Hepialidae

Family of moths

Hepialidae

Gold swift male "calling"
Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Arthropoda
Class:  | Insecta
Order:  | Lepidoptera
Superfamily:  | Hepialoidea
Family:  | Hepialidae
Stephens, 1829
Genera

* Abantiades Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]
* Aenetus Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]
* Afrotheora Nielsen and Scoble, 1986
* Agripialus Mielke, Grehan & Koike, 2021
* Ahamus Z.W. Zou & G.R. Zhang, 2010
* Andeabatis Nielsen and Robinson, 1983
* Antihepialus Janse, 1942
* Aoraia Dumbleton, 1966
* Aplatissa Viette, 1953
* Archaeoaenetus Simonsen, 2018
* Bipectilus Chus and Wang, 1985
* Blanchardinella Nielsen, Robinson & Wagner, 2000
* Bordaia Tindale, 1932
* Calada Nielsen and Robinson, 1983
* Callipielus Butler, 1882
* Cibyra Walker, 1856
* Cladoxycanus Dumbleton, 1966
* Dalaca Walker, 1856
* Dalaca auctt., nec Walker, 1856
* Dioxycanus Dumbleton, 1966
* Druceiella Viette, 1949
* Dugdaleiella Grehan & C. Mielke, 2018
* Dumbletonius Dugdale, 1994
* Elhamma Walker, 1856
* Endoclita; Felder, 1874
* Eudalaca Viette, 1950
* Fraus Walker, 1856
* Gazoryctra Hübner, [1820]
* Gorgopis Hübner, [1820]
* Heloxycanus Dugdale, 1994
* Hepialiscus Hampson, [1893]
* Hepialus Fabricius, 1775
* Huebneriella C. Mielke & Grehan, 2019
* Jeana Tindale, 1935
* Korscheltellus Börner, 1920
* Kozloviella Grehan & C. Mielke, 2018
* Leto Hübner, [1820]
* Limyra Mielke, Dell’Erba & Duarte, 2017
* Magnificus Yan, 2000[1]
* Metahepialus Janse, 1942
* Mutipialus C. Mielke, Grehan & Koike, 2021
* Napialus Chu and Wang, 1985
* Neohepialiscus Viette, 1948
* Neoleto Eitschberger & Stroehle, 2021
* Oncopera Walker, 1856
* Oxycanus Walker, 1856
* Pallas Mielke & Grehan, 2015
* Palpifer Hampson, [1893]
* Parahepialus Z.W. Zou & D.R. Zhang, 2010
* Parahepialiscus Viette, 1950
* Parapielus Viette, 1949
* Parathitarodes Ueda, 1999
* Pfitzneriana Viette, 1952
* Pfitzneriella Viette, 1951
* Pharmacis Hübner, [1820]
* Phassodes Bethune-Baker, 1905
* Phassus Walker, 1856
* Phialuse Viette, 1961
* Phthius Mielke & Grehan, 2017
* Phymatopus Wallengren, 1869
* Phymatopus auctt. nec Wallengren, 1869
* Puermytrans Viette, 1951
* Roseala Viette, 1950
* Schausiana Viette, 1950
* Sthenopis auctt. nec Packard, [1865]
* Thitarodes Viette, 1968
* Trichophassus Le Cerf, 1919
* Trictena Meyrick, 1890
* Triodia Hübner, 1820
* Vietteogorgopis Özdikmen, 2007
* Viridigigas Grehan & Rawlins, 2016
* Walkeriella Mielke, Grehan & Grados, 2019
* Wallacella Mielke, Grehan & Cock, 2020
* Weymerella Mielke, Grehan & Monzón-Sierra, 2022
* Wiseana Viette, 1961
* Xhoaphryx Viette, 1953
* Zelotypia Scott, 1869
* Zenophassus Tindale, 1941
* †Oiophassus J. F. Zhang, 1989
* †Prohepialus Piton, 1940
* †Protohepialus Pierce, 1945

Diversity[2]
82 genera and at least 700 species

The Hepialidae are a family of insects in the lepidopteran order. Moths of this family are often referred to as swift moths or ghost moths.

