Hillary Clinton

American politician and diplomat (born 1947)

"Hillary" redirects here. For other uses, see Hillary (disambiguation).

Hillary Clinton

Clinton in 2016

67th United States Secretary of State
In office
January 21, 2009 – February 1, 2013
President| Barack Obama
Deputy|

* John Negroponte
* James Steinberg
* William J. Burns

Preceded by| Condoleezza Rice
Succeeded by| John Kerry
United States Senator
from New York
In office
January 3, 2001 – January 21, 2009
Preceded by| Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Succeeded by| Kirsten Gillibrand
First Lady of the United States
In role
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
President| Bill Clinton
Preceded by| Barbara Bush
Succeeded by| Laura Bush
First Lady of Arkansas
In role
January 11, 1983 – December 12, 1992
Governor| Bill Clinton
Preceded by| Gay Daniels White
Succeeded by| Betty Tucker
In role
January 9, 1979 – January 19, 1981
Governor| Bill Clinton
Preceded by| Barbara Pryor
Succeeded by| Gay Daniels White
11th Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast

Incumbent

Assumed office
January 2, 2020
President| Ian Greer
Preceded by| Thomas J. Moran
Personal details
Born|

Hillary Diane Rodham

(1947-10-26) October 26, 1947 (age 77)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Political party| Democratic (1968–present)
Other political
affiliations| Republican (1965–1968)
Spouse|

Bill Clinton

(m. 1975)​

Children| Chelsea Clinton
Parents|

* Hugh Rodham
* Dorothy Howell

Relatives| Clinton family (by marriage)
Residences|

* Chappaqua, New York, U.S.
* Washington, D.C., U.S.

Education| Wellesley College (BA)
Yale University (JD)
Awards| Full list
Signature|
Website| hillaryclinton.com

Hillary Clinton's voice

Clinton conceding the 2016 presidential election
Recorded November 9, 2016

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Hillary Clinton

|

* * *

Personal

* Political positions
* Honors and awards
* Bibliography
* Legal career
* Career in corporate governance
* Activities after 2016
* Public image

* * *

First Lady of Arkansas

* Tenure

* * *

First Lady of the United States

* Tenure
* Health care plan
* Children's Health Insurance Program
* Adoption and Safe Families Act
* Foster Care Independence Act
* Vital Voices
* "Vast right-wing conspiracy"
* Save America's Treasures
* White House Millennium Council
* Hillaryland
* Whitewater controversy
* White House travel office controversy
* White House FBI files controversy
* Cattle futures controversy

* * *

U.S. Senator from New York

* Tenure
* 2000 election
* 2006 election

* * *

U.S. Secretary of State

* Tenure
* International trips
* Benghazi attack
* Obama administration
* Obama's foreign policy
* QDDR
* Email controversy
* Hillary Doctrine

* * *

Presidential campaigns

* 2008
* Primaries
* Convention
* Endorsements
* 2016
* Primaries
* Convention
* Debates
* Election
* Vice Presidential Selection
* Basket of deplorables
* Endorsements
* Political
* Non-political
* Celebrities
* Screen and stage performers

* * *

Organizations

* Clinton Foundation
* State Department controversy
* Onward Together

* v
* t
* e

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (née Rodham;[a] born October 26, 1947) is an American politician, lawyer and diplomat. She was the 67th United States secretary of state in the administration of Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, a U.S. senator representing New York from 2001 to 2009, and the first lady of the United States as the wife of Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the party's nominee in the 2016 presidential election, becoming the first woman to win a presidential nomination by a major U.S. political party and the only woman to win the popular vote for U.S. president. However, she lost the electoral college to Republican Party nominee Donald Trump. She is the only first lady of the United States to have run for elected office.

Rodham graduated from Wellesley College in 1969 and from Yale Law School in 1973. After serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and, in 1975, married Bill Clinton. In 1977, Clinton co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, and in 1979 she became the first woman partner at Little Rock's Rose Law Firm. Clinton was the first lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. As the first lady of the U.S., Clinton advocated for healthcare reform. In 1994, her health care plan failed to gain approval from Congress. In 1997 and 1999, Clinton played a leading role in promoting the creation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program, the Adoption and Safe Families Act, and the Foster Care Independence Act. In 1998, Clinton's marital relationship came under public scrutiny during the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal, which led her to publicly reaffirm her commitment to the marriage.

Clinton was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 2000, becoming the first female senator from New York. As a senator, she chaired the Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee from 2003 to 2007. Clinton ran for president in 2008, but lost to Barack Obama in the Democratic primaries. In 2009, she resigned from the Senate to become Obama's secretary of state. She responded to the Arab Spring by advocating the 2011 military intervention in Libya, but was harshly criticized by Republicans for the failure to prevent or adequately respond to the 2012 Benghazi attack. Clinton helped to organize a regime of international sanctions against Iran in an effort to force it to curtail its nuclear program, which eventually led to the multinational Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in 2015. The strategic pivot to Asia was a central aspect of her tenure. Her use of a private email server as secretary was the subject of intense scrutiny; while no charges were filed, the controversy was the single-most-covered topic during her second presidential run in 2016. She won the Democratic nomination, but lost the general election to her Republican Party opponent, Donald Trump, in the Electoral College, while winning the popular vote.

Following her loss, she wrote multiple books and launched Onward Together, a political action organization dedicated to fundraising for progressive political groups. In 2011, Clinton was appointed the Honorary Founding Chair of the Institute for Women, Peace and Security at Georgetown University, and the awards named in her name has been awarded annually at the university. Since 2020, she has served as Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast. In 2023, Clinton joined Columbia University as a Professor of Practice at the School of International and Public Affairs.

## Early life and education

[edit]

### Early life

[edit]

Rodham in Maine South High School's 1965 yearbook

Hillary Diane Rodham[1] was born on October 26, 1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.[2][3] She was raised in a Methodist family who first lived in Chicago. When she was three years old, her family moved to the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge.[4] Her father, Hugh Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent,[5] and founded a small but successful textile business.[6] Her mother, Dorothy Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian (from Quebec), Scottish, and Welsh descent.[5][7][8] She grew up with two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony.[9]

As a child, Rodham was a favorite student among her teachers at the public schools she attended in Park Ridge.[10] She participated in swimming and softball and earned numerous badges as a Brownie and a Girl Scout.[10] She was inspired by U.S. efforts during the Space Race and sent a letter to NASA around 1961 asking what she could do to become an astronaut, only to be informed that women were not being accepted into the program.[11] She attended Maine South High School,[12][13] where she participated in the student council and school newspaper and was selected for the National Honor Society.[2][14] She was elected class vice president for her junior year but then lost the election for class president for her senior year against two boys, one of whom told her that "you are really stupid if you think a girl can be elected president".[15] For her senior year, she and other students were transferred to the then-new Maine South High School. There she was a National Merit Finalist and was voted "most likely to succeed." She graduated in 1965 in the top five percent of her class.[16]

Rodham's mother wanted her to have an independent, professional career.[8] Her father, who was otherwise a traditionalist, felt that his daughter's abilities and opportunities should not be limited by gender.[17] She was raised in a politically conservative household,[8] and she helped canvass Chicago's South Side at age 13 after the very close 1960 U.S. presidential election. She stated that, while investigating with a fellow teenage friend shortly after the election, she saw evidence of electoral fraud (a voting list entry showing a dozen addresses that was an empty lot) against Republican candidate Richard Nixon;[18] she later volunteered to campaign for Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the 1964 election.[19]

Rodham's early political development was shaped mostly by two people. Her high school history teacher, Paul Carlson, was one. Like her father, Carlson was a fervent anti-communist, who introduced her to Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative. Another was Donald Jones, her Methodist youth minister, who, like her mother, was concerned with issues of social justice. She was with Jones' youth group when she saw and afterwards briefly met civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. when he gave a speech in 1962 at Chicago's Orchestra Hall.[20][b] Carlson and Jones came into conflict in Park Ridge; Clinton would later see that as "an early indication of the cultural, political and religious fault lines that developed across America in the [next] forty years".[22]

### Wellesley College years

[edit]

Rodham and Francille Rusan (right) campaigning for Wellesley College government president in 1968, an election which Rodham later won

In 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College, where she majored in political science.[23][24] During her first year, she was president of the Wellesley Young Republicans.[25][26] As the leader of this "Rockefeller Republican"-oriented group,[27] she supported the elections of moderate Republicans John Lindsay to mayor of New York City and Massachusetts attorney general Edward Brooke to the United States Senate.[28] She later stepped down from this position. In 2003, Clinton would write that her views concerning the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War were changing in her early college years.[25] In a letter to her youth minister at that time, she described herself as "a mind conservative and a heart liberal".[29] In contrast to the factions in the 1960s that advocated radical actions against the political system, she sought to work for change within it.[30][31]

By her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the antiwar presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy.[32] In early 1968, she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association, a position she held until early 1969.[30][33] Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty.[32] In her student government role, she played a role in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the student disruptions common to other colleges.[30][34] A number of her fellow students thought she might some day become the first female president of the United States.[30]

To help her better understand her changing political views, Professor Alan Schechter assigned Rodham to intern at the House Republican Conference, and she attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program.[32] Rodham was invited by moderate New York Republican representative Charles Goodell to help Governor Nelson Rockefeller's late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination.[32] Rodham attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami Beach. However, she was upset by the way Richard Nixon's campaign portrayed Rockefeller and by what she perceived as the convention's "veiled" racist messages, and she left the Republican Party for good.[32] Rodham wrote her senior thesis, a critique of the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky, under Professor Schechter.[35] Years later, while she was the first lady, access to her thesis was restricted at the request of the White House, and it became the subject of some speculation. The thesis was later released.[35]

