetica and its basic letter shapes.

* Liberation Sans is a metrically equivalent font to Arial developed by Steve Matteson at Ascender and published by Red Hat under the SIL Open Font License.[160][161] It is used in some Linux distributions as default font replacement for Arial.[162] Oracle funded the additional development of Liberation Sans Narrow in 2010.[163][164] Google commissioned a variation named Arimo for ChromeOS.
* Roboto was developed by Christian Robertson of Google as the system font for its Android operating system; this has a more condensed design with the influence of straight-sided geometric designs like DIN 1451.
* Inter (originally Inter UI) is a fork of Roboto that resembles Apple's San Francisco typeface.[165]
* Mona Sans, a GitHub variable font released under SIL Open Font License, stands out from the above examples with its 'single-storey' lowercase a.[166]

## Derivative designs

[edit]

Some fonts based on Helvetica are intended for different purposes and have clearly different designs. Digital-period font designer Ray Larabie has commented that in the 1970s "everyone was modifying Helvetica with funky curls, mixed-case and effects".[167] Indeed, in one 1973 competition to design new fonts, three of the 20 winners were decorative designs inspired by Helvetica.[168]

### Zhukov and Kurbatov version

[edit]

In 1963, two students at the Moscow Print Institute designed their own version of Helvetica, one of whom, Maxim Zhukov, would become one of the Soviet Union's most prominent typographers. Zhukov and his partner Yuri Kurbatov used upright cursive forms for several of the lowercase letters, which allowed for several of the Helvetica forms to be transferred more directly into Cyrillic.

Their version received widespread use in phototypesetting, especially among other students at the Moscow Print Institute, despite never being commercially released. Zhukov and Kurbatov attempted to publish the typeface in 1964 but were rejected due to the font's being too closely associated with capitalism; this was one of the major factors as to why an official Cyrillic Helvetica, Pragmatica, would not be released in the Soviet bloc until perestroika in 1989.[77][169][c]

### Forma (1968)

[edit]

Forma compared to Neue Helvetica

Created by Aldo Novarese at the Italian type foundry Nebiolo, Forma was a geometric-influenced derivative of Helvetica with a 'single-storey' 'a' and extremely tight spacing in the style of the period.[170][171][172] It was offered with 'request' stylistic alternates imitating Helvetica more closely.[170][173] Forma has been digitised by SoftMaker as "Formula" and (in a much more complete version with optical sizes) as Forma DJR by David Jonathan Ross at Font Bureau for Tatler magazine.[174]

### Manoptica

[edit]

A partial dry transfer sheet of Manoptica. The adaptation of Latin glyphs A, a, U, u, R, W, B, n and S to Thai are visible.

Manoptica (1973) was an early effort to adapt Helvetica to the Thai script. It is named after and designed by Manop Srisomporn, who designed several typefaces for Thai using the same innovations he used for Manoptica (such as an adaptation of Eurostile). It was highly influential in Thai typography in that it popularized the removal of the small loops and other flourishes that had theretofore been distinguishing marks on Thai characters and adopted letter forms that bore strong resemblance to Latin letters. It became a widely popular style in advertising and influenced other simplified typefaces for Thai in the following decades.[175] The adoption of loopless typefaces remains a source of controversy in Thai typography.[176]

### Helvetica Flair and others

[edit]

A Helvetica Flair specimen sheet

Designed by Phil Martin at Alphabet Innovations, Helvetica Flair is an unauthorised phototype-period redesign of Helvetica adding swashes and unicase-inspired capitals with a lower-case design. Considered a hallmark of 1970s design, it has never been issued digitally. It is considered to be a highly conflicted design, as Helvetica is seen as a spare and rational typeface and swashes are ostentatious: font designer Mark Simonson described it as "almost sacrilegious". Martin would later claim to have been accused of "typographic incest" by one German writer for creating it.

Helvetica Flair was one of several derivative fonts created by Martin in the 1970s (and a particularly legally questionable one, since it was directly named 'Helvetica').[177][178] Martin also drew 'Heldustry', a fusion of Helvetica with Eurostile,[179] and 'Helserif', a redesign of Helvetica with serifs,[180] and these have both been digitised.[136][181][182]

### Shatter LET (1973)

[edit]

Shatter

Designed by Vic Carless, Shatter assembles together slices of Helvetica to make a typeface that seems to be in motion, or broken and in pieces.[183] It was published by Letraset after jointly winning their 1973 competition to design new fonts.[168]

Writing in 2014, Tim Spencer praised the design for its ominous effect, writing that it offered "glitch-like mechanical aggression [and] cold, machine-induced paranoia. It attacked the Establishment's preferred information typography style with a sharp edge and recomposed it in a jarring manner that still makes your eyes skitter and your brain tick trying to recompose it. Shatter literally sliced up Swiss modernist authority."[184]

### Unica

[edit]

Unica by Team '77 (André Gürtler, Christian Mengelt and Erich Gschwind) is as a hybrid of Helvetica, Univers and Akzidenz-Grotesk. It was developed in the 1970s for electronic on-screen phototypesetting and released in 1980. As phototypesetting was soon replaced by desktop publishing and because of a legal dispute, the typeface rapidly disappeared from the market. In mid 2010s, two digital versions were released: the Swiss foundry Lineto released LL Unica77 with input from Christian Mengelt,[185][186] while Linotype released Neue Haas Unica.[187]

### Chalet

[edit]

House Industries' Chalet family is a series of fonts based on Helvetica, inspired by its many derivatives and adaptations in post-war design, and organised by "date" to '1960' (conventional), '1970' and '1980' (both more radically altered and "science fiction" in feel).[188] House Industries, who are known for outlandish font marketing methods, promoted Chalet through presenting it as inspired by the branding and career progression of a fictitious Swiss haute couture designer, "René Chalet" (Chalet being French for a small wooden house, so a play on the design company's name).[189][190][191]

### Coolvetica

[edit]

Top: Coolvetica, based on Helvetica modifications such as Helvetica Flair. Note curved designs of 't' and 'y' as well as the narrow letter spacing commonly seen in pre-digital Helvetica. Bottom: Helvetica Bold.