## Taxonomy and systematics[edit]

The Hepialidae constitute by far the most diverse group of the infraorder Exoporia. The 82 genera contain at least 700 currently recognised species of these primitive moths worldwide.[3] The genera Fraus (endemic to Australia), Gazoryctra (Holarctic), Afrotheora (Southern African), and Antihepialus (African) are considered to be the most primitive, containing four genera and about 51 species with a mostly relictual southern Gondwanan distribution and are currently separated from the Hepialidae sensu stricto which might form a natural, derived group.[4][5] The most diverse genera are Oxycanus with 78 species, Endoclita with 78 species, andThitarodes with 80 species following a comprehensive catalogue of Exoporia.[4]<1>] The relationships of the many genera are not yet well established; see below for an ordered synonymic generic checklist,[4] and the Taxobox for navigation.

## Morphology and identification[edit]

The family Hepialidae is considered to be very primitive, with a number of structural differences to other moths including very short antennae and the lack of a functional proboscis or frenulum (see Kristensen, 1999: 61–62 for details).[6] Like other Exoporia the sperm is transferred to the egg by an external channel between the ostium and the ovipore. Other nonditrysian moths have a common cloaca.[4] The moths are homoneurous with similar forewings and hindwings, and are sometimes included as 'honorary' members of the Macrolepidoptera, though archaic they are. Strictly speaking, they are phylogenetically too basal and constitute Microlepidoptera, although hepialids range from very small moths to a wingspan record of 250 mm in Zelotypia.[4] Because of their sometimes large size and striking colour patterns, they have received more popular and taxonomic attention than most "micros". Many species display strong sexual dimorphism, with males smaller but more boldly marked than females, or at high elevation, females of Pharmacis and Aoraia show "brachypterous" wing reduction.[7]

## Distribution[edit]

Abantiades latipennis, Tasmania, Australia

Hepialidae are distributed on ancient landmasses worldwide except Antarctica but with the surprising exceptions of Madagascar, the Caribbean islands and in Africa, tropical West Africa. It remains to be borne out if these absences are real as Aenetus cohici was not long ago discovered in New Caledonia.[8][9] In the Oriental and Neotropical regions hepialids have diversified in rainforest environments, but this not apparently the case in the Afrotropics.[4] Hepialids mostly have low dispersive powers and do not occur on oceanic islands with the exception of Phassodes on Fiji and Western Samoa and a few species in Japan and Kurile Islands. Whilst the type locality of Eudalaca sanctahelena is from the remote island of St Helena, this is thought to be an error for South Africa.[4]

## Behaviour[edit]

Swift moths are usually crepuscular and some species form leks, also thought to have arisen independently in the genus Ogygioses (Palaeosetidae).[6] In most genera, males fly swiftly to virgin females that are calling with scent. In other genera, virgin females "assemble" upwind to displaying males,[10] which emit a pheromone from scales on the metathoracic tibiae. In such cases of sex role reversal, there may be visual cues also: males of the European ghost swift are possibly the most frequently noticed species, being white, ghostly and conspicuous when forming a lek at dusk.[11] Sometimes they hover singly as if suspended from a thread or flying in a figure of eight motion.[4] The chemical structures of some pheromones have been analysed.[12]

## Biology[edit]

The female does not lay its eggs in a specific location but scatters ("broadcasts") them while in flight, sometimes in huge numbers (29,000 were recorded from a single female Trictena,[13] which is presumably a world record for the Lepidoptera). The maggot-like larvae[14] feed in a variety of ways. Probably all Exoporia have concealed larvae, making silken tunnels in all manner of substrates. Some species feed on leaf litter, fungi,[15] mosses, decaying vegetation, ferns, gymnosperms and a wide span of monocot and dicot plants.[4][16] There is very little evidence of hostplant specialisation; whilst the South African species Leto venus is restricted to the tree Virgilia capensis this may be a case of "ecological monophagy".[4] A few feed on foliage (the austral 'oxyacanine' genera which may drag foliage into their feeding tunnel: Nielsen et al., 2000: 825). Most feed underground on fine roots, at least in early instars and some then feed internally in tunnels in the stem or trunk of their hostplants. Root-feeding larvae travelling through soil make silk-lined tunnels. Before pupating they make a vertical tunnel, which can be up to 10 cm deep, with an exit close to the ground surface.[17] The pupae can then climb up and down to adjust to changes in temperature and flooding.[18] Before the adult moth emerges, the pupa protrudes half way out at the ground surface. The pupa has rows of dorsal spines on the abdominal segments as in other lower members of the Heteroneura.[6]

