Hematology

Study of blood and blood diseases

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Medical specialty

HematologySystem| Hematopoietic system

|

Subdivisions| Transfusion medicine
Significant diseases| Anemia, leukemia, lymphoma.
Significant tests| Blood film, bone marrow biopsy
Specialist| Hematologist
HaematologistOccupation

Names|

* Physician

Occupation type

| Specialty

Activity sectors

| Medicine
Description

Education required

* Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)
* Doctor of Osteopathic medicine (D.O.)
* Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S.)
* Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)

Fields of
employment

| Hospitals, Clinics

Hematology (spelled haematology in British English) is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.[1][2] It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, blood vessels, spleen, and the mechanism of coagulation. Such diseases might include hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, blood clots (thrombus), other bleeding disorders, and blood cancers such as leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma.[3] The laboratory analysis of blood is frequently performed by a medical technologist or medical laboratory scientist.

## Specialization

[edit]

Physicians specialized in hematology are known as hematologists or haematologists.[2] Their routine work mainly includes the care and treatment of patients with hematological diseases, although some may also work at the hematology laboratory viewing blood films and bone marrow slides under the microscope, interpreting various hematological test results and blood clotting test results. In some institutions, hematologists also manage the hematology laboratory.[3] Physicians who work in hematology laboratories, and most commonly manage them, are pathologists specialized in the diagnosis of hematological diseases, referred to as hematopathologists or haematopathologists. Hematologists and hematopathologists generally work in conjunction to formulate a diagnosis and deliver the most appropriate therapy if needed. Hematology is a distinct subspecialty of internal medicine, separate from but overlapping with the subspecialty of medical oncology. Hematologists may specialize further or have special interests, for example, in:

* treating bleeding disorders such as hemophilia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,[2] with the latter of these two conditions being continuously studied by hematologists due to its unknown cause.[4]
* treating hematological malignancies such as lymphoma and leukemia (cancers)
* treating hemoglobinopathies, including α-thalassemias and β-thalassemias (thalassemia syndromes) and hemoglobin S, hemoglobin C, and hemoglobin E (abnormal hemoglobins).[5]
* the science of blood transfusion and the work of a blood bank, known as transfusion medicine
* bone marrow and stem cell transplantation, especially with the use of technologies to extract and isolate hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs).[6]

## Training

[edit]

Starting hematologists (in the US) complete a four-year medical degree followed by three or four more years in residency or internship programs. After completion, they further expand their knowledge by spending two or three more years learning how to experiment, diagnose, and treat blood disorders.[7] Some exposure to hematopathology is typically included in their fellowship training. Job openings for hematologists require training in a recognized fellowship program to learn to diagnose and treat numerous blood-related benign conditions and blood cancers. Hematologists typically work across specialties to care for patients with complex illnesses, such as sickle cell disease, who require complex, multidisciplinary care, and to provide consultation on cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombosis and other conditions that can occur in hospitalized patients.[8]

## See also

[edit]

* Hematopathology

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Hematology". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
2. ^ a b c "What is Hematology?". News-Medical.net. 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
3. ^ a b "Hematology". American Medical Association. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
4. ^ Kayal L, Jayachandran S, Singh K (July 2014). "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura". Contemporary Clinical Dentistry. 5 (3): 410–414\. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.137976. PMC 4147825. PMID 25191085.
5. ^ Kohne E (August 2011). "Hemoglobinopathies: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 108 (31–32): 532–540\. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0532. PMC 3163784. PMID 21886666.31–32&rft.pages=532-540&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163784#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/21886666&rft_id=info:doi/10.3238/arztebl.2011.0532&rft.aulast=Kohne&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163784&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hematology" class="Z3988">
6. ^ "Advances in Transfusion Medicine - Hematology.org". www.hematology.org. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
7. ^ "Resources for Medical Students and Residents". Hematology.org. American Society of Hematology. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
8. ^ May JE, Irelan PC, Boedeker K, Cahill E, Fein S, Garcia DA, et al. (September 2020). "Systems-based hematology: highlighting successes and next steps". Blood Advances. 4 (18): 4574–4583\. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002947. PMC 7509880. PMID 32960959.

* v
* t
* e

Blood transfusion and transfusion medicine

Blood products|

* Whole blood
* Platelets
* Platelet transfusion
* Red blood cells
* Plasma
* Fresh frozen plasma
* PF24
* Cryoprecipitate
* Cryosupernatant
* White blood cells
* Granulocyte transfusion
* Blood substitutes

General concepts|

* Blood bank
* Blood donation
* Blood management
* International Society of Blood Transfusion
* ISBT 128

Methods|

* Apheresis (plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis, leukapheresis)
* Exchange transfusion
* Intraoperative blood salvage

Tests|

* Blood compatibility testing
* Cross-matching
* Coombs test
* Kleihauer–Betke test
* Antibody elution
* Monocyte monolayer assay