In 1969, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts,[36] with departmental honors in political science.[35] After some fellow seniors requested that the college administration allow a student speaker at commencement, she became the first student in Wellesley College history to speak at the event. Her address followed that of the commencement speaker, Senator Edward Brooke.[33][37] After her speech, she received a standing ovation that lasted seven minutes.[30][38][39] She was featured in an article published in Life magazine,[40][41] because of the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Brooke.[37] She also appeared on Irv Kupcinet's nationally syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers.[42] She was asked to speak at the 50th anniversary convention of the League of Women Voters in Washington, D.C. the next year.[43] That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions).[44]

### Yale Law School and postgraduate studies

[edit]

Rodham then entered Yale Law School, where she was on the editorial board of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action.[45] During her second year, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center,[46] learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973).[47][48] She also took on cases of child abuse at Yale–New Haven Hospital,[47] and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free legal advice for the poor.[46] In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright Edelman's Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator Walter Mondale's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor. There she researched various migrant workers' issues including education, health and housing.[49] Edelman later became a significant mentor.[50] Rodham was recruited by political advisor Anne Wexler to work on the 1970 campaign of Connecticut U.S. Senate candidate Joseph Duffey. Rodham later crediting Wexler with providing her first job in politics.[51]

In the spring of 1971, she began dating fellow law student Bill Clinton. During the summer, she interned at the Oakland, California, law firm of Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein. The firm was well known for its support of constitutional rights, civil liberties and radical causes (two of its four partners were current or former Communist Party members);[52] Rodham worked on child custody and other cases.[c] Clinton canceled his original summer plans and moved to live with her in California;[56] the couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school.[53] The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern.[57] She received a Juris Doctor degree from Yale in 1973,[36] having stayed on an extra year to be with Clinton.[58] He first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined, uncertain if she wanted to tie her future to his.[58]

Rodham began a year of postgraduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.[59] In late 1973, her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the Harvard Educational Review.[60] Discussing the new children's rights movement, the article stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals"[61] and argued that children should not be considered equally incompetent from birth to attaining legal age, but instead that courts should presume competence on a case-by-case basis, except when there is evidence otherwise.[62] The article became frequently cited in the field.[63]

## Marriage, family, legal career and first ladyship of Arkansas

[edit]

See also: Hillary Clinton's tenures as First Lady of Arkansas, Legal career of Hillary Clinton, and Hillary Clinton's career in corporate governance

### From the East Coast to Arkansas

[edit]

During her postgraduate studies, Rodham was staff attorney for Edelman's newly founded Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts,[64] and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children.[65] In 1974, she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Washington, D.C., and advised the House Committee on the Judiciary during the Watergate scandal.[66] The committee's work culminated with the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974.[66]

By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future. Democratic political organizer and consultant Betsey Wright moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide Rodham's career.[67] Wright thought Rodham had the potential to become a future senator or president.[68] Meanwhile, boyfriend Bill Clinton had repeatedly asked Rodham to marry him, but she continued to demur.[69] After failing the District of Columbia bar exam[70] and passing the Arkansas exam, Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head".[71] She thus followed Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington, where career prospects were brighter. He was then teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, Rodham moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas, and became one of only two female faculty members at the University of Arkansas School of Law in Fayetteville, Arkansas.[72][73]

### Early Arkansas years

[edit]

Hillary and Bill Clinton lived in this house in the Hillcrest neighborhood of Little Rock while he was Attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979.[74]

Rodham became the first director of a new legal aid clinic at the University of Arkansas School of Law.[75] During her time in Fayetteville, Rodham and several other women founded the city's first rape crisis center.[75]

In 1974, Bill Clinton lost an Arkansas congressional race, facing incumbent Republican John Paul Hammerschmidt.[76] Rodham and Bill Clinton bought a house in Fayetteville in the summer of 1975 and she agreed to marry him.[77] The wedding took place on October 11, 1975, in a Methodist ceremony in their living room.[78] A story about the marriage in the Arkansas Gazette indicated that she decided to retain the name Hillary Rodham.[78][79] Her motivation was threefold. She wanted to keep the couple's professional lives separate, avoid apparent conflicts of interest, and as she told a friend at the time, "it showed that I was still me".[80] The decision upset both mothers, who were more traditional.[81]

In 1976, Rodham temporarily relocated to Indianapolis to work as an Indiana state campaign organizer for the presidential campaign of Jimmy Carter.[82][83] In November 1976, Bill Clinton was elected Arkansas attorney general, and the couple moved to the state capital of Little Rock.[76] In February 1977, Rodham joined the venerable Rose Law Firm, a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence.[84] She specialized in patent infringement and intellectual property law[45] while working pro bono in child advocacy.[85] In 1977, Rodham cofounded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, a state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund.[45][86]

Later in 1977, President Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had been the 1976 campaign director of field operations in Indiana)[87] appointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Services Corporation.[88] She held that position from 1978 until the end of 1981.[89] From mid-1978 to mid-1980,[d] she served as the first female chair of that board.[90]

Following her husband's November 1978 election as governor of Arkansas, Rodham became that state's first lady in January 1979. She would hold that title for twelve nonconsecutive years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed his wife to be the chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year,[91] in which role she secured federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas's poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees.[92]

In 1979, Rodham became the first woman to be made a full partner in Rose Law Firm.[93] From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than her husband.[94] During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham engaged in the trading of cattle futures contracts;[95] an initial $1,000 investment generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months.[96] At this time, the couple began their ill-fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal.[95] Both of these became subjects of controversy in the 1990s.[97]

On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to the couple's only child, a daughter whom they named Chelsea. In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for re-election.[98]

### Later Arkansas years

[edit]

The Clintons with Ronald and Nancy Reagan in 1987

Two years after leaving office, Bill Clinton returned to the governorship of Arkansas after winning the election of 1982. During her husband's campaign, Hillary began to use the name "Hillary Clinton", or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters; she also took a leave of absence from Rose Law to campaign for him full-time.[99] During her second stint as the first lady of Arkansas, she made a point of using Hillary Rodham Clinton as her name.[e]

Clinton became involved in state education policy. She was named chair of the Arkansas Education Standards Committee in 1983, where worked to reform the state's public education system.[105][106] In one of the Clinton governorship's most important initiatives, she fought a prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the Arkansas Education Association to establish mandatory teacher testing and state standards for curriculum and classroom size.[91][105] In 1985, she introduced Arkansas's Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy.[107]

Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was the first lady of Arkansas.[108][109] The firm considered her a "rainmaker" because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent it and to her corporate board connections. She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges.[109] Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial reelection campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest because Rose Law did state business; the Clintons countered the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated.[110] Clinton was twice named by The National Law Journal as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America—in 1988 and 1991.[111] When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary Clinton considered running. Private polls were unfavorable, however, and in the end he ran and was reelected for the final time.[112]

From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on the board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the New World Foundation,[113] which funded a variety of New Left interest groups.[114] Clinton was chairman of the board of the Children's Defense Fund[2][115] and on the board of the Arkansas Children's Hospital's Legal Services (1988–1992).[116] In addition to her positions with nonprofit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of TCBY (1985–1992),[117] Wal-Mart Stores (1986–1992)[118] and Lafarge (1990–1992).[119] TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law.[109][120] Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman Sam Walton to name a woman to it.[120] Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices. She was largely unsuccessful in her campaign for more women to be added to the company's management and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices.[118][120][121] According to the journalist Dan Kaufman, awareness of this later became a factor in her loss of credibility with organized labor, helping contribute to her loss in the 2016 election, where slightly less than half of union members voted for Donald Trump.[122][123]

### Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign

[edit]

Further information: Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign

Clinton in 1992

Clinton received sustained national attention for the first time when her husband became a candidate for the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination. Before the New Hampshire primary, tabloid publications printed allegations that Bill Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers.[124] In response, the Clintons appeared together on 60 Minutes, where Bill denied the affair, but acknowledged "causing pain in my marriage".[125] This joint appearance was credited with rescuing his campaign.[126] During the campaign, Hillary made culturally disparaging remarks about Tammy Wynette's outlook on marriage as described in her classic song "Stand by Your Man".[f]

Later in the campaign, she commented she could have chosen to be like women staying home and baking cookies and having teas, but wanted to pursue her career instead.[g] The remarks were widely criticized, particularly by those who were, or defended, stay-at-home mothers. In retrospect, she admitted they were ill-considered. Bill said that in electing him, the nation would "get two for the price of one", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume.[132] Beginning with Daniel Wattenberg's August 1992 The American Spectator article "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock", Hillary's own past ideological and ethical record came under attack from conservatives.[133] At least twenty other articles in major publications also drew comparisons between her and Lady Macbeth.[134]

## First Lady of the United States (1993–2001)

[edit]

Main article: Hillary Clinton as First Lady of the United States

Hillary Clinton's official portrait as First Lady, 1994

When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the first lady. Her press secretary reiterated she would be using that form of her name.[e] She was the first in this role to have a postgraduate degree and her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House.[135] She was also the first to have an office in the West Wing of the White House in addition to the usual first lady offices in the East Wing.[59][136] During the presidential transition, she was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments to the new administration. Her choices filled at least eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level ones.[137][138] After Eleanor Roosevelt, Clinton was regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history.[139][140]

Some critics called it inappropriate for the first lady to play a central role in public policy matters. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors, and that voters had been well aware she would play an active role in her husband's presidency.[141]

### Health care and other policy initiatives

[edit]

See also: Clinton health care plan of 1993

Clinton presenting her health care plan to Congress in 1993

In January 1993, President Clinton named Hillary to chair a task force on National Health Care Reform, hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform.[142] The recommendation of the task force became known as the Clinton health care plan. This was a comprehensive proposal that would require employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. Its opponents quickly derided the plan as "Hillarycare" and it even faced opposition from some Democrats in Congress.[143]

Failing to gather enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate (although Democrats controlled both chambers), the proposal was abandoned in September 1994.[144] Clinton later acknowledged in her memoir that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat but cited many other factors. The first lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50 percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994.[145]

