Henry of Blois

English bishop (c. 1096–1171)

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Henry of Winchester

Bishop of Winchester

Contemporary plaque showing Henry of Blois, now in the British Museum, c. 1150

Appointed| 4 October 1129
Term ended| 8 August 1171
Predecessor| William Giffard
Successor| Richard of Ilchester
Previous post(s)| Abbot of Glastonbury
Orders
Consecration| 17 November 1129
Personal details
Born| c. 1096[1]

Blois, Loir-et-Cher, Centre, France

Died| 8 August 1171 (aged around 75)
City of Winchester, England
Buried| 8 August 1171
Winchester Cathedral
Denomination| Catholicism
Parents| Stephen Henry, Count of Blois
Adela of Normandy

Henry of Blois (c. 1096 – 8 August 1171), often known as Henry of Winchester,[2] was Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey from 1126, and Bishop of Winchester from 1129 to his death.

He was the son of Stephen II, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy, a younger brother of Stephen, King of England, and a grandson of William the Conqueror. Henry was also a major patron of the arts, funding the Winchester Bible and the font in Winchester Cathedral.[3] He founded the Hospital of St Cross and built much of Wolvesey Castle.

## Early life and education

[edit]

Henry was one of five sons of Stephen II, Count of Blois, by Adela of Normandy (daughter of William the Conqueror) and the younger brother of King Stephen.[4] His birth date is uncertain, along with his siblings but he was the 4th or youngest son and he was most likely born at Blois c.1096, before his father left on the first crusade, or possibly c.1100, soon after his father's return.[5][1] Henry's father died in 1102 while on crusade during the Second Battle of Ramla, leaving an estate with more than 350 castles and large properties in France including Chartres.[1]

Henry was educated at Cluny and adhered to the principles of Cluniac reform, which included a sense of intellectual freedom and humanism, as well as a high standard of devotion and discipline.[1]

## Abbot and bishop

[edit]

Henry of Blois depicted with a crosier and a ring

Henry was brought to England by King Henry I, to be Abbot of Glastonbury.[6] On 4 October 1129, he was given the bishopric of Winchester[7] and allowed to keep his beloved Glastonbury Abbey.[8] He was consecrated bishop on 17 November 1129.[7] He had ambitions to become Archbishop of Canterbury but refused to abandon his work and obligations to Glastonbury. Soon after his appointment to the see of Winchester, Henry came to resent his subservience to Canterbury. He therefore set about building a powerbase to persuade the king to create a third, West Country archdiocese with himself at the head.[9] This scheme was unsuccessful. However, on 1 March 1139, during the reign of his brother Stephen, Henry obtained a commission as papal legate, which gave him higher rank than Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury, making him the most powerful figure in the English Church during the troubled times of The Anarchy. Thus, when his brother was unavailable, Henry of Blois was the most powerful and wealthiest man in England.

Stephen of Blois was crowned King of England in 1135, but the relations between the two brothers were not always peaceful. After the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, Henry found it more advantageous to support Empress Matilda; but later found her arrogant and greedy. Later that year, Henry rejoined his brother's side and, with the help of Queen Matilda and an army commanded by William of Ypres, his successful defence of Winchester against the Empress was the turning point of the civil war.[10] As Abbot of Glastonbury, Henry remained in contact with Peter the Venerable at Cluny and was made aware of most of the controversies on the continent, specifically the persecution of Peter Abelard (whom Peter the Venerable defended) and the translation of the Koran from Arabic to Latin (which Peter the Venerable commissioned).

## Architecture

[edit]

Before and after his elevation to Bishop, Henry of Blois was an advisor to his brother Stephen and survived him. Henry of Blois engineered hundreds of projects, including villages and canals, abbeys and smaller churches. He was most proud of his contributions to the greatest developments at Glastonbury Abbey, long before the destructive fire of 1184. Like most great bishops of his age, Henry had a passion for architecture.[10] He built the final additions to Winchester Cathedral and Wolvesey Castle in Winchester, including a tourist tunnel under the cathedral to make it easier for pilgrims to view relics. He also designed and built additions to many palaces and large houses including the castle of Farnham, Surrey[11] and began the construction of the Hospital of St Cross at Winchester. In London he built Winchester Palace as a residence for the bishops of Winchester. In Rome, John of Salisbury reported,[12] he acquired an impressive number of ancient Roman sculptures, defending his purchases as preventing the Romans of his day from worshipping these "idols".