Transfusion reactions
and adverse effects|

* Transfusion hemosiderosis
* Transfusion related acute lung injury
* Transfusion associated circulatory overload
* Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
* Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
* Hemolytic reaction
* acute
* delayed
* Serum sickness
* Transfusion transmitted infection

Blood group systems|

* Blood types
* ABO
* Secretor status
* Augustine
* CD59
* Chido-Rodgers
* Colton
* Cromer
* Diego
* Dombrock
* Duffy
* Er
* FORS
* Gerbich
* GIL
* GLOB
* Hh
* Ii
* Indian
* JR
* JMH
* KANNO
* Kell (Xk)
* Kidd
* Knops
* Lan
* Lewis
* Lutheran
* LW
* MNS
* OK
* P1PK
* Raph
* Rh and RHAG
* Scianna
* Sid
* T-Tn
* Vel
* Xg
* Yt
* Other

* v
* t
* e

Blood film findings

Red blood cells|

| Size|

* Anisocytosis
* Macrocytosis
* Microcytosis

|

Shape|

* Poikilocytosis
* Membrane abnormalities
* Acanthocyte
* Codocyte
* Elliptocyte
* Hereditary elliptocytosis
* Spherocyte
* Hereditary spherocytosis
* Dacrocyte
* Echinocyte
* Schistocyte
* Degmacyte
* Sickle cell/drepanocyte
* Sickle cell disease
* Stomatocyte
* Hereditary stomatocytosis

Colour|

* Anisochromia
* Hypochromic anemia
* Polychromasia

Inclusion bodies|

* Developmental
* Howell–Jolly body
* Basophilic stippling
* Pappenheimer bodies
* Cabot rings
* Hemoglobin precipitation
* Heinz body

Other|

* Haemoconia
* Red cell agglutination
* Rouleaux

White blood cells|

| Lymphocytes|

* Reactive lymphocyte
* Smudge cell
* Russell bodies

|

Granulocytes|

* Hypersegmented neutrophil
* Arneth count
* Pelger–Huët anomaly
* Döhle bodies
* Toxic granulation
* Toxic vacuolation
* Critical green inclusion
* Alder–Reilly anomaly
* Jordans' anomaly
* Left shift

Other|

* Auer rod

* v
* t
* e

Hematology blood tests

Complete blood count|

* Hemoglobin
* Hematocrit
* Red blood cell count
* Red blood cell indices
* Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
* Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
* Mean corpuscular volume
* Red blood cell distribution width
* White blood cell count
* White blood cell differential
* Absolute neutrophil count
* Platelet count
* Mean platelet volume
* Reticulocyte count
* Reticulocyte index

Other tests of red blood cells|

* Blood volume
* Total blood volume (TBV)
* Plasma volume (PV)
* Red cell volume (RCV)
* Fetal hemoglobin
* Apt–Downey test
* Kleihauer–Betke test
* Hemoglobinopathy testing
* Hemoglobin electrophoresis
* Sickle solubility test
* Mentzer index
* Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
* Haptoglobin
* Monocyte distribution width (MDW)
* Osmotic fragility

Coagulation|

* Clotting factors
* Prothrombin time
* Partial thromboplastin time
* Thrombin time
* Activated clotting time
* Fibrinogen
* Bleeding time
* animal enzyme
* Reptilase time
* Ecarin clotting time
* Dilute Russell's viper venom time
* Thrombin generation assay
* Calibrated automated thrombogram
* ST Genesia-based test
* Thromboelastography
* Thrombodynamics test
* Overall hemostatic potential
* Coagulation activation markers
* Prothrombin fragments 1+2
* Thrombin–antithrombin complex
* Fibrinopeptide A
* Fibrin monomers
* Activated protein C–protein C inhibitor
* Fibrinolysis
* Euglobulin lysis time
* D-Dimer
* Plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex
* Von Willebrand factor
* Ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation
* Activated protein C resistance test
* aPTT-based activated protein C resistance test
* ETP-based activated protein C resistance test

Other|

* Blood film
* Blood viscosity
* Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride test
* Flow cytometry
* Immunophenotyping

* v
* t
* e

Diseases of red blood cells

| Polycythemia|

* Polycythemia vera

|

| Anemia|

| Nutritional|

* Micro-: Iron-deficiency anemia
* Plummer–Vinson syndrome

* Macro-: Megaloblastic anemia
* Pernicious anemia

|

Hemolytic
(mostly normo-)|

| Hereditary|

* enzymopathy: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
* glycolysis
* pyruvate kinase deficiency
* triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
* hexokinase deficiency

* hemoglobinopathy: Thalassemia
* alpha
* beta
* delta
* Sickle cell disease/trait
* Hemoglobin C disease
* membrane: Hereditary spherocytosis
* Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome
* Hereditary elliptocytosis
* Southeast Asian ovalocytosis
* Hereditary stomatocytosis

|

Acquired|

| AIHA|

* Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
* Cold agglutinin disease
* Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia
* Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
* Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia

|

* membrane
* paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

* Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
* Thrombotic microangiopathy
* Hemolytic–uremic syndrome