The Republican Party negatively highlighted the Clinton health care plan in their campaign for the 1994 midterm elections.[146] The Republican Party saw strong success in the midterms, and many analysts and pollsters found the healthcare plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among independent voters.[147] After this, the White House subsequently sought to downplay Clinton's role in shaping policy.[148]

Along with senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch, Clinton was a force behind the passage of the State Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, which gave state support to children whose parents could not provide them health coverage. She participated in campaigns to promote the enrollment of children in the program after it took effect.[149]

Enactment of welfare reform was a major goal of Bill Clinton's presidency. When the first two bills on the issue came from a Republican-controlled Congress lacking protections for people coming off welfare, Hillary urged her husband to veto the bills, which he did.[150][151] A third version came up during his 1996 general election campaign that restored some of the protections but cut the scope of benefits in other areas. While Clinton was urged to persuade the president to similarly veto the bill,[150] she decided to support the bill, which became the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, as the best political compromise available.[150][151]

Together with Attorney General Janet Reno, Clinton helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice.[59] In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act, which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as the first lady.[59][152] In 1999, she was instrumental in the passage of the Foster Care Independence Act, which doubled federal monies for teenagers aging out of foster care.[152]

### International diplomacy and promotion of women's rights

[edit]

Footage of Clinton's speech in its entirety. At approximately the 14:45 mark, Clinton utters the famous line, "Women's rights are human rights"

Clinton traveled to 79 countries as first lady,[153] breaking the record for most-traveled first lady previously held by Pat Nixon.[154] She did not hold a security clearance or attend National Security Council meetings, but played a role in U.S. diplomacy attaining its objectives.[155]

In a September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Clinton argued forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in the People's Republic of China itself. She declared, "It is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights."[156] Delegates from over 180 countries heard her declare,

> If there is one message that echoes forth from this conference, let it be that human rights are women's rights and women's rights are human rights, once and for all.[157]

In delivering these remarks, Clinton resisted both internal administration and Chinese pressure to soften her remarks.[153][157] The speech became a key moment in the empowerment of women and years later women around the world would recite Clinton's key phrases.[158]

During the late 1990s, Clinton was one of the most prominent international figures to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Taliban.[159][160] She helped create Vital Voices, an international initiative sponsored by the U.S. to encourage the participation of women in the political processes of their countries.[161]

### Scandals and investigations

[edit]

Further information on these investigations: Whitewater controversy, Travelgate, Filegate, and Hillary Clinton cattle futures controversy

One prominent investigation regarding Clinton was the Whitewater controversy, which arose out of real estate investments by the Clintons and associates made in the 1970s.[162][97][162] As part of this investigation, on January 26, 1996, Clinton became the first spouse of a U.S. president to be subpoenaed to testify before a federal grand jury.[163] After several Independent Counsels had investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 that stated there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing.[164]

Chelsea, Bill, and Hillary Clinton walking down Pennsylvania Avenue to start Bill's second presidential term in 1997

Another investigated scandal involving Clinton was the White House travel office controversy, often referred to as "Travelgate".[165] Another scandal that arose was the Hillary Clinton cattle futures controversy, which related to cattle futures trading Clinton had made in 1978 and 1979.[166] Some in the press had alleged that Clinton had engaged in a conflict of interest and disguised a bribery. Several individuals analyzed her trading records; however, no formal investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing in relation to this.[167]

An outgrowth of the "Travelgate" investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called "Filegate".[168] Accusations were made that Clinton had requested these files and had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the White House Security Office.[169] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter.[168]

In early 2001, a controversy arose over gifts that were sent to the White House; there was a question whether the furnishings were White House property or the Clintons' personal property. During the last year of Bill Clinton's time in office, those gifts were shipped to the Clintons' private residence.[170][171]

### It Takes a Village and other writings

[edit]

In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for American children in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. In January 1996, she went on a ten-city book tour and made numerous television appearances to promote the book,[172] although she was frequently hit with questions about her involvement in the Whitewater and Travelgate controversies.[173][174] The book spent 18 weeks on the New York Times Best Seller List that year, including three weeks at number one.[175] By 2000, it had sold 450,000 copies in hardcover and another 200,000 in paperback.[176] Clinton received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording.[177]

Other books published by Clinton when she was the first lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) and An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000). In 2001, she wrote an afterword to the children's book Beatrice's Goat.[178]

Clinton also published a weekly syndicated newspaper column titled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000.[179][180] It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she met during her travels around the world.[2]

### Response to Lewinsky scandal

[edit]

Further information: Clinton–Lewinsky scandal

In 1998, the Clintons' private concerns became the subject of much speculation when investigations revealed the president had engaged in an extramarital affair with 22-year-old White House intern Monica Lewinsky.[181] Events surrounding the Lewinsky scandal eventually led to the impeachment of the president by the House of Representatives; he was later acquitted by the Senate. When the allegations against her husband were first made public, Hillary Clinton stated that the allegations were part of a "vast right-wing conspiracy".[182][183] Clinton characterized the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Bill's political enemies[h] rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. She later said she had been misled by his initial claims that no affair had taken place.[185] After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible, she issued a public statement reaffirming her commitment to their marriage. Privately, she was reported to be furious at him and was unsure if she wanted to remain in the marriage.[186] The White House residence staff noticed a pronounced level of tension between the couple during this period.[187]

Public response to Clinton's handling of the matter varied. Women variously admired her strength and poise in private matters that were made public. They both sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior and criticized her as being an enabler to her husband's indiscretions. They also accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political influence. In the wake of the revelations, her public approval ratings shot upward to around 70 percent, the highest they had ever been.[188]

### Save America's Treasures initiative

[edit]

Clinton was the founding chair of Save America's Treasures, a nationwide effort matching federal funds with private donations to preserve and restore historic items and sites.[189] This included the flag that inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner" and the First Ladies National Historic Site in Canton, Ohio.[59]

### Traditional duties

[edit]

Clinton was the head of the White House Millennium Council[190] and hosted Millennium Evenings,[191] a series of lectures that discussed futures studies, one of which became the first live simultaneous webcast from the White House.[59] Clinton also created the first White House Sculpture Garden, located in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden.[192]

Working with Arkansas interior decorator Kaki Hockersmith over an eight-year period, Clinton oversaw extensive, privately funded redecoration efforts of the White House. Overall the redecoration received a mixed reaction.[193]

Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the White House. Examples include a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the 21st century, and a state dinner honoring the bicentennial of the White House in November 2000.[59]

## U.S. Senate (2001–2009)

[edit]

Main article: US Senate career of Hillary Clinton

### 2000 U.S. Senate election

[edit]

Main article: 2000 United States Senate election in New York

Hillary Clinton's official senate portrait

When New York's long-serving U.S. senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan announced his retirement in November 1998, several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative Charles Rangel of New York, urged Clinton to run for his open seat in the Senate election of 2000.[194] Once she decided to run, the Clintons purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York, north of New York City, in September 1999.[195] She became the first wife of the president of the United States to be a candidate for elected office.[196] Initially, Clinton expected to face Rudy Giuliani—the mayor of New York City—as her Republican opponent in the election. Giuliani withdrew from the race in May 2000 after being diagnosed with prostate cancer and matters related to his failing marriage became public. Clinton then faced Rick Lazio, a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives who represented New York's 2nd congressional district. Throughout the campaign, opponents accused Clinton of carpetbagging, because she had never resided in New York State or participated in the state's politics before the 2000 Senate race.[197]

Bill de Blasio was Clinton's campaign manager. She began her drive to the U.S. Senate by visiting all 62 counties in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings.[198] She devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican Upstate New York regions. Clinton vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.[199]

The contest drew national attention. During a September debate, Lazio blundered when he seemed to invade Clinton's personal space by trying to get her to sign a fundraising agreement.[200] Their campaigns, along with Giuliani's initial effort, spent a record combined $90 million.[201] Clinton won the election on November 7, 2000, with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent.[200] She was sworn in as U.S. senator on January 3, 2001, and as George W. Bush was still 17 days away from being inaugurated as president after winning the 2000 presidential election, that meant from January 3–20, she simultaneously held the titles of First Lady and Senator – a first in U.S. history.[202]

### First term

[edit]

2001 reenactment of Hillary Clinton's swearing-in as a U.S. senator by vice president Al Gore

Because Bill Clinton's term as president did not end until 17 days after she was sworn in, upon entering the Senate, Clinton became the first and so far only first lady to serve as a senator and first lady concurrently. Clinton maintained a low public profile and built relationships with senators from both parties when she started her term.[203] She forged alliances with religiously inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in the Senate Prayer Breakfast.[204][205] She sat on five Senate committees: Committee on Budget (2001–02),[206] Committee on Armed Services (2003–09),[207] Committee on Environment and Public Works (2001–09), Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (2001–09)[206] and Special Committee on Aging.[208] She was also a member of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe[209] (2001–09).[210]

Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator, Chuck Schumer, she was instrumental in securing $21 billion in funding for the World Trade Center site's redevelopment.[211] She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the health issues faced by 9/11 first responders.[212] Clinton voted for the USA Patriot Act in October 2001. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she expressed concerns with the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization Conference Report regarding civil liberties.[213] In March 2006, she voted in favor of the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 that had gained large majority support.[214]

Clinton strongly supported the 2001 U.S. military action in Afghanistan, saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the Taliban government.[215] Clinton voted in favor of the October 2002 Iraq War Resolution, which authorized President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq.[216]

