Hierarchical Data Format

Set of file formats

Not to be confused with HDFS, the file system used in Apache Hadoop.

Hierarchical Data Format

Filename extension| `.hdf`, `.h4`, `.hdf4`, `.he2`, `.h5`, `.hdf5`, `.he5`
Internet media type| application/x-hdf, application/x-hdf5
Magic number| \211HDF\r\n\032\n
Developed by| The HDF Group
Type of format| Scientific data format
Open format?| Yes
Website| www.hdfgroup.org/solutions/hdf5

Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) is a set of file formats (HDF4, HDF5) designed to store and organize large amounts of data. Originally developed at the U.S. National Center for Supercomputing Applications, it is supported by The HDF Group, a non-profit corporation whose mission is to ensure continued development of HDF5 technologies and the continued accessibility of data stored in HDF.

In keeping with this goal, the HDF libraries and associated tools are available under a liberal, BSD-like license for general use. HDF is supported by many commercial and non-commercial software platforms and programming languages. The freely available HDF distribution consists of the library, command-line utilities, test suite source, Java interface, and the Java-based HDF Viewer (HDFView).[1]

The current version, HDF5, differs significantly in design and API from the major legacy version HDF4.

## Early history

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The quest for a portable scientific data format, originally dubbed AEHOO (All Encompassing Hierarchical Object Oriented format) began in 1987 by the Graphics Foundations Task Force (GFTF) at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). NSF grants received in 1990 and 1992 were important to the project. Around this time NASA investigated 15 different file formats for use in the Earth Observing System (EOS) project. After a two-year review process, HDF was selected as the standard data and information system.[2]

## HDF4

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HDF4 is the older version of the format, although still actively supported by The HDF Group. It supports a proliferation of different data models, including multidimensional arrays, raster images, and tables. Each defines a specific aggregate data type and provides an API for reading, writing, and organizing the data and metadata. New data models can be added by the HDF developers or users.

HDF is self-describing, allowing an application to interpret the structure and contents of a file with no outside information. One HDF file can hold a mix of related objects which can be accessed as a group or as individual objects. Users can create their own grouping structures called "vgroups."[3]

The HDF4 format has many limitations.[4][5] It lacks a clear object model, which makes continued support and improvement difficult. Supporting many different interface styles (images, tables, arrays) leads to a complex API. Support for metadata depends on which interface is in use; SD (Scientific Dataset) objects support arbitrary named attributes, while other types only support predefined metadata. Perhaps most importantly, the use of 32-bit signed integers for addressing limits HDF4 files to a maximum of 2 GB, which is unacceptable in many modern scientific applications.

## HDF5

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The HDF5 format is designed to address some of the limitations of the HDF4 library, and to address current and anticipated requirements of modern systems and applications. In 2002 it won an R&D 100 Award.[6]

HDF5 simplifies the file structure to include only two major types of object:

HDF Structure Example

* Datasets, which are typed multidimensional arrays
* Groups, which are container structures that can hold datasets and other groups

This results in a truly hierarchical, filesystem-like data format.[clarification needed][citation needed] In fact, resources in an HDF5 file can be accessed using the POSIX-like syntax /path/to/resource. Metadata is stored in the form of user-defined, named attributes attached to groups and datasets. More complex storage APIs representing images and tables can then be built up using datasets, groups and attributes.

In addition to these advances in the file format, HDF5 includes an improved type system, and dataspace objects which represent selections over dataset regions. The API is also object-oriented with respect to datasets, groups, attributes, types, dataspaces and property lists.

The latest version of NetCDF, version 4, is based on HDF5.

Because it uses B-trees to index table objects, HDF5 works well for time series data such as stock price series, network monitoring data, and 3D meteorological data. The bulk of the data goes into straightforward arrays (the table objects) that can be accessed much more quickly than the rows of an SQL database, but B-tree access is available for non-array data. The HDF5 data storage mechanism can be simpler and faster than an SQL star schema.[example needed]

### Feedback

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Criticism of HDF5 follows from its monolithic design and lengthy specification.

* HDF5 does not enforce the use of UTF-8, so client applications may be expecting ASCII in most places.
* Dataset data cannot be freed in a file without generating a file copy using an external tool (h5repack).[7]

## Officially supported APIs

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* C
* C++
* CLI \- .NET
* Fortran, Fortran 90
* HDF5 Lite (H5LT) – a light-weight interface for C
* HDF5 Image (H5IM) – a C interface for images or rasters
* HDF5 Table (H5TB) – a C interface for tables
* HDF5 Packet Table (H5PT) – interfaces for C and C++ to handle "packet" data, accessed at high-speeds
* HDF5 Dimension Scale (H5DS) – allows dimension scales to be added to HDF5
* Java

## See also

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* Common Data Format (CDF)
* FITS, a data format used in astronomy
* GRIB (GRIdded Binary), a data format used in meteorology
* HDF Explorer
* NetCDF, The Netcdf Java library reads HDF5, HDF4, HDF-EOS and other formats using pure Java
* Protocol Buffers \- Google's data interchange format

## References

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1. ^ Java-based HDF Viewer (HDFView)
2. ^ "History of HDF Group". Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
3. ^ This article is based on material taken from Hierarchical+Data+Format at the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
4. ^ How is HDF5 different from HDF4? Archived 2009-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
5. ^ "Are there limitations to HDF4 files?". Archived from the original on 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
6. ^ R&D 100 Awards Archives Archived 2011-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
7. ^ Rossant, Cyrille. "Moving away from HDF5". cyrille.rossant.net. Retrieved 21 April 2016.

## External links

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* Official website
* What is HDF5?
* HDF-EOS Tools and Information Center
* Open Navigation Surface