## Economic significance[edit]

Chinese medicine makes considerable use of the "mummies" collected of the caterpillar-attacking fungi Ophiocordyceps sinensis, and these can form an expensive ingredient.[4][19] The witchetty grub (which are sometimes hepialid larvae) is a popular food source especially among aboriginal Australians. In Central America and South America, hepialid larvae are also eaten.[20] However, some species of Wiseana, Oncopera, Oxycanus, Fraus and Dalaca are considered pests of pastures in Australia, New Zealand, and South America.[4]

## Phylogeny[edit]

The Hepialidae were identified as having primitive wing venation by John Henry Comstock (1893). In his study of Evolution of the Wings of Insects he shows that the fore and hind wings of Sthenopis (Hepialus) argenteomaculatus maintain a five branched radius while in the remainder of the Lepidoptera the hind wing radius is merged into one vein. This identifies the Hepialidae as a primitive relict of primitive wing venation.[21]

## Faunas[edit]

### Fauna of Europe[edit]

Source[22] and identification[23][24]

* Gazoryctra fuscoargenteus O. Bang-Haas 1927 – Northern Scandinavia
* Gazoryctra ganna (Hübner 1808) – Alps, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia
* Hepialus humuli Linnaeus 1758 (ghost moth) – Europe
* Korscheltellus lupulina Linnaeus 1758 (common swift) – Europe
* Pharmacis aemiliana Costantini 1911 – Italy
* Pharmacis anselminae Teobaldelli 1977 – Italy
* Pharmacis bertrandi Le Cerf 1936 – France
* Pharmacis carna Denis & Schiffermüller 1775 – Central and Eastern Europe
* Pharmacis castillana Oberthür 1883 – Spain
* Pharmacis claudiae Kristal & Hirneisen 1994 – Italy
* Pharmacis fusconebulosa De Geer 1778 (map-winged swift) – Europe
* Pharmacis pyrenaicus Donzel 1838 – Pyrenees
* Phymatopus hecta Linnaeus 1758 (gold swift) – Central and northern Europe
* Triodia adriaticus Osthelder 1931 – Croatia, North Macedonia, Greece, Crete
* Triodia amasinus Herrich-Schäffer 1851 – Balkans
* Triodia sylvina Linnaeus 1761 (orange swift) – Europe

