Heuristic routing

Heuristic routing is a system used to describe how deliveries are made when problems in a network topology arise. Heuristic is an adjective used in relation to methods of learning, discovery, or problem solving. Routing is the process of selecting paths to specific destinations. Heuristic routing is used for traffic in the telecommunications networks and transport networks of the world.

Heuristic routing is achieved using specific algorithms to determine a better, although not always optimal, path to a destination. When an interruption in a network topology occurs, the software running on the networking electronics can calculate another route to the desired destination via an alternate available path.

According to Shuster & Schur (1974, p. 1):

> The heuristic approach to problem solving consists of applying human intelligence, experience, common sense and certain rules of thumb (or heuristics) to develop an acceptable, but not necessarily an optimum, solution to a problem. Of course, determining what constitutes an acceptable solution is part of the task of deciding which approach to use; but broadly defined, an acceptable solution is one that is both reasonably good (close to optimum) and derived within reasonable effort, time, and cost constraints. Often the effort (manpower, computer, and other resources) required, the time limits on when the solution is needed, and the cost to compile, process, and analyze all the data required for deterministic or other complicated procedures preclude their usefulness or favor the faster, simpler heuristic approach. Thus, the heuristic approach is generally used when deterministic techniques or are not available, economical, or practical.

Heuristic routing allows a measure of route optimization in telecommunications networks based on recent empirical knowledge of the state of the network. Data, such as time delay, may be extracted from incoming messages, during specified periods and over different routes, and used to determine the optimum routing for transmitting data back to the sources.

## IP routing

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Main article: IP forwarding

The IP routing protocols in use today are based on one of two algorithms: distance vector or link state. Distance vector algorithms broadcast routing information to all neighboring routers. Link state routing protocols build a topographical map of the entire network based on updates from neighbor routers, and then use the Dijkstra algorithm to compute the shortest path to each destination. Metrics used are based on the number of hops, delay, throughput, traffic, and reliability.

### Distance vector algorithms

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* RIP uses number of hops, or gateways traversed, as its metric
* IGRP uses bandwidth, delay, hop count, link reliability, load, and MTU
* EIGRP uses the (DUAL) Diffusing Update Algorithm
* BGP uses the distance vector algorithm

### Link state algorithms

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* OSPF uses the Dijkstra algorithm.

## See also

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* Heuristic (computer science)
* Ford–Fulkerson algorithm
* Bellman–Ford algorithm
* Turn restriction routing

## References

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* Campbell, Ann Melissa; Savelsbergh, Martin (2004). "Efficient insertion heuristics for vehicle routing and scheduling problems". Transportation Science. 38 (3): 369–378\. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.499.8006. doi:10.1287/trsc.1030.0046. JSTOR 25769207.
* Malhotra, Ravi (2002). IP routing. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 0596002750. OCLC 49318657.
* Robertazzi, Thomas G. (2007). Networks and grids: technology and theory. Information technology: transmission, processing, and storage. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68235-8. ISBN 9780387367583. OCLC 76935739.
* Shuster, Kenneth A; Schur, Dennis A. (1974). Heuristic routing for solid waste collection vehicles. An environmental protection publication (SW-113) in the solid waste management series. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. hdl:2027/mdp.39015040701149. OCLC 3207134.

This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22.