After the Iraq War began, Clinton made trips to Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier and that parts of the country were functioning well.[217] Observing that war deployments were draining regular and reserve forces, she co-introduced legislation to increase the size of the regular U.S. Army by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain.[218] In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" was also misguided, as it gave Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves".[219] Her stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic Party who favored quick withdrawal.[220] Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for reservists and lobbied against the closure of several military bases, especially those in New York.[221][222] She used her position on the Armed Services Committee to forge close relationships with a number of high-ranking military officers.[222] By 2014 and 2015 Clinton had fully reversed herself on the Iraq War Resolution, saying she "got it wrong" and the vote in support had been a "mistake".[223]

Clinton voted against President Bush's two major tax cut packages, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003.[224] In 2003, Simon & Schuster released her memoir Living History.[225] The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work,[226] went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,[227] and was translated into twelve foreign languages.[228] Clinton's audio recording of the book earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.[229] Clinton's official White House portrait was painted by Simmie Knox and was unveilled in a ceremony at the White House in June 2004.[230]

Clinton voted against the 2005 confirmation of John Roberts as chief justice of the United States and the 2006 confirmation of Samuel Alito to the U.S. Supreme Court, filibustering the latter.[231][232]

In 2005, Clinton called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.[233] Along with senators Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh, she introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act, intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In 2004 and 2006, Clinton voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage.[224][234]

Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that of American conservatism, Clinton played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former Clinton administration chief of staff John Podesta's Center for American Progress, shared aides with Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, founded in 2003 and advised the Clintons' former antagonist David Brock's Media Matters for America, created in 2004.[235] Following the 2004 Senate elections, she successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader Harry Reid to create a Senate war room to handle daily political messaging.[236]

### 2006 reelection campaign

[edit]

Main article: 2006 United States Senate election in New York

In November 2004, Clinton announced she would seek a second Senate term. She easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from antiwar activist Jonathan Tasini.[237][238] The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro, withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance.[239] Clinton's eventual opponent in the general election was Republican candidate John Spencer, a former mayor of Yonkers. Clinton won the election on November 7, 2006, with 67 percent of the vote to Spencer's 31 percent,[240] carrying all but four of New York's sixty-two counties.[241] Her campaign spent $36 million for her reelection, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections. Some Democrats criticized her for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008.[242] In the following months, she transferred $10 million of her Senate funds toward her presidential campaign.[243]

### Second term

[edit]

Clinton listens as the chief of naval operations, Admiral Michael Mullen, responds to a question during his 2007 confirmation hearing with the Senate Armed Services Committee.

Clinton opposed the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, for both military and domestic political reasons (by the following year, she was privately acknowledging the surge had been successful).[i] In March of that year, she voted in favor of a war-spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq by a deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines[245] but was subsequently vetoed by Bush. In May, a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80–14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those who voted against it.[246] She responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."[247]

In March 2007, in response to the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy, Clinton called on Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to resign.[248] Regarding the high-profile, hotly debated immigration reform bill known as the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Clinton cast several votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain cloture.[249]

As the 2008 financial crisis reached a peak with the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, Clinton supported the proposed bailout of the U.S. financial system, voting in favor of the $700 billion law that created the Troubled Asset Relief Program, saying it represented the interests of the American people. It passed the Senate 74–25.[250]

In 2007, Clinton and Virginia senator Jim Webb called for an investigation into whether the body armor issued to soldiers in Iraq was adequate.[251]

## 2008 presidential campaign

[edit]

Main articles: Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign and Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential primary campaign

Clinton had been preparing for a potential candidacy for U.S. president since at least early 2003.[252] On January 20, 2007, she announced via her website the formation of a presidential exploratory committee for the United States presidential election of 2008, stating: "I'm in and I'm in to win."[253] No woman had ever been nominated by a major party for the presidency, and no first lady had ever run for president. When Bill Clinton became president in 1993, a blind trust was established; in April 2007, the Clintons liquidated the blind trust to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political embarrassments as Hillary undertook her presidential race. Later disclosure statements revealed the couple's worth was now upwards of $50 million.[254] They had earned over $100 million since 2000—most of it coming from Bill's books, speaking engagements and other activities.[255]

Clinton at the 2007 CDA National Convention

Throughout the first half of 2007, Clinton led candidates competing for the Democratic presidential nomination in opinion polls for the election. Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and former senator John Edwards of North Carolina were her strongest competitors.[216] The biggest threat to her campaign was her past support of the Iraq War, which Obama had opposed from the beginning.[216] Clinton and Obama both set records for early fundraising, swapping the money lead each quarter.[256] At the end of October, Clinton fared poorly in her debate performance against Obama, Edwards, and her other opponents.[257][258] Obama's message of change began to resonate with the Democratic electorate better than Clinton's message of experience.[259]

In the first vote of 2008, she placed third in the January 3 Iowa Democratic caucus behind Obama and Edwards.[260] Obama gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with all polls predicting a victory for him in the New Hampshire primary.[261] Clinton gained a surprise win there on January 8, narrowly defeating Obama.[262] It was the first time a woman had won a major American party's presidential primary for the purposes of delegate selection.[263] Explanations for Clinton's New Hampshire comeback varied but often centered on her being seen more sympathetically, especially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her voice broke while responding to a voter's question the day before the election.[264]

The nature of the contest fractured in the next few days. Several remarks by Bill Clinton and other surrogates,[265] and a remark by Hillary Clinton concerning Martin Luther King Jr. and Lyndon B. Johnson,[j] were perceived by many as, accidentally or intentionally, limiting Obama as a racially oriented candidate or otherwise denying the post-racial significance and accomplishments of his campaign.[266] Despite attempts by both Hillary and Obama to downplay the issue, Democratic voting became more polarized as a result, with Clinton losing much of her support among African Americans.[265][267] She lost by a two-to-one margin to Obama in the January 26, South Carolina primary,[267] setting up, with Edwards soon dropping out, an intense two-person contest for the twenty-two February 5 Super Tuesday states. The South Carolina campaign had done lasting damage to Clinton, eroding her support among the Democratic establishment and leading to the prized endorsement of Obama by Ted Kennedy.[268]

On Super Tuesday, Clinton won the largest states, such as California, New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts, while Obama won more states;[269] they almost evenly split the total popular vote,[270] but Obama was gaining more pledged delegates for his share of the popular vote due to better exploitation of the Democratic proportional allocation rules.[271]

The Clinton campaign had counted on winning the nomination by Super Tuesday and was unprepared financially and logistically for a prolonged effort; lagging in Internet fundraising as Clinton began loaning money to her campaign.[259][272] There was continuous turmoil within the campaign staff, and she made several top-level personnel changes.[272][273] Obama won the next eleven February contests across the country, often by large margins and took a significant pledged delegate lead over Clinton.[271][272] On March 4, Clinton broke the string of losses by winning in Ohio among other places,[272] where her criticism of NAFTA, a major legacy of her husband's presidency, helped in a state where the trade agreement was unpopular.[274] Throughout the campaign, Obama dominated caucuses, for which the Clinton campaign largely ignored and failed to prepare.[259][271] Obama did well in primaries where African Americans or younger, college-educated, or more affluent voters were heavily represented; Clinton did well in primaries where Hispanics or older, non-college-educated, or working-class white voters predominated.[275][276] Behind in delegates, Clinton's best hope of winning the nomination came in persuading uncommitted, party-appointed superdelegates.[277]

Clinton speaks on behalf of her former rival, Barack Obama, during the second night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention.

Following the final primaries on June 3, 2008, Obama had gained enough delegates to become the presumptive nominee.[278] In a speech before her supporters on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.[279] By campaign's end, Clinton had won 1,640 pledged delegates to Obama's 1,763;[280] at the time of the clinching, Clinton had 286 superdelegates to Obama's 395,[281] with those numbers widening to 256 versus 438 once Obama was acknowledged the winner.[280] Clinton and Obama each received over 17 million votes during the nomination process[k] with both breaking the previous record.[282] Clinton was the first woman to run in the primary or caucus of every state and she eclipsed, by a very wide margin, Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm's 1972 marks for most votes garnered and delegates won by a woman.[263] Clinton gave a passionate speech supporting Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention and campaigned frequently for him in fall 2008, which concluded with his victory over McCain in the general election on November 4.[283]

## Secretary of State (2009–2013)

[edit]

Main article: Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State

See also: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration and List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State

Hillary Clinton was sworn in as Secretary of State by Associate Judge Kathryn Oberly on January 21, 2009.

### Nomination and confirmation

[edit]

In mid-November 2008, President-elect Obama and Clinton discussed the possibility of her serving as secretary of state in his administration.[284] She was initially quite reluctant, but on November 20 she told Obama she would accept the position.[285][286] On December 1, President-elect Obama formally announced that Clinton would be his nominee for secretary of state.[287][288] Clinton said she did not want to leave the Senate, but that the new position represented a "difficult and exciting adventure".[288] As part of the nomination and to relieve concerns of conflict of interest, Bill Clinton agreed to accept several conditions and restrictions regarding his ongoing activities and fundraising efforts for the William J. Clinton Foundation and the Clinton Global Initiative.[289]

The appointment required a Saxbe fix, passed and signed into law in December 2008.[290] Confirmation hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee began on January 13, 2009, a week before the Obama inauguration; two days later, the committee voted 16–1 to approve Clinton.[291] By this time, her public approval rating had reached 65 percent, the highest point since the Lewinsky scandal.[292] On January 21, 2009, Clinton was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 94–2.[293] Clinton took the oath of office of secretary of state, resigning from the Senate later that day.[294] She became the first former first lady to be a member of the United States Cabinet.[295]

### Tenure

[edit]

During her tenure as secretary of state, Clinton and President Obama forged a positive working relationship that lacked power struggles. Clinton was regarded to be a team player within the Obama administration. She was also considered a defender of the administration to the public. She was regarded to be cautious to prevent herself or her husband from upstaging the president.[296][297] Obama and Clinton both approached foreign policy as a largely non-ideological, pragmatic exercise.[285] Clinton met with Obama weekly, but did not have the close, daily relationship that some of her predecessors had had with their presidents.[297] Nevertheless, Obama was trusting of Clinton's actions.[285] Clinton also formed an alliance with Secretary of Defense Robert Gates with whom she shared similar strategic outlooks.[298]