## Generic checklist[edit]

* Fraus Walker, 1856
* =Hectomanes Meyrick, 1980
* =Praus; Pagenstacher, 1909
* Gazoryctra Hübner, [1820]
* =Garzorycta; Hübner, [1826]
* =Gazoryctes; Kirby, 1892
* Afrotheora Nielsen and Scoble, 1986
* Antihepialus Janse, 1942
* =Ptycholoma; Felder, 1874
* Bipectilis Chus and Wang, 1985
* Palpifer Hampson, [1893]
* =Palpiphorus; Quail, 1900
* =Palpiphora; Pagenstacher, 1909
* Eudalaca Viette, 1950
* =Eudalacina Paclt, 1953
* Gorgopis Hübner, [1820]
* =Gorcopis; Walker, 1856
* Metahepialus Janse, 1942
* Dalaca Walker, 1856
* =Huapina Bryk, 1945
* =Maculella Viette, 1950
* =Toenga Tindale, 1954
* Callipielus Butler, 1882
* =Stachyocera Ureta, 1957
* Blanchardinella Nielsen, Robinson & Wagner, 2000
* =Blanchardina Viette, 1950, nec Labbe, 1899
* Calada Nielsen and Robinson, 1983
* Puermytrans Viette, 1951
* Parapielus Viette, 1949
* =Lossbergiana Viette, 1951
* Andeabatis Nielsen and Robinson, 1983
* Druceiella Viette, 1949
* Trichophassus Le Cerf, 1919
* Phassus Walker, 1856
* Schausiana Viette, 1950
* Aplatissa Viette, 1953
* Pfitzneriana Viette, 1952
* Cibyra Walker, 1856
* Cibyra (Pseudodalaca Viette, 1950)
* Cibyra (Gymelloxes Viette, 1952)
* Cibyra (Alloaepytus Viette, 1951)
* Cibyra (Aeptus) Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]
* Cibyra (Thiastyx Viette, 1951)
* Cibyra (Schaefferiana Viette, 1950)
* Cibyra (Paragorgopis Viette, 1952)
* Cibyra (Hepialyxodes Viette, 1951)
* Cibyra (Xytrops Viette, 1951)
* Cibyra (Cibyra Walker, 1856)
* Cibyra (Lamelliformia Viette, 1952)
* Cibyra (Tricladia Felder, 1874)
* =Pseudophassus Pfitzner, 1914
* =Parana Viette, 1950
* Cibyra (Pseudophilaenia Viette, 1951)
* Cibyra (Philoenia Kirby, 1892)
* =Philaenia auctt.
* Cibyra (Yleuxas Viette, 1951)
* Phialuse Viette, 1961
* Roseala Viette, 1950
* Dalaca auctt., nec Walker, 1856
* Pfitzneriella Viette, 1951
* Aoraia Dumbleton, 1966
* =Trioxycanus Dumbleton, 1966
* Triodia
* =Alphus Wallengren, 1869, nec Dejean, 1833
* Korscheltellus Börner, 1920
* Pharmacis Hübner, [1820]
* Thitarodes Viette, 1968
* =Forkalus Chu and Wang, 1985
* Phymatopus Wallengren, 1869
* =Hepiolopsis Börner, 1920
* =Phimatopus; auctt.
* Phymatopus auctt. nec Wallengren, 1869
* Hepialus Fabricius, 1775
* =Hepiolus Illiger, 1801
* =Epialus Agassiz, 1847
* =Epiolus Agassiz, 1847
* =Tephus Wallengren, 1869
* =Trepialus; Latreille, [1805]
* Zenophassus Tindale, 1941
* Sthenopis auctt. nec Packard, [1865]
* Endoclita; Felder, 1874
* =Endoclyta, Felder, 1875
* =Hypophassus, Le Cerf, 1919
* =Nevina, Tindale, 1941
* =Sahyadrassus, Tindale, 1941
* =Procharagia, Viette, 1949
* Neohepialiscus Viette, 1948
* Elhamma Walker, 1856
* =Perissectis Meyrick, 1890
* =Pericentris; Pagenstacher, 1909
* =Zauxieus Viette, 1952
* =Theaxieus Viette, 1952
* Jeana Tindale, 1935
* Cladoxycanus Dumbleton, 1966
* Wiseana Viette, 1961
* =Porina Walker, 1956, nec d'Orbigny, 1852
* =Gorina; Quail, 1899
* =Goryna; Quail, 1899
* =Philpottia Viette, 1950, nec Broun, 1915
* Heloxycanus Dugdale, 1994
* Dumbletonius; auctt
* =Trioxycanus Dumbleton, 1966
* Dioxycanus Dumbleton, 1966
* Napialus Chu and Wang, 1985
* Hepialiscus Hampson, [1893]
* Parahepialiscus Viette, 1950
* Xhoaphryx Viette, 1953
* Aenetus Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]
* =Charagia Walker, 1856
* =Phloiopsyche Scott, 1864
* =Oenetus; Kirby, 1892
* =Choragia; Pagenstacher, 1909
* =Oenetes; Oke, 1953
* Leto Hübner, [1820]
* =Ecto; Pagenstacher, 1909
* Zelotypia Scott, 1869
* =Xylopsyche Swainson, 1851
* =Leto; auctt
* Oncopera
* =Oncoptera Walker, 1890
* =Paroncopera Tindale, 1933
* =Onchopera; Birket-Smith, 1974
* =Onchoptera; Birket-Smith, 1974
* Trictena Meyrick, 1890
* Bordaia Tindale, 1932
* =Bordaja; Chu and Wang, 1985
* Abantiades Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]
* =Pielus Walker, 1856
* =Rhizopsyche Scott, 1864
* Oxycanus Walker, 1856
* =Porina Walker, 1856
* =Gorina; Quail, 1899
* =Goryna; Quail, 1899
* =Paraoxyxanus Viette, 1950
* Phassodes Bethune-Baker, 1905