In the digital period, Canadian type designer Ray Larabie has released several digital fonts based upon Helvetica. The most widely known and distributed of these is Coolvetica, which Larabie introduced in 1999; Larabie stated he was inspired by Helvetica Flair, Chalet, and similar variants in creating some of Coolvetica's distinguishing glyphs (most strikingly a swash on capital 'G', lowercase 'y' based on the letterforms of 'g' and 'u,' and a fully curled lowercase 't'), and chose to set a tight default spacing optimised for use in display type.[192] Larabie's company Typodermic offers Coolvetica in a wide variety of weights as a commercial release, with the semi-bold as freeware taster. As of 2017, the semi-bold remains Larabie's most popular font.[193][194][195] Larabie has also taken inspiration from Helvetica in some of his other designs, including Movatif and GGX88.[196][197]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ "Antique" is a term used in French for sans-serifs (for instance Antique Olive), although in English it traditionally historically referred to slab-serifs.[13]
2. ^ This feature was also included in Robert Slimbach's neogrotesque Acumin (2014) for Adobe.[94]
3. ^ The lowercase forms of Sowjietische Haas Grotesk were digitized as "Soyuz Grotesk" by Roman Goritsky and released into the public domain by The Temporary State. Goritsky added a Latin script, which he reconstructed in the same way Sowjietische Haas Grotesk had been constructed from Helvetica but in reverse, by using the Cyrillic forms and adapting them to Latin.[76][77]

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[edit]

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Typography

Page|

* Canons of page construction
* Column
* Even working
* Margin
* Page numbering
* Paper size
* Pagination
* Pull quote
* Recto and verso
* Intentionally blank page

Paragraph|

* Alignment
* Leading
* Line length
* River
* Runaround
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* runt

Character|

| Typeface anatomy|

* Counter
* Diacritics
* Dingbat
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Capitalization|

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Visual distinction|

* Blackboard bold
* Bold
* Color printing
* Italics
* Oblique
* Underline
* Whitespace

Horizontal aspects|

* Figure space
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* Letter-spacing
* Pitch
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* Thin space
* Word spacing

Vertical aspects|

* Ascender
* Baseline
* Body height
* Cap height
* Descender
* Mean line
* Overshoot
* x-height

Typeface
classifications|

| Roman type|

* Serif
* Antiqua
* Didone
* slab serif
* Sans-serif

|

Blackletter type|

* Fraktur
* Rotunda
* Schwabacher

Gaelic type|

* Insular
* Uncial

Specialist|

* Record type
* Display typeface
* script
* fat face
* reverse-contrast

Punctuation (List)|

* Bullet
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* Hanging punctuation
* Hyphen
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Typesetting|

* Etaoin shrdlu
* Font
* computer
* monospaced
* Font catalog
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* Reversing type
* Sort
* Type color
* Type design
* Typeface
* list

Typographic units|

* Agate
* Cicero
* Em
* En
* Metric units
* Pica
* Point
* traditional point-size names
* Twip

Digital typography|

* Character encoding
* Hinting
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* Typographic features
* Web typography
* Bézier curves
* Desktop publishing

Typography in other
writing systems|

* Arabic
* Cyrillic
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Related articles|

* Penmanship
* Handwriting
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* Calligraphy
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* Punctuation and other typographic symbols

* Category

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macOS typefaces

Latin, Greek, Cyrillic|

| Serif|

* Academy Engraved
* American Typewriter
* Athelas
* Baskerville MT
* Big Caslon
* Bodoni 72
* Canela
* Cochin
* Charter
* Didot
* Domaine
* Georgia
* Hoefler Text
* Iowan Old Style
* Marion
* New York
* Produkt
* Publico
* STIX Fonts
* Superclarendon
* Palatino
* PT Serif
* Rockwell
* Times, Times New Roman

|

Sans-serif|

* Adelle Sans
* Arial, Arial Rounded, Arial Unicode MS
* Avenir, Avenir Next
* DIN
* Druk
* Euphemia UCAS
* Founders Grotesk
* Futura
* Geneva
* Gill Sans
* Graphik
* Helvetica, Helvetica Neue
* Impact
* Lucida Grande
* Microsoft Sans Serif
* Myriad Arabic
* Noto Sans
* October
* PT Sans
* Optima
* Phosphate
* Proxima Nova
* San Francisco
* Seravek
* Skia
* Tahoma
* Trebuchet MS
* Verdana

Monospaced|

* Andalé Mono
* Apple Braille
* Courier, Courier New
* Menlo
* Monaco
* PT Mono
* SF Mono
* Spot Mono

Script / Display|

* Apple Chancery
* Bradley Hand Bold
* Brush Script MT
* Chalkboard
* Chalkduster
* Comic Sans
* Copperplate
* Herculanum
* Luminari
* Marker Felt
* Noteworthy
* Pilgiche
* Papyrus
* Quotes
* Sauber Script
* Savoye LET
* SignPainter
* Snell Roundhand
* Trattatello
* Zapfino

Non-alphabetic|

* Apple Color Emoji
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* Symbol
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List of typefaces included with macOS

Authority control databases: National |

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