As secretary of state, Clinton sought to lead a rehabilitation of the United States' reputation on the world stage. After taking office, Clinton spent several days telephoning dozens of world leaders and indicating that U.S. foreign policy would change direction. Days into her tenure, she remarked, "We have a lot of damage to repair."[299]

Clinton advocated an expanded role in global economic issues for the State Department, and cited the need for an increased U.S. diplomatic presence, especially in Iraq where the Defense Department had conducted diplomatic missions.[300] Clinton announced the most ambitious of her departmental reforms, the Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, which establishes specific objectives for the State Department's diplomatic missions abroad; it was modeled after a similar process in the Defense Department that she was familiar with from her time on the Senate Armed Services Committee.[301] The first such review was issued in late 2010 and called for the U.S. to lead through "civilian power".[302] and prioritize the empowerment of women throughout the world.[157] One cause that Clinton promoted throughout her tenure was the adoption of cookstoves in the developing world, to foster cleaner and more environmentally sound food preparation and reduce smoke dangers to women.[285]

Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov and Clinton holding a "reset button", 2009

In a 2009 internal Obama administration debate regarding the War in Afghanistan, Clinton sided with the military's recommendations for a maximal "Afghanistan surge", recommending 40,000 troops and no public deadline for withdrawal. She prevailed over Vice President Joe Biden's opposition but eventually supported Obama's compromise plan to send an additional 30,000 troops and tie the surge to a timetable for eventual withdrawal.[222][303]

In March 2009, Clinton presented Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov with a "reset button" symbolizing U.S. attempts to rebuild ties with that country under its new president, Dmitry Medvedev.[304][305] The policy, which became known as the Russian reset, led to improved cooperation in several areas during Medvedev's presidency.[304] However Clinton noted at the time that the U.S. was concerned about Russia's use of energy as a tool of intimidation.[306] Bilateral relations, however, would decline considerably, after Medvedev's presidency ended in 2012 and Vladimir Putin's return to the Russian presidency.[307]

In October 2009, on a trip to Switzerland, Clinton's intervention overcame last-minute snafues and managed to secure the final signing of an historic Turkish–Armenian accord that established diplomatic relations and opened the border between the two long-hostile nations.[308][309] Beginning in 2010, she helped organize a diplomatic isolation and international sanctions regime against Iran, in an effort to force curtailment of that country's nuclear program; this eventually lead to the multinational Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action being agreed to in 2015.[285][310][311]

Clinton greeting service members at Andersen Air Force Base in 2010

In a prepared speech in January 2010, Clinton drew analogies between the Iron Curtain and the free and unfree Internet,[312] which marked the first time that a senior American government official had clearly defined the Internet as a key element of American foreign policy.[313]

In July 2010, she visited South Korea, where she and Cheryl Mills successfully worked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage.[314] This tied into the "build back better" program initiated by her husband after he was named the UN Special Envoy to Haiti in 2009 following a tropical storm season that caused $1 billion in damages to Haiti.[315]

The 2011 Egyptian protests posed the most challenging foreign policy crisis yet for the Obama administration.[316] Clinton's public response quickly evolved from an early assessment that the government of Hosni Mubarak was "stable", to a stance that there needed to be an "orderly transition [to] a democratic participatory government", to a condemnation of violence against the protesters.[317][318] Obama came to rely upon Clinton's advice, organization and personal connections in the behind-the-scenes response to developments.[316] As Arab Spring protests spread throughout the region, Clinton was at the forefront of a U.S. response that she recognized was sometimes contradictory, backing some regimes while supporting protesters against others.[319]

As the Libyan Civil War took place, Clinton's shift in favor of military intervention aligned her with Ambassador to the UN Susan Rice and National Security Council figure Samantha Power. This was a key turning point in overcoming internal administration opposition from Defense Secretary Gates, security advisor Thomas E. Donilon and counterterrorism advisor John Brennan in gaining the backing for, and Arab and U.N. approval of, the 2011 military intervention in Libya.[319][320][321] Secretary Clinton testified to Congress that the administration did not need congressional authorization for its military intervention in Libya, despite objections from some members of both parties that the administration was violating the War Powers Resolution. The State Department's legal advisor argued the same point when the Resolution's 60-day limit for unauthorized wars was passed (a view that prevailed in a legal debate within the Obama administration).[322] Clinton later used U.S. allies and what she called "convening power" to promote unity among the Libyan rebels as they eventually overthrew the Gaddafi regime.[320] The aftermath of the Libyan Civil War saw the country becoming a failed state.[323] The wisdom of the intervention and interpretation of what happened afterward would become the subject of considerable debate.[324][325][326]

During April 2011, internal deliberations of the president's innermost circle of advisors over whether to order U.S. special forces to conduct a raid into Pakistan against Osama bin Laden, Clinton was among those who argued in favor, saying the importance of getting bin Laden outweighed the risks to the U.S. relationship with Pakistan.[327][328] Following the completion of the mission on May 2 resulting in bin Laden's death, Clinton played a key role in the administration's decision not to release photographs of the dead al-Qaeda leader.[329] During internal discussions regarding Iraq in 2011, Clinton argued for keeping a residual force of up to 10,000–20,000 U.S. troops there. (All of them ended up being withdrawn after negotiations for a revised U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement failed.)[222][330]

Clinton with Aung San Suu Kyi during her 2011 visit to Myanmar

In a speech before the United Nations Human Rights Council in December 2011, Clinton said that, "Gay rights are human rights", and that the U.S. would advocate for gay rights and legal protections of gay people abroad.[331] The same period saw her overcome internal administration opposition with a direct appeal to Obama and stage the first visit to Burma by a U.S. secretary of state since 1955. She met with Burmese leaders as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and sought to support the 2011 Burmese democratic reforms.[332][333] She also said the 21st century would be "America's Pacific century",[334] a declaration that was part of the Obama administration's "pivot to Asia".[335]

During the Syrian Civil War, Clinton and the Obama administration initially sought to persuade Syrian president Bashar al-Assad to engage popular demonstrations with reform. As government violence allegedly rose in August 2011, they called for him to resign from the presidency.[336] The administration joined several countries in delivering non-lethal assistance to so-called rebels opposed to the Assad government and humanitarian groups working in Syria.[337] During mid-2012, Clinton formed a plan with CIA Director David Petraeus to further strengthen the opposition by arming and training vetted groups of Syrian rebels. The proposal was rejected by White House officials who were reluctant to become entangled in the conflict, fearing that extremists hidden among the rebels might turn the weapons against other targets.[332][338]

In December 2012, Clinton was hospitalized for a few days for treatment of a blood clot in her right transverse venous sinus.[339] Her doctors had discovered the clot during a follow-up examination for a concussion she had sustained when she fainted and fell nearly three weeks earlier, as a result of severe dehydration from a viral intestinal ailment acquired during a trip to Europe.[339][340] The clot, which caused no immediate neurological injury, was treated with anticoagulant medication, and her doctors have said she has made a full recovery.[340][341][l]

#### Overall themes

[edit]

Clinton, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune Spear in the White House Situation Room in 2011. Everyone in the room is watching a live feed from drones operating over the Osama bin Laden complex.

Throughout her time in office (and mentioned in her final speech concluding it), Clinton viewed "smart power" as the strategy for asserting U.S. leadership and values. In a world of varied threats, weakened central governments and increasingly important nongovernmental entities, smart power combined military hard power with diplomacy and U.S. soft power capacities in global economics, development aid, technology, creativity and human rights advocacy.[320][346] As such, she became the first secretary of state to methodically implement the smart power approach.[347] In debates over use of military force, she was generally one of the more hawkish voices in the administration.[222][298][330] In August 2011 she hailed the ongoing multinational military intervention in Libya and the initial U.S. response towards the Syrian Civil War as examples of smart power in action.[348]

Clinton greatly expanded the State Department's use of social media, including Facebook and Twitter, to get its message out and to help empower citizens of foreign countries vis-à-vis their governments.[320] And in the Mideast turmoil, Clinton particularly saw an opportunity to advance one of the central themes of her tenure, the empowerment and welfare of women and girls worldwide.[157] Moreover, in a formulation that became known as the "Hillary Doctrine", she viewed women's rights as critical for U.S. security interests, due to a link between the level of violence against women and gender inequality within a state, and the instability and challenge to international security of that state.[296][349] In turn, there was a trend of women around the world finding more opportunities, and in some cases feeling safer, as the result of her actions and visibility.[350]

Clinton visited 112 countries during her tenure, making her the most widely traveled secretary of state[351][m] (Time magazine wrote that "Clinton's endurance is legendary".)[320] The first secretary of state to visit countries like Togo and East Timor, she believed that in-person visits were more important than ever in the virtual age.[354] As early as March 2011, she indicated she was not interested in serving a second term as secretary of state should Obama be re-elected in 2012;[321] in December 2012, following that re-election, Obama nominated Senator John Kerry to be Clinton's successor.[340] Her last day as secretary of state was February 1, 2013.[355] Upon her departure, analysts commented that Clinton's tenure did not bring any signature diplomatic breakthroughs as some other secretaries of state had accomplished,[356][357] and highlighted her focus on goals she thought were less tangible but would have more lasting effect.[358] She has also been criticized for accepting millions in dollars in donations from foreign governments to the Clinton Foundation during her tenure as Secretary of State.[359]

### Benghazi attack and subsequent hearings

[edit]

See also: 2012 Benghazi attack and United States House Select Committee on Benghazi

Obama and Clinton honor the Benghazi attack victims at the Transfer of Remains Ceremony, held at Andrews Air Force Base on September 14, 2012.

