Hetman

Historical political and military title in Central and Eastern Europe

For other uses, see Hetman (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Hitman.

Grand Crown Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski by Marcello Bacciarelli, 1781

Hetman is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a field marshal or imperial marshal in the Holy Roman Empire). First used by the Czechs in Bohemia in the 15th century, it was the title of the second-highest military commander after the king in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 16th to 18th centuries. Hetman was also the title of the head of the Cossack state in Ukraine after the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648.[1] Throughout much of the history of Romania and the Moldavia, hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern Czech Republic, the title is used for regional governors.

## Etymology

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The term hetman was a Polish borrowing, most likely stemming via Czech from the Turkic title ataman (literally 'father of horsemen'),[2][3][unreliable source?] however it could also come from the German Hauptmann – lit. captain.[4] Since hetman as a title first appeared in Czechia in the 15th century, assuming it stems from a Turkic language, it is possible it was introduced to Czechs by the Cumans.[citation needed]

## Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania

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Main article: Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Hetman Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł

Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz wearing a traditional costume of Polish magnates

Janusz Radziwiłł, one of the most powerful people in the Commonwealth at the time

The Polish title Grand Crown Hetman (Polish: hetman wielki koronny) dates from 1505. The title of Hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army. Until 1581 the hetman position existed only during specific campaigns and wars. After that, it became a permanent title, as were all the titles in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At any given time the Commonwealth had four hetmans – a Great Hetman and Field (deputy) Hetman each for both Poland and Lithuania.

From 1585, the title could not be taken away without a proven charge of treachery, so most hetmans served for life. Jan Karol Chodkiewicz literally commanded the army from his deathbed (1621).[5] Hetmans were not paid by the royal treasury. Hetmans were the main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's chain of command. The fact that they could not be removed by the monarch made them very independent, and thus often able to pursue independent policies.

This system worked well when a hetman had great ability and the monarch was weak, but sometimes produced disastrous results in the opposite case. The security of the position notably contrasted with that of military leaders in states bordering the commonwealth, where sovereigns could dismiss their army commanders at any time. In 1648 the Zaporizhian Host (then a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth subject) elected a hetman of its own, Bohdan Khmelnytsky,[6] igniting the Ukrainian struggle for independence.

The military reform of 1776 curtailed the powers of the hetmans. The Hetman office was abolished after the Third Partition of Poland (1795).

## Hetmans of the Cossack Hetmanate in Ukraine

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Part of a series on

Cossacks

Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

Cossack hosts

* Amur
* Astrakhan
* Azov
* Baikal
* Black Sea
* Buh
* Caucasus
* Danube
* Don
* Free
* Greben
* Irkutsk [ru]
* Kuban
* Orenburg
* Red
* Semirechye
* Siberian
* Terek
* Ural
* Ussuri
* Volga
* Zaporozhian

Other Cossack groups

* Albazinan
* Bashkir
* Buryat [ru]
* Danube
* Haidamaks
* Jewish
* Nekrasov
* Persian
* Tatar
* Turkish
* Malorossian

History

* Cossack raids
* Registered Cossacks
* Uprisings
* Kosiński
* Nalyvaiko
* Khmelnytsky
* Hadiach Treaty
* Hetmanate
* Colonisation of Siberia
* Bulavin Rebellion
* Pugachev's Rebellion
* Communism
* De-Cossackization
* Cossacks in the SS

Notable Cossacks

* Bohdan Khmelnytsky
* Petro Sahaidachny
* Ivan Sirko
* Semyon Paliy
* Dmytro Vyshnevetsky
* Marina Yurlova
* Ivan Mazepa
* Petro Doroshenko
* Yemelyan Pugachev
* Stenka Razin
* Andrei Shkuro
* Yermak Timofeyevich
* Ivan Vyhovsky
* Alexei Razumovsky
* Kirill Razumovsky
* Pavlo Skoropadsky

Cossack terms

* Ataman
* Hetman
* Kurin
* Sotnia
* Plastun
* Yesaul
* Stanitsa
* Shashka
* Szabla
* Cossack fashion [ru; uk]
* Zhupan
* Kontusz
* Sharovary
* Papakhi
* Oseledets
* Chokha
* Cossack cuisine