Henry was responsible for building six castles in 1138, namely those at Bishop's Waltham, Downton,[13] Farnham, Merdon, Taunton, and Wolvesey.[dubious – discuss] Contemporaries were surprised that a bishop would be such a prolific builder of fortification. Much of Henry's work was undone in 1155, when the new king, Henry II, ordered that his castles be thrown down.[14]

## Literature

[edit]

Henry was also enamoured of books and their distribution. He wrote or sponsored several books including On the Antiquity of the Glastonbury Church by William of Malmesbury, a close personal friend. He sponsored the Winchester Bible, the largest illustrated Bible ever produced. It is a huge folio edition standing nearly three feet in height. This Bible is still on display at Winchester, although it was never fully finished. His production of the Winchester Psalter, also known as the Blois Psalter, is preserved in the British Library and is considered a British National Treasure.

## Later years and death

[edit]

Hospital of St Cross founded in the 1130s by Bishop Henry

The expiration of Henry's legatine commission when Pope Innocent II died on 23 September 1143[4] deprived him of much of his power. His efforts to renew the commission were unsuccessful, but he made a personal visit to Rome and secured several favours for Glastonbury and the Benedictine order in general. Shortly after his brother's death and the accession of Henry II, the bishop retired to Cluny, where he had sent much treasure, for at least two years and mourned there his mentor Peter the Venerable, who died on Christmas Day, 1156.[1]

In his later years, he was among the bishops forced to agree to the Constitutions of Clarendon in January 1164, which paved the way for the Becket Controversy.[15] He was also appointed to preside over the trial of Thomas Becket and secretly supported Becket's family before and after his assassination.

A 13th-century effigy of a priest at St Mary the Virgin, Ivinghoe, possibly representing Henry of Blois.

Henry died on 8 August 1171.[7] Among his gifts to Cluny, was a pyx set with gems in the choir.[16] Henry of Blois is now buried in Winchester Cathedral in a plain stone crypt in the choir, but there is a controversy because some sources claim he was buried at Cluny. Recent research indicates he was also entombed for a time in a small church (St Mary the Virgin) at Ivinghoe, Buckinghamshire. One explanation describes his heart enshrined at Cluny while his corpse and other artifacts were moved from Ivinghoe to Winchester in the 17th century. For many years his sarcophagus was thought to be that of William II, son of William the Conqueror. In the Antiquities, William of Malmesbury who knew the bishop well, described him, saying, "Yet, in spite of his noble birth he blushes when praised."

## Citations

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e King 2004
2. ^ That name was also a nickname of Henry III of England.
3. ^ Fassler, Margot (2014). Frisch, Walter (ed.). Music in the Medieval West. Western Music in Context: A Norton History (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 107\. ISBN 978-0-393-92915-7.
4. ^ a b British History Online: Bishops of Winchester Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 2 November 2007
5. ^ The DNB selected c.1096 as preferred over c.1100.
6. ^ Carley, James P. (1988). Glastonbury Abbey. Guild Publishing. pp. 18–21\. ISBN 0-85115-460-3.
7. ^ a b c Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 276
8. ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 297.
9. ^ McIlwain, John (1999), The Hospital of St Cross, page 4, Pitkin Unichrome Ltd, Andover. ISBN 0-85372-642-6
10. ^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 298.
11. ^ History of Farnham Castle accessed on 2 November 2007
12. ^ J. Saresburiensis, Historia Pontificalis quae supersunt, R.L. Poole, ed. (Oxford) 1927:81f, noted in Roberto Weiss, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (Oxford: Blackwell) 1973:9.
13. ^ Baggs, A.P.; Crittall, Elizabeth; Freeman, Jane; Stevenson, Janet H (1987). Crowley, D.A. (ed.). "Victoria County History – Wiltshire – Vol 11 pp19-77 – Parishes: Downton". British History Online. University of London. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
14. ^ Thompson, M. W. (1960). "Recent Excavations in the Keep of Farnham Castle, Surrey" (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. 4: 87. doi:10.1080/00766097.1960.11735640.
15. ^ Henderson, Ernest. F. (1896). "The Constitutions of Clarendon, 1164". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
16. ^ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 97–98