On September 11, 2012, the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, was attacked, resulting in the deaths of the U.S. Ambassador, J. Christopher Stevens and three other Americans. The attack, questions surrounding the security of the U.S. consulate, and the varying explanations given afterward by administration officials for what had happened became politically controversial in the U.S.[360] On October 15, Clinton took responsibility for the question of security lapses saying the differing explanations were due to the inevitable fog of war confusion after such events.[360][361]

On December 19, a panel led by Thomas R. Pickering and Michael Mullen issued its report on the matter. It was sharply critical of State Department officials in Washington for ignoring requests for more guards and safety upgrades and for failing to adapt security procedures to a deteriorating security environment.[362] It focused its criticism on the department's Bureau of Diplomatic Security and Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs; four State Department officials at the assistant secretary level and below were removed from their posts as a consequence.[363] Clinton said she accepted the conclusions of the report and that changes were underway to implement its suggested recommendations.[362]

Clinton gave testimony to two congressional foreign affairs committees on January 23, 2013, regarding the Benghazi attack. She defended her actions in response to the incident, and while still accepting formal responsibility, said she had had no direct role in specific discussions beforehand regarding consulate security.[364] Congressional Republicans challenged her on several points, to which she responded. In particular, after persistent questioning about whether or not the administration had issued inaccurate "talking points" after the attack, Clinton responded with the much-quoted rejoinder, "With all due respect, the fact is we had four dead Americans. Was it because of a protest or was it because of guys out for a walk one night who decided that they'd they go kill some Americans? What difference at this point does it make? It is our job to figure out what happened and do everything we can to prevent it from ever happening again, Senator."[364][365] In November 2014, the House Intelligence Committee issued a report that concluded there had been no wrongdoing in the administration's response to the attack.[366]

The Republican-led House Select Committee on Benghazi was created in May 2014 and conducted a two-year investigation related to the 2012 attack.[367] The committee was criticized as partisan,[367][368] including by one of its ex-staffers.[369] Some Republicans admitted that the committee aimed to lower Clinton's poll numbers.[370][371] On October 22, 2015, Clinton testified at an all-day and nighttime session before the committee.[372][373] Clinton was widely seen as emerging largely unscathed from the hearing, because of what the media perceived as a calm and unfazed demeanor and a lengthy, meandering, repetitive line of questioning from the committee.[374] The committee issued competing final reports in June 2016; the Republican report offered no evidence of culpability by Clinton.[368][367]

## Email controversy

[edit]

Main article: Hillary Clinton email controversy

Clinton addressing the email controversy in 2015

During her tenure as secretary of state, Clinton conducted official business exclusively through her private email server, as opposed to her government email account.[375] Some experts, officials, members of Congress and political opponents contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures, and federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping requirements. The controversy occurred against the backdrop of Clinton's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi.[376][377]

In a joint statement released on July 15, 2015, the inspector general of the State Department and the inspector general of the intelligence community said their review of the emails found information that was classified when sent, remained so at the time of their inspection and "never should have been transmitted via an unclassified personal system". They also stated unequivocally this classified information should never have been stored outside of secure government computer systems. Clinton had said over a period of months that she kept no classified information on the private server that she set up in her house.[378] Government policy, reiterated in the nondisclosure agreement signed by Clinton as part of gaining her security clearance, is that sensitive information can be considered as classified even if not marked as such.[379] After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question fell into the so-called "born classified" category, an FBI probe was initiated regarding how classified information was handled on the Clinton server.[380] The New York Times reported in February 2016 that nearly 2,100 emails stored on Clinton's server were retroactively marked classified by the State Department. Additionally, the intelligence community's inspector general wrote Congress to say that some of the emails "contained classified State Department information when originated".[381] In May 2016, the inspector general of the State Department criticized her use of a private email server while secretary of state, stating that she had not requested permission for this and would not have received it if she had asked.[382]

Clinton maintained she did not send or receive any emails from her personal server that were confidential at the time they were sent. In a Democratic debate with Bernie Sanders on February 4, 2016, Clinton said, "I never sent or received any classified material—they are retroactively classifying it." On July 2, 2016, Clinton stated: "Let me repeat what I have repeated for many months now, I never received nor sent any material that was marked classified."[383][384]

On July 5, 2016, the FBI concluded its investigation. In a statement, FBI director James Comey said:

> 110 e-mails in 52 e-mail chains have been determined by the owning agency to contain classified information at the time they were sent or received. Eight of those chains contained information that was Top Secret at the time they were sent; 36 chains contained Secret information at the time; and eight contained Confidential information, which is the lowest level of classification. Separate from those, about 2,000 additional e-mails were "up-classified" to make them Confidential; the information in those had not been classified at the time the e-mails were sent.[385][386]

Out of 30,000, three emails were found to be marked as classified, although they lacked classified headers and were marked only with a small "c" in parentheses, described as "portion markings" by Comey. He also said it was possible Clinton was not "technically sophisticated" enough to understand what the three classified markings meant.[386] The probe found Clinton used her personal email extensively while outside the United States, both sending and receiving work-related emails in the territory of sophisticated adversaries. Comey acknowledged that it was "possible that hostile actors gained access to Secretary Clinton's personal email account". He added that "[although] we did not find clear evidence that Secretary Clinton or her colleagues intended to violate laws governing the handling of classified information, there is evidence that they were extremely careless in their handling of very sensitive, highly classified information". Nevertheless, Comey asserted that "no reasonable prosecutor" would bring criminal charges in this case, despite the existence of "potential violations of the statutes regarding the handling of classified information". The FBI recommended that the Justice Department decline to prosecute.[385] On July 6, 2016, U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch confirmed that the probe into Clinton's use of private email servers would be closed without criminal charges.[387]

Two weeks before the election, on October 28, 2016, Comey notified Congress that the FBI had begun looking into newly discovered Clinton emails. On November 6, Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed the conclusion it had reached in July.[388] The notification was later cited by Clinton as a factor in her loss in the 2016 presidential election.[389] The emails controversy received more media coverage than any other topic during the 2016 presidential election.[390][391][392]

The State Department finished its internal review in September 2019. It found that Clinton's use of a personal email server increased the risk of information being compromised, but concluded there was no evidence of "systemic, deliberate mishandling of classified information".[393]

## Clinton Foundation, Hard Choices, and speeches

[edit]

Main articles: Clinton Foundation and Hard Choices

Clinton in 2014

When Clinton left the State Department, she returned to private life for the first time in thirty years.[394] She and her daughter joined her husband as named members of the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation in 2013.[395] There she focused on early childhood development efforts, including an initiative called Too Small to Fail and a $600 million initiative to encourage the enrollment of girls in secondary schools worldwide, led by former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard.[395][396]

In 2014, Clinton published a second memoir, Hard Choices, which focused on her time as secretary of state. As of July 2015[update], the book had sold about 280,000 copies.[397] Clinton also led the No Ceilings: The Full Participation Project, a partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to gather and study data on the progress of women and girls around the world since the Beijing conference in 1995.[398] The foundation began accepting new donations from foreign governments, which it had stopped doing while she was secretary of state.[n] However, even though the Clinton Foundation had stopped taking donations from foreign governments, they continued to take large donations from foreign citizens who were sometimes linked to their governments.[401]

She began work on another volume of memoirs and made appearances on the paid speaking circuit.[402] There she received $200,000–225,000 per engagement, often appearing before Wall Street firms or at business conventions.[402][403] She also made some unpaid speeches on behalf of the foundation.[402] For the fifteen months ending in March 2015, Clinton earned over $11 million from her speeches.[404] For the overall period 2007–14, the Clintons earned almost $141 million, paid some $56 million in federal and state taxes and donated about $15 million to charity.[405] As of 2015[update], she was estimated to be worth over $30 million on her own, or $45–53 million with her husband.[406]

Clinton resigned from the board of the Clinton Foundation in April 2015, when she began her presidential campaign. The foundation said it would accept new foreign governmental donations from six Western nations only.[n]

## 2016 presidential campaign

[edit]

Main article: Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign

Further information: 2016 United States presidential election, 2016 Democratic Party presidential candidates, and 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Clinton accepting Bernie Sanders' endorsement in 2016

On April 12, 2015, Clinton formally announced her candidacy for the presidency in the 2016 election.[407] She had a campaign-in-waiting already in place, including a large donor network, experienced operatives and the Ready for Hillary and Priorities USA Action political action committees and other infrastructure.[408] Prior to her campaign, Clinton had claimed in an interview on NDTV in May 2012 that she would not seek the presidency again, but later wrote in her 2014 autobiography Hard Choices that she had not decided.[409][410] The campaign's headquarters were established in the New York City borough of Brooklyn.[411] Her campaign focused on: raising middle class incomes, establishing universal preschool, making college more affordable and improving the Affordable Care Act.[412][413] Initially considered a prohibitive favorite to win the Democratic nomination,[407] Clinton faced an unexpectedly strong challenge from democratic socialist Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont. His longtime stance against the influence of corporations and the wealthy in American politics resonated with a dissatisfied citizenry troubled by the effects of income inequality in the U.S. and contrasted with Clinton's Wall Street ties.[403][413]

Clinton speaking at an event in Des Moines, Iowa, during her second presidential campaign.