Cossack folklore

* Kharakternyk [uk; ru]
* Mamay
* Cossack cross
* Cossack songs

Notable people of Cossack descent

* Alexander Bezborodko
* Ilya Repin
* Ivan Gudovich
* Ivan Kotliarevsky
* Ivan Paskevich
* Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
* Nikolay Gamaleya
* Nikolay Samokish
* Nikolai Gogol
* Viktor Kochubey
* Vladimir Vernadsky
* Peter Kaptzevich
* Sidor Kovpak
* Symon Petliura

* v
* t
* e

Ukrainian Hetman Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnytsky

In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine to the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Main article: Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks

At the end of the sixteenth century, the commanders of the Zaporizhian Cossacks were titled Koshovyi Otaman or Hetman; Christof Kosynsky was the first Zaporizhian hetman. In 1572, a hetman was a commander of the Registered Cossack Army (Ukrainian: Реєстрове козацьке військо) of the Commonwealth. From 1648, the start of Bohdan Khmelnytsky's uprising, a hetman was the head of the whole Ukrainian State — Hetmanshchyna and heads of the Cossack Hetmanate. As supreme military commanders and lawmakers (by administrative decree), they had very broad powers, although they were elected.

After the split of Ukraine along the Dnieper River by the 1667 Polish–Russian Treaty of Andrusovo, Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack hetmans) became known as Left-bank Cossacks (of the Cossack Hetmanate) and Right-bank Cossacks.

In the Russian Empire, the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764. The last Hetman of the Zaporozhian Army (the formal title of the hetman of Ukraine) was Kyrylo Rozumovsky, who reigned from 1751 until 1764.[7]

The title was revived in Ukraine during the revolution of 1917 to 1921. In early 1918, a conservative German-supported coup overthrew the radical socialist Ukrainian Central Rada and its Ukrainian People's Republic, establishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by Pavlo Skoropadskyi, who claimed the title Hetman of Ukraine. This regime lasted until late 1918, when it was overthrown by a new Directorate of Ukraine, of a re-established Ukrainian People's Republic.

## Hetmans of Bohemia, Romania, and Moldavia

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Used by the Czechs in Bohemia from the Hussite Wars (15th century) onward, hejtman is today the term for the elected governor of a Czech region (kraj).[8]

For much of the history of Romania and the Principality of Moldavia, hetmans were second in rank in the army, after the ruling prince, who held the position of voivode.

## Other uses

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Hetman has often been used figuratively to mean 'commander' or simply 'leader'. Examples:

* "They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman." — Maxim Gorky, Mother (1906)[9]

Queen (chess piece) is called hetman in Polish and coded as H in the algebraic notation.

## See also

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* Acting hetman
* Ataman
* Bulawa
* Hetman's sign

## References

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1. ^ "Hetman". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 2025-05-15.
2. ^ "The Cossacks: A super-ethnos in Russia's ribs". The Economist. December 21, 1996.
3. ^ "Ataman". Cossackweb.narod.ru. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
4. ^ Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice, eds. (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition (12 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 669\. ISBN 9780199601080.
5. ^ Paradowski, Micha (2023). The Khotyn Campaign of 1621: Polish, Lithuanian and Cossack Armies versus Might of the Ottoman Empire. Century of the Soldier. Vol. 107\. Helion and Company. p. 209\. ISBN 978-1804514993.
6. ^ Plokhy, Serhii (November 2001). "A Hetman Sent by God". The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine. Oxford Academic.
7. ^ "The early history of Kiev". Kiev. Princeton University Press. 1993. p. 14\. doi:10.1515/9781400851515-004.alternate url=https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5285.pdf
8. ^ "Czechia". European Commission. April 3, 2024.
9. ^ Gorky, Maxim (1906). Mother. New York/London: D. Appleton–Century Company. p. 372 - via Internet Archive. "They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman."

## External links

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Look up hetman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* Media related to Hetmans at Wikimedia Commons
* "Hetman" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.

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Highest military ranks

*   * General officer
* Flag officer
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Ancient|

* Amir al-umara
* Ataman
* Autokrator
* Beylerbey
* Constable of France
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* Dux bellorum
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* Imperator
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* Magister militum
* Megas doux
* Polemarch
* Rigsmarsk
* Sardar
* Serasker
* Shōgun
* Spahbed
* Sparapet
* Hetman

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Authority control databases |

* Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
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* Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine

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