* Drug-induced autoimmune
* Drug-induced nonautoimmune

* Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Aplastic
(mostly normo-)|

* Hereditary: Fanconi anemia
* Diamond–Blackfan anemia

* Acquired: Pure red cell aplasia
* Sideroblastic anemia
* Myelophthisic

Blood tests|

* Mean corpuscular volume
* normocytic
* microcytic
* macrocytic
* Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
* normochromic
* hypochromic

Other|

* Methemoglobinemia
* Sulfhemoglobinemia
* Reticulocytopenia
* Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin

* v
* t
* e

Disorders of bleeding and clotting

* Coagulation
* coagulopathy
* Bleeding diathesis

Clotting|

| By cause|

* Clotting factors
* Antithrombin III deficiency
* Protein C deficiency
* Activated protein C resistance
* Protein S deficiency
* Factor V Leiden
* Prothrombin G20210A
* Platelets
* Sticky platelet syndrome
* Thrombocytosis
* Essential thrombocythaemia
* DIC
* Purpura fulminans
* Antiphospholipid syndrome

|

Clots|

* Thrombophilia
* Thrombus
* Thrombosis
* Virchow's triad
* Trousseau sign of malignancy

By site|

* Deep vein thrombosis
* Bancroft's sign
* Homans sign
* Lisker's sign
* Louvel's sign
* Lowenberg's sign
* Peabody's sign
* Pratt's sign
* Rose's sign
* Pulmonary embolism
* Renal vein thrombosis

Bleeding|

| By cause|

| Thrombocytopenia|

* Thrombocytopenic purpura: ITP
* Evans syndrome
* TM
* TTP
* Upshaw–Schulman syndrome

* Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
* May–Hegglin anomaly
* Monoclonal gammopathy of thrombotic significance (MGTS)

|

Platelet function|

* adhesion
* Bernard–Soulier syndrome
* aggregation
* Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
* platelet storage pool deficiency
* Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
* Gray platelet syndrome

Clotting factor|

* Haemophilia
* A/VIII
* B/IX
* C/XI
* von Willebrand disease
* Hypoprothrombinemia/II
* Factor VII deficiency
* Factor X deficiency
* Factor XII deficiency
* Factor XIII deficiency
* Dysfibrinogenemia
* Congenital afibrinogenemia

Signs and symptoms|

* Bleeding
* Bruise
* Haematoma
* Petechia
* Purpura
* Nonthrombocytopenic purpura

By site|

* head
* Epistaxis
* Haemoptysis
* Intracranial haemorrhage
* Hyphaema
* Subconjunctival bleeding
* torso
* Haemothorax
* Haemopericardium
* Pulmonary haematoma
* abdomen
* Gastrointestinal bleeding
* Haemobilia
* Haemoperitoneum
* Haematocele
* Haematosalpinx
* joint
* Haemarthrosis

* v
* t
* e

Myeloid-related haematological malignancy

CFU-GM/
and other granulocytes|

| CFU-GM|

| Myelocyte|

| AML|

* Acute myeloblastic leukemia
* M0
* M1
* M2
* APL/M3

|

MP|

* Chronic neutrophilic leukemia

Monocyte|

| AML|

* AMoL/M5
* Myeloid dendritic cell leukemia

|

CML|

* Philadelphia chromosome
* Accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia

Myelomonocyte|

| AML|

* M4

|

MD-MP|

* Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
* Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Other|

* Histiocytosis

CFU-Baso|

| AML|

* Acute basophilic

|

CFU-Eos|

| AML|

* Acute eosinophilic

|

MP|

* Chronic eosinophilic leukemia/Hypereosinophilic syndrome

MEP|

| CFU-Meg|

| MP|

* Essential thrombocythaemia

* Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

|

CFU-E|

| AML|

* Erythroleukemia/M6

|

MP|

* Polycythaemia vera

MD|

* Refractory anemia
* Refractory anemia with excess of blasts
* Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
* Sideroblastic anemia
* Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
* Refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia

CFU-Mast|

| Mastocytoma|

* Mast cell leukemia
* Mast cell sarcoma
* Systemic mastocytosis

|

Mastocytosis|

* Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis
* Erythrodermic mastocytosis
* Adult type of generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis
* Urticaria pigmentosa
* Mast cell sarcoma
* Solitary mastocytoma

Systemic mastocytosis|

* Xanthelasmoidal mastocytosis

Multiple/unknown|

| AML|

* Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis
* Myeloid sarcoma

|

MP|

* Primary myelofibrosis
* Biphenotypic acute leukaemia

* v
* t
* e

Medicine

Specialties
and
subspecialties|

| Surgery|

* Cardiac surgery
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|

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medicine|

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Obstetrics and
gynaecology|

* Gynaecology
* Gynecologic oncology
* Maternal–fetal medicine
* Obstetrics
* Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
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Diagnostic|

* Radiology
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Medical
education|

* Medical school
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