In the initial contest of the primaries season, Clinton only very narrowly won the Iowa Democratic caucuses, held February 1, over an increasingly popular Sanders[414][415] — the first woman to win them.[414] In the first primary, held in New Hampshire on February 9, she lost to Sanders by a wide margin.[416] Sanders was an increasing threat in the next contest, the Nevada caucuses on February 20,[417] but Clinton managed a five-percentage-point win, aided by final-days campaigning among casino workers.[418] Clinton followed that with a lopsided victory in the South Carolina primary on February 27.[417] These two victories stabilized her campaign and showed an avoidance of the management turmoil that harmed her 2008 effort.[417]

On March 1 Super Tuesday, Clinton won 7 of 11 contests, including a string of dominating victories across the South buoyed, as in South Carolina, by African-American voters. She opened up a significant lead in pledged delegates over Sanders.[419] She maintained this delegate lead across subsequent contests during the primary season, with a consistent pattern throughout. Sanders did better among younger, whiter, more rural and more liberal voters and states that held caucuses or where eligibility was open to independents. Clinton did better among older, black and Hispanic voter populations, and in states that held primaries or where eligibility was restricted to registered Democrats.[420][421][422]

By June 5, 2016, she had earned enough pledged delegates and supportive superdelegates for the media to consider her the presumptive nominee.[423] On June 7, after winning most of the states in the final major round of primaries, Clinton held a victory rally in Brooklyn becoming the first woman to claim the status of presumptive nominee for a major American political party.[424] By campaign's end, Clinton had won 2,219 pledged delegates to Sanders' 1,832; with an estimated 594 superdelegates compared to Sanders' 47.[425] She received almost 17 million votes during the nominating process, as opposed to Sanders' 13 million.[426]

Clinton was formally nominated at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia on July 26, 2016, becoming the first woman to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party.[427] Her choice of vice presidential running mate, Senator Tim Kaine, was nominated by the convention the following day.[428] Her opponents in the general election included Republican Donald Trump, Libertarian Gary Johnson and Jill Stein of the Green Party. Around the time of the convention, WikiLeaks released emails that suggested the DNC and the Clinton campaign tilted the primary in Clinton's favor.[429]

Clinton held a significant lead in national polls over Trump throughout most of 2016. In early July, Trump and Clinton were tied in major polls following the FBI's conclusion of its investigation into her emails.[430][431] FBI Director James Comey concluded Clinton had been "extremely careless" in her handling of classified government material.[432] In late July, Trump gained his first lead over Clinton in major polls following a three to four percentage point convention bounce at the Republican National Convention. This was in line with the average bounce in conventions since 2004, although it was toward the low side by historical standards.[433][434][435] Following Clinton's seven percentage point convention bounce at the Democratic National Convention, she regained a significant lead in national polls at the start of August.[436][437] In fall 2016, Clinton and Tim Kaine published Stronger Together, which outlined their vision for the United States.[438]

Clinton delivering her concession speech

Clinton was defeated by Donald Trump in the November 8, 2016, presidential election.[439] By the early morning hours of November 9, Trump had received 279 projected electoral college votes, with 270 needed to win; media sources proclaimed him the winner.[440] Clinton then phoned Trump to concede and to congratulate him on his victory, whereupon Trump gave his victory speech.[441] The next morning Clinton made a public concession speech in which she acknowledged the pain of her loss, but called on her supporters to accept Trump as their next president, saying: "We owe him an open mind and a chance to lead."[442] Though Clinton lost the election by capturing only 232 electoral votes to Trump's 306, she won the popular vote by more than 2.8 million votes, or 2.1% of the voter base.[443][444] She is the fifth presidential candidate in U.S. history to win the popular vote but lose the election.[o][445][446] She won the most votes of any candidate who did not take office and the third-most votes of any candidate in history,[447][448] though she did not have the greatest percentage win of a losing candidate. (Andrew Jackson won the popular vote by 10.4% but lost to John Quincy Adams.)[449]

On December 19, 2016, when electors formally voted, Clinton lost five of her initial 232 votes due to faithless electors, with three of her Washington votes being cast instead for Colin Powell, one being cast for Faith Spotted Eagle, and one in Hawaii being cast for Bernie Sanders.[450]

## Post–2016 election activities

[edit]

Main article: Activities of Hillary Clinton subsequent to 2016

The Clintons at Trump's inauguration in 2017

Clinton maintained a low profile in the months following her defeat in the 2016 presidential election.[451] She frequently engaged in nature walks in Chappaqua, with various sightings of Clinton circulating on social media.[452] On January 20, 2017, she attended the inauguration of Donald Trump.[453] On her decision to attend, Clinton stated: "I'm here today to honor our democracy & its enduring values, I will never stop believing in our country & [sic] its future."[454] Clinton also began work on a book of personal essays, in which she would reflect on her defeat in the election.[455] The book, What Happened, was released on September 12, 2017, alongside a picture book adaption of It Takes a Village.[456][457]

Clinton delivered a St. Patrick's Day speech in Scranton, Pennsylvania, on March 17, 2017. In it, alluding to reports that she had been seen taking walks in the woods around Chappaqua following her loss in the presidential election,[458][459] Clinton indicated her readiness to emerge from "the woods" and become politically active again.[458] However, the following month she confirmed she would not seek public office again.[460] She reiterated her comments in March 2019 and stated she would not run for president in 2020.[461]

In May 2017, Clinton announced the formation of Onward Together, a new political action committee that she wrote is "dedicated to advancing the progressive vision that earned nearly 66 million votes in the last election".[462] Clinton has also made occasional comments on political issues in the time since losing her presidential campaign,[463] and authored several op-eds.[464][465][466]

On April 28, 2020, Clinton endorsed the presumptive Democratic nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, for president in the 2020 election[467] and she addressed the 2020 Democratic National Convention in August.[468] On July 21, 2024, Clinton endorsed Kamala Harris for president in the 2024 election.[469] On August 19, 2024, Clinton spoke at the 2024 Democratic National Convention. In her speech, she referenced the 34 felony convictions of Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump, prompting chants of "Lock him up!" from the crowd in an ironic reference to Trump's own chants of "Lock her up!" in reference to Clinton's email scandal during his 2016 campaign.[470]

Since the election, Clinton has released several books. Clinton and her daughter Chelsea co-authored 2019's The Book of Gutsy Women and 2020's Grandma's Gardens.[471] On October 12, 2021, Clinton co-authored the fiction novel State of Terror with Louise Penny.[472] Clinton is set to release another memoir, Something Lost, Something Gained, on September 17, 2024.[473]

Clinton has also been involved in a number of media ventures. Clinton collaborated with director Nanette Burstein on the documentary film Hillary, which was released on Hulu in March 2020.[474] On September 29, 2020, Clinton launched an interview podcast in collaboration with iHeartRadio titled You and Me Both.[475] She has also produced television series, so far being a producer on the Apple TV+ series Gutsy[476] and the upcoming The CW adaption of The Woman's Hour.[477]

On January 2, 2020, it was announced that Clinton would take up the position of Chancellor at Queen's University Belfast. Clinton became the 11th and first female chancellor of the university, filling the position that had been vacant since 2018 after the death of her predecessor, Thomas J. Moran.[478][479] In January 2023, Columbia University announced that Clinton would join the university as professor of practice at the School of International and Public Affairs and as a presidential fellow at Columbia World Projects.[480]

## Political positions

[edit]

Main article: Political positions of Hillary Clinton

Clinton with King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia. Clinton supports maintaining U.S. influence in the Middle East.

Using her Senate votes, several organizations have attempted to measure Clinton's place on the political spectrum scientifically. National Journal's 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 on the political spectrum, relative to the Senate at the time, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.[481] National Journal's subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007.[482] A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton of Princeton University and Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of Stanford University found her likely to be the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal senator.[483] The Almanac of American Politics, edited by Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal on economics, social issues, and foreign policy.[p] According to FiveThirtyEight's measure of political ideology, "Clinton was one of the most liberal members during her time in the Senate."[484]

Organizations have also attempted to provide more recent assessments of Clinton after she reentered elective politics in 2015. Based on her stated positions from the 1990s to the present, On the Issues places her in the "Left Liberal" region on their two-dimensional grid of social and economic ideologies, with a social score of 80 on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances, with an economic score of ten on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances.[485] Crowdpac, which does a data aggregation of campaign contributions, votes and speeches, gives her a 6.5L rating on a one-dimensional left-right scale from 10L (most liberal) to 10C (most conservative).[486]

### Economics

[edit]

In March 2016, Clinton laid out a detailed economic plan, which The New York Times called "optimistic" and "wide-ranging". Basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism, Clinton proposed a "clawback" that would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas; providing incentives for companies that share profits with employees, communities and the environment, rather than focusing on short-term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders; increasing collective bargaining rights; and placing an "exit tax" on companies that move their headquarters out of America to pay a lower tax rate overseas.[487]

### Domestic policy

[edit]

Clinton accepts the scientific consensus on climate change and supports cap-and-trade,[488] and opposed the Keystone XL pipeline.[489] She supported "equal pay for equal work", to address current shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do.[490] Clinton has explicitly focused on family issues and supports universal preschool.[491] These programs would be funded by proposing tax increases on the wealthy, including a "fair share surcharge".[492] Clinton supported the Affordable Care Act[493] and would have added a "public option" that competed with private insurers and enabled people "50 or 55 and up" to buy into Medicare.[494][495]

### LGBT rights

[edit]

Clinton supports the right to same-sex marriage, a position that has developed throughout her political career.[491] In 2000, she was against such marriages altogether. In 2006, she said only that she would support a state's decision to permit same-sex marriages, but opposed federally amending the Constitution to permit same-sex marriage. While running for president in 2007, she again reiterated her opposition to same-sex marriage, although she expressed her support of civil unions.[496][497] 2013 marked the first time that Clinton expressed support for a national right to same-sex marriage.[497] In 2016, she was the first major-party presidential candidate ever to write an op-ed for an LGBT newspaper, the Philadelphia Gay News.[498]

### Immigration

[edit]

Clinton held that allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship "[i]s at its heart a family issue",[499] and expressed support for Obama's Deferred Action for Parental Accountability (DAPA) program, which would allow up to five million undocumented immigrants to gain deferral of deportation and authorization to legally work in the United States.[500][501] However, in 2014, Clinton stated that unaccompanied children crossing the border "should be sent back".[502] She opposed and criticized Trump's call to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the United States.[503]

### Foreign policy

[edit]

On foreign affairs, Clinton voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq in October 2002,[504] a vote she later said she regretted.[505] She favored arming Syria's rebel fighters in 2012 and has called for the removal of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad.[506] She supported the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 and the NATO-led military intervention in Libya to oust former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in 2011.[507][508] Clinton is in favor of maintaining American influence in the Middle East.[503] She has told the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, "America can't ever be neutral when it comes to Israel's security and survival."[509] Clinton expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the 2006 Lebanon War and 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.[510][511] In a 2017 interview, after a poison gas attack in Syria, Clinton said that she had favored more aggressive action against Bashar al-Assad: "I think we should have been more willing to confront Assad. I really believe we should have and still should take out his air fields and prevent him from being able to use them to bomb innocent people and drop sarin gas on them."[512] Clinton opposed a ceasefire in the Gaza war,[513] stating "Remember, there was a ceasefire on October 6, that Hamas broke by their barbaric assault on peaceful civilians."[514]

## Religious views

[edit]

Clinton has been a lifelong Methodist, and has been part of United Methodist Church congregations throughout her life. She has publicly discussed her Christian faith on several occasions, although seldom while campaigning.[515][516] Professor Paul Kengor, author of God and Hillary Clinton: A Spiritual Life, has suggested that Clinton's political positions are rooted in her faith. She often expresses a maxim often attributed to John Wesley: "Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can."[515]

## Cultural and political image

[edit]

Main article: Public image of Hillary Clinton

Clinton worked at Rose Law Firm for fifteen years. Her professional career and political involvement set the stage for public reaction to her as the first lady.