## Cited literature[edit]

1. ^ John R. Grehan, Carlos G.C. Mielke, John R.G. Turner, and John E. Nielsen. 2023. A revised world catalogue of Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) with taxonomic and biological annotations. ZooNova 28: 1-313
2. ^ van Nieukerken; et al. (2011). "Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 212–221. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41.
3. ^ John R. Grehan, Carlos G.C. Mielke, John R.G. Turner, and John E. Nielsen. 2023. A revised world catalogue of Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) with taxonomic and biological annotations. ZooNova 28: 1-313
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nielsen, Ebbe S.; Robinson, Gaden S.; Wagner, David L. (2000). "Ghost-moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the Exoporia (Mnesarchaeoidea and Hepialoidea) (Lepidoptera)". Journal of Natural History. 34 (6): 823–878. doi:10.1080/002229300299282. S2CID 86004391.
5. ^ John R. Grehan, Carlos G.C. Mielke, John R.G. Turner, and John E. Nielsen. 2023. A revised world catalogue of Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) with taxonomic and biological annotations. ZooNova 28: 1-313
6. ^ a b c Kristensen, N.P., (1999). The non-Glossatan Moths. Ch. 4, pp. 41–62 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
7. ^ Sattler, Klaus (1991). "A review of wing reduction in Lepidoptera". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology. 60 (2): 243–288.
8. ^ "Buffalo Museum of Science – Home". www.sciencebuff.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
9. ^ This source is no longer available
10. ^ Mallet, James (1984). "Sex roles in the ghost moth Hepialus humuli (L.) with a review of mating in the Hepialidae (Lepidoptera)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 79: 67–82. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb02320.x.
11. ^ Andersson, S.; Rydell, J.; Svensson, M. G. E. (1998). "Light, predation and the lekking behaviour of the ghost swift Hepialus humuli (L.) (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 265 (1403): 1345–1351. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0440. PMC 1689211.
12. ^ Schulz, Stefan; Francke, Wittko; König, Wilfried A.; Schurig, Volker; Mori, Kenji; Kittmann, Rolf; Schneider, Dietrich (1990). "Male pheromone of swift moth, Hepialus hecta L. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 16 (12): 3511–3521. doi:10.1007/BF00982114. PMID 24263445. S2CID 26903035.
13. ^ Tindale, Norman Barnett (1932). "Revision of the Australian ghost moths (Lepidoptera Homoneura, family Hepialidae). part 1". Records of the South Australian Museum. 4: 497–536.
14. ^ "Ghost Moth Larva | UKmoths".
15. ^ "Puriri moth: NZAC Pare". www.landcareresearch.co.nz. Archived from the original on 2004-04-23.
16. ^ Grehan, J. R. (1989). "Larval feeding habits of the Hepialidae (Lepidoptera)". Journal of Natural History. 23 (4): 803–824. doi:10.1080/00222938900770421.
17. ^ H. Buser, W.Huber and R. Joos 2000 Hepialidae – Wurzelbohrer. Pp. 61-96 in Schmetterlinge und ihre Lebensräume. Band 3. Pro Natura, Basel.
18. ^ Atijegbe, S. R.; Mansfield, S.; Rostás, M.; Ferguson, C. M.; Worner, S. (2020). "The remarkable locomotory ability of Wiseana (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) pupae: an adaptation to predation and environmental conditions?". The Wētā. 54: 19–31.
19. ^ Wu, Yanru; Yuan, Decheng (1997). "Biodiversity and conservation in China: a view from entomologists". Entomologica Sinica. 4 (2): 95–111. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.1997.tb00078.x. S2CID 86294063.
20. ^ Ramos-Elorduy, Julieta (2002). "Edible insects of Chiapas, Mexico". Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 41 (4): 271–299. doi:10.1080/03670240214081. S2CID 84107193.
21. ^ J. H., Comstock (1893). Evolution of the Wings of Insects. Ithaca, NY: The Wilder Quarter Century Book.
22. ^ "Fauna Europaea". Archived from the original on October 1, 2007.
23. ^ Chinery, M. (1986). Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe. (Reprinted 1991)
24. ^ Skinner, B. (1984). Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles

## References[edit]

* Comstock, J.H., (1893). Evolution of the Wings of Insects. The Wilder Quarter Century Book, Ithaca, NY.
* Kristensen, N.P., (1999). The non-Glossatan Moths. Ch. 4, pp. 41–62 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
* Nielsen, E.S., Robinson, G.S. and Wagner, D.L. 2000. Ghost-moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the Exoporia (Mnesarchaeoidea and Hepialoidea) (Lepidoptera) Journal of Natural History, 34(6): 823–878.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hepialidae.

* Data related to Hepialidae at Wikispecies
* Tree of Life
* Australian Moths Online
* Hepialidae of Australia Archived 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Hepialidae of the World – List of Genera and Links to Species
* LepIndex list of Hepialidae genera and species
* Endoclita and Hepialus pheromones
* Abstract, counterfeit hepialid mummies
* Images of Hepialidae species in New Zealand Archived 2015-11-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Obituary of Norman B. Tindale

* v
* t
* e

Extant Lepidoptera families

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Arthropoda
* Class: Insecta
* Subclass: Pterygota
* Infraclass: Neoptera
* Superorder: Endopterygota

Suborder Zeugloptera

| Micropterigoidea|

Micropterigidae (mandibulate archaic moths)

|

Suborder Aglossata

| Agathiphagoidea|

Agathiphagidae (kauri moths)

|

Suborder Heterobathmiina

| Heterobathmioidea|

Heterobathmiidae

|

Suborder Glossata

| Dacnonypha|

| Eriocranioidea|

* Eriocraniidae

|

Acanthoctesia|

| Acanthopteroctetoidea|

* Acanthopteroctetidae (archaic sun moths)

|

Lophocoronina|

| Lophocoronoidea|

Lophocoronidae

|

Neopseustina|

| Neopseustoidea|

* Aenigmatineidae
* Neopseustidae (archaic bell moths)

|

Exoporia|

| Hepialoidea|

* Anomosetidae
* Hepialidae (swift moths, ghost moths)
* Neotheoridae (Amazonian primitive ghost moths)
* Palaeosetidae (miniature ghost moths)
* Prototheoridae (African primitive ghost moths)

|

Mnesarchaeoidea|

* Mnesarchaeidae (New Zealand primitive moths)

| M

| Adeloidea|

Adelidae (fairy longhorn moths)
Cecidosidae
Heliozelidae
Incurvariidae
Prodoxidae (yucca moths)

|

Andesianoidea|

* Andesianidae (Andean endemic moths)

Nepticuloidea|

Nepticulidae (pigmy, or midget moths)
Opostegidae (white eyecap moths)

Palaephatoidea|

Palaephatidae (Gondwanaland moths)

Tischerioidea|

Tischeriidae (trumpet leaf miner moths)

| Simaethistoidea|

Simaethistidae

|

Tineoidea|

Acrolophidae (burrowing webworm moths)
Arrhenophanidae
Eriocottidae (Old World spiny-winged moths)
Psychidae (bagworm moths)
Tineidae (fungus moths)

Gracillarioidea|

Bucculatricidae (ribbed cocoon makers)
Douglasiidae (Douglas moths)
Gracillariidae
Roeslerstammiidae

Yponomeutoidea|

Acrolepiidae (false diamondback moths)
Bedelliidae
Glyphipterigidae (sedge moths)
Heliodinidae
Lyonetiidae
Plutellidae
Yponomeutidae (ermine moths)
Ypsolophidae