## References

[edit]

*  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Henry of Blois". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 297–298.
* King, Edmund (2004). "Blois, Henry de (c.1096–1171)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12968. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
* British History Online Bishops of Winchester accessed on 2 November 2007
* Lawrence, C. H. (2001). Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (Third ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-40427-4.
* History of Farnham Castle accessed on 2 November 2007
* Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Nakashian, Craig M. Warrior Churchmen of Medieval England, 1000-1250: Theory and Reality. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2016

* Stacy, N. E. (February 1999). "Henry of Blois and the Lordship of Glastonbury". The English Historical Review. 114 (455): 1–33\. doi:10.1093/ehr/114.455.1.
* Townson, Nicholas (July 2019). "Seals of Henry of Blois, mid-12th century". In Foster, Richard (ed.). 50 Treasures from Winchester College. SCALA. p. 39\. ISBN 9781785512209.
* Jeffrey West, "A Taste for the Antique? Henry of Blois and the Arts," in C. P. Lewis (ed), Anglo-Norman Studies XXX: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2007 (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2008), 213–230.

Catholic Church titles

Preceded by

William Giffard

|  Bishop of Winchester
1129–1171  | Succeeded by

Richard of Ilchester

* v
* t
* e

Bishops of Winchester

Early Medieval
634–1006|

* Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester
* Agilbert, Bishop of Dorchester
* Wine
* Leuthere
* Hædde
* Daniel
* Hunfrith
* Cyneheard
* Æthelheard
* Ecgbald
* Dudd
* Cyneberht
* Ealhmund
* Wigthegn
* Herefrith (disputed)
* Eadmund (disputed)
* Eadhun
* Helmstan
* Swithun
* Ealhferth
* Tunbeorht
* Denewulf
* Frithestan
* Beornstan/Byrnstan
* Ælfheah I
* Ælfsige I
* Beorhthelm
* Æthelwold I
* Ælfheah II

Arms of the Bishop of Winchester

High Medieval
1006–1304|

* Cenwulf
* Æthelwold II
* Ælfsige II
* Ælfwine
* Stigand
* Walkelin
* William Giffard
* Henry of Blois
* Richard of Ilchester
* Godfrey de Luci
* Richard Poore
* Peter des Roches
* Ralph Neville
* William de Raley
* Aymer de Valence
* Andrew of London
* William de Taunton
* John Gervais
* Nicholas of Ely
* Robert Burnell
* Richard de la More
* John of Pontoise

Late Medieval
1305–1501|

* Henry Woodlock
* John Sandale
* Rigaud of Assier
* John de Stratford
* Adam Orleton
* William Edington
* William of Wykeham
* Henry Beaufort
* William Waynflete
* Peter Courtenay
* Thomas Langton

Early Modern
1501–1820|

* Richard Foxe
* Thomas Wolsey
* Stephen Gardiner
* John Ponet
* Stephen Gardiner
* John White
* Robert Horne
* John Watson
* Thomas Cooper
* William Wickham
* William Day
* Thomas Bilson
* James Montague
* Lancelot Andrewes
* Richard Neile
* Walter Curle
* Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth)
* Brian Duppa
* George Morley
* Peter Mews
* Jonathan Trelawny
* Charles Trimnell
* Richard Willis
* Benjamin Hoadly
* John Thomas
* Brownlow North

Late Modern
1820–current|

* George Pretyman Tomline
* Charles Sumner
* Samuel Wilberforce
* Harold Browne
* Anthony Thorold
* Randall Davidson
* Herbert Ryle
* Edward Talbot
* Theodore Woods
* Cyril Garbett
* Mervyn Haigh
* Alwyn Williams
* Falkner Allison
* John Taylor
* Colin James
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* Tim Dakin
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