Over one hundred books and scholarly works have been written about Clinton. A 2006 survey by the New York Observer found "a virtual cottage industry" of "anti-Clinton literature" put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative imprints. Some titles include Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House, Hillary's Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House and Can She Be Stopped?: Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless ... Books praising Clinton did not sell nearly as well[517] (other than her memoirs and those of her husband). When she ran for Senate in 2000, several fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up to oppose her.[518] Don Van Natta found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman" to mention in fundraising letters, on a par with Ted Kennedy, and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning Newt Gingrich.[519]

Clinton has also been featured in the media and popular culture in a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, writer Todd S. Purdum of The New York Times characterized Clinton as a Rorschach test,[520] an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan, who said, "Coverage of Hillary Clinton is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society."[521] She has been the subject of many satirical impressions on Saturday Night Live, beginning with her time as the first lady. She has made guest appearances on the show herself, in 2008 and in 2015, to face-off with her doppelgängers.[522][523]

Clinton in 2015

She has often been described in the popular media as a polarizing figure, though some argue otherwise.[524] In the early stages of her 2008 presidential campaign, a Time magazine cover showed a large picture of her with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her".[525] Mother Jones titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary".[526] Following Clinton's "choked up moment" and related incidents in the run-up to the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both The New York Times and Newsweek found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse.[527][528] Newsweek editor Jon Meacham summed up the relationship between Clinton and the American public by saying the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though Hillary Rodham Clinton has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics".[528]

Once she became secretary of state, Clinton's image seemed to improve dramatically among the American public and became one of a respected world figure.[296][529] Her favorability ratings dropped, however, after she left office and began to be viewed in the context of partisan politics once more.[530] By September 2015, with her 2016 presidential campaign underway and beset by continued reports regarding her private email usage at the State Department, her ratings had slumped to some of her lowest levels ever.[531] In March 2016, she acknowledged that: "I'm not a natural politician, in case you haven't noticed."[532]

Both the TV shows Madam Secretary and The Good Wife were said to be partly inspired by her life.[533][534][535] She was a regular viewer of both and made a guest appearance on the former.[536][537]

## Honors and recognition

[edit]

Bust of Clinton in Sarandë, Albania

A bust of Clinton by Idriz Balani [es; sq] was erected in Sarandë, Albania in 2016.[538] In January 2025, United States President Joe Biden awarded Hillary Clinton the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[539]

## Books

[edit]

See also: Bibliography of Hillary Clinton

* It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us by Hillary Rodham Clinton (Simon & Schuster, 1996) ISBN 1-4165-4064-4
* Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets by Hillary Rodham Clinton (Simon & Schuster, 1998) ISBN 0-684-85778-2
* An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History by Hillary Rodham Clinton (Simon & Schuster, 2000) ISBN 0-684-85799-5
* Living History by Hillary Rodham Clinton (Simon & Schuster, 2003) ISBN 978-0-7432-2224-2
* Hard Choices by Hillary Rodham Clinton (Simon & Schuster, 2014) ISBN 978-1-4767-5144-3
* Stronger Together: A Blueprint for America's Future by Hillary Rodham Clinton, Tim Kaine (Simon & Schuster, 2016) ISBN 978-1-5011-6173-5
* What Happened by Hillary Rodham Clinton (Simon & Schuster, 2017) ISBN 978-1-5011-7556-5
* The Book of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories of Courage and Resilience by Hillary Rodham Clinton, Chelsea Clinton (Simon & Schuster, 2019) ISBN 1-5011-7841-5
* Grandma's Gardens by Hillary Rodham Clinton, Chelsea Clinton (Philomel Books, 2020) ISBN 978-0-5931-1535-0
* State of Terror by Hillary Rodham Clinton, Louise Penny (Simon & Schuster, St. Martin's Press, 2021) ISBN 978-1-9821-7367-8
* Something Lost, Something Gained: Reflections on Life, Love, and Liberty by Hillary Rodham Clinton (Simon & Schuster, 2024) ISBN 978-1-6680-1723-4

## Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestry of Hillary Clinton[5][540]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Jonathan Rodham (1843–1917)
Holmside, Co. Durham, England

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Hugh Rodham (1879–1965)
West Kyo, Co. Durham, England|

|  |  |
| 9\. Isabella Simpson Bell (1849–1917)
Annfield Plain, Co. Durham, England

| 2\. Hugh Ellsworth Rodham (1911–1993)
Scranton, Pennsylvania|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. John Jones (1836–?)
Wales

| 5\. Hannah Jones (1882–1952)
Scranton, Pennsylvania|

|  |  |
| 11\. Mary (1839–?)
Wales

| 1\. Hillary Diane Rodham (born 1947)
Chicago, Illinois|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Edwin John Howell (1867–1941)
Bristol, England

| 6\. Edwin John Howell Jr. (1897–1946)
Elgin, Illinois|

|  |  |
| 13\. Emma Josephine Monk (1874–1940)
Canada

| 3\. Dorothy Emma Howell (1919–2011)
Chicago, Illinois|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Daniel Murray (1859–?)
Ontario, Canada

| 7\. Della Murray (1902–1960)
Aurora, Illinois|

|  |  |
| 15\. Delia Martin (1861–?)
Lake Superior, Michigan

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## See also

[edit]

* 2016 United States presidential election timeline
* Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates
* Electoral history of Hillary Clinton
* List of female United States Cabinet members
* Women in the United States Senate

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Pronounced /ˈrɑːdəm/, RAH-dəm
2. ^ Several dates have been published for the King speech she witnessed, but April 15, 1962, is the most likely.[21]
3. ^ Research by The New York Sun in 2007 found it unclear exactly which cases beyond child custody ones Rodham worked on at the Treuhaft firm.[53] Anti-Clinton writers such as Barbara Olson would later charge Hillary Clinton with never repudiating Treuhaft's ideology, and for retaining social and political ties with his wife and fellow communist Jessica Mitford.[54] Further Sun research revealed that Mitford and Hillary Clinton were not close, and had a falling-out over a 1980 Arkansas prisoner case.[55]
4. ^ For the start date, see Brock (1996) p. 96. Secondary sources give inconsistent dates as to when her time as chair ended. Primary sources indicate that between about April 1980 and September 1980, Rodham was replaced as chair by F. William McCalpin. See Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1981, "House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations", U.S. House of Representatives, 1980. Rodham is still chair after having given birth "a few weeks ago"; Chelsea Clinton was born on February 27, 1980.
5. ^ a b As of 1993, she had not legally changed her name from Hillary Rodham.[100] Bill Clinton's advisers thought her use of her maiden name to be one of the reasons for his 1980 gubernatorial re-election loss. During the following winter, Vernon Jordan suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using the name Clinton, and she began to do so publicly with her husband's February 1982 campaign announcement to regain that office. She later wrote, "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name."[101] Once he was elected again, she made a point of using "Hillary Rodham Clinton" in work she did as First Lady of the state.[79] Once she became first lady of the United States in 1993, she publicly stated that she wanted to be known as "Hillary Rodham Clinton".[100] She has authored all her books under that name and she has continued to use that name on her website and elsewhere when becoming a U.S. senator.[102] When running for president during 2007–2008, she used the name "Hillary Clinton" or just "Hillary" in campaign materials.[102] She used "Hillary Rodham Clinton" again in official materials as secretary of state.[103] As of the 2015 launch of her second presidential campaign, she again switched to using "Hillary Clinton" in campaign materials;[103] in November 2015 both the Associated Press and The New York Times noted that they would no longer use "Rodham" in referring to Clinton, with the Times stating that "the Clinton campaign confirmed ... that Mrs. Clinton prefers to be simply, 'Hillary Clinton'".[104]
6. ^ Clinton said in the joint 60 Minutes interview, "I'm not sitting here as some little woman 'standing by my man' like Tammy Wynette. I'm sitting here because I love him and I respect him, and I honor what he's been through and what we've been through together." The seemingly sneering reference to country music provoked immediate criticism that Clinton was culturally tone-deaf, and Wynette herself did not like the remark because "Stand by Your Man" is not written in the first person.[127] Wynette added that Clinton had "offended every true country music fan and every person who has "made it on their own" with no one to take them to a White House".[128] A few days later, on Primetime Live, Clinton apologized to Wynette. Clinton would later write that she had been careless in her choice of words and that "the fallout from my reference to Tammy Wynette was instant—as it deserved to be—and brutal".[129] The two women later resolved their differences, with