Gelechioidea|

Autostichidae
Batrachedridae
Blastobasidae
Coleophoridae (case-bearers, case moths)
Cosmopterigidae (cosmet moths)
Elachistidae (grass-miner moths)
Gelechiidae (twirler moths)
Lecithoceridae (long-horned moths)
Lypusidae
Metachandidae
Momphidae (mompha moths)
Oecophoridae (concealer moths)
Pterolonchidae
Scythrididae (flower moths)
Xyloryctidae (timber moths)

Galacticoidea|

Galacticidae

Zygaenoidea|

Heterogynidae
Zygaenidae (burnet, forester, or smoky moths)
Himantopteridae
Lacturidae
Somabrachyidae
Megalopygidae (flannel moths)
Aididae
Anomoeotidae
Cyclotornidae
Epipyropidae (planthopper parasite moths)
Dalceridae (slug caterpillars)
Limacodidae (slug, or cup moths)

Cossoidea|

Cossidae (carpenter millers, or goat moths)
Dudgeoneidae (dudgeon carpenter moths)

Sesioidea|

Brachodidae (little bear moths)
Castniidae (castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths)
Sesiidae (clearwing moths)

Choreutoidea|

Choreutidae (metalmark moths)

Tortricoidea|

Tortricidae (tortrix moths)

Urodoidea|

Urodidae (false burnet moths)

Schreckensteinioidea|

Schreckensteiniidae (bristle-legged moths)

Epermenioidea|

Epermeniidae (fringe-tufted moths)

Alucitoidea|

Alucitidae (many-plumed moths)
Tineodidae (false plume moths)

Pterophoroidea|

Pterophoridae (plume moths)

Whalleyanoidea|

Whalleyanidae

Immoidea|

Immidae

Copromorphoidea|

Copromorphidae (tropical fruitworm moths)
Carposinidae (fruitworm moths)

Thyridoidea|

Thyrididae (picture-winged leaf moths)

Calliduloidea|

Callidulidae (Old World butterfly-moths)

Papilionoidea
(butterflies)|

Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies)
Hedylidae (American moth-butterflies)
Hesperiidae (skippers)
Pieridae (whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs)
Riodinidae (metalmarks)
Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives)
Nymphalidae (brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies)

Hyblaeoidea|

Hyblaeidae (teak moths)

Pyraloidea|

Pyralidae (snout moths)
Crambidae (grass moth)

Mimallonoidea|

Mimallonidae (sack bearer moths)

Lasiocampoidea|

Lasiocampidae (eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths)

Bombycoidea|

Anthelidae (Australian lappet moth)
Apatelodidae (American silkworm moths)
Bombycidae (silk moths)
Brahmaeidae (Brahmin moths)
Carthaeidae (Dryandra moth)
Endromidae (Kentish glory and relatives)
Eupterotidae
Phiditiidae
Saturniidae (saturniids)
Sphingidae (hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms)

Noctuoidea|

Erebidae (underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths)
Euteliidae
Noctuidae (daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts)
Nolidae (tuft moths)
Notodontidae (prominents, kittens)
Oenosandridae

Drepanoidea|

Drepanidae (hook-tips)
Cimeliidae (gold moths)
Doidae

Geometroidea|

Sematuridae
Pseudobistonidae
Epicopeiidae (oriental swallowtail moths)
Uraniidae
Geometridae (geometer moths)

Superfamily unassigned|

Millieriidae

Note: division Monotrysia is not a clade.

* Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera
* Lists by region

Taxon identifiers|

* Wikidata: Q580250
* Wikispecies: Hepialidae
* AFD: Hepialidae
* BAMONA: Hepialidae
* BioLib: 17274
* BOLD: 557
* BugGuide: 19714
* CoL: 62553
* EoL: 834
* EPPO: 1HEPIF
* Fauna Europaea: 65
* Fauna Europaea (new): ac320f1c-6887-4326-8f49-9806de3b4e15
* Fossilworks: 71427
* GBIF: 3556
* iNaturalist: 53783
* IRMNG: 100937
* ITIS: 118830
* NBN: NBNSYS0000160145
* NCBI: 41021
* NZOR: a45d8626-aecb-4e95-b193-aa961e090e22
* Plazi: A20DC455-DA5A-2356-FF30-FDA786C0A266
* uBio: 415740

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Authority control databases: National |

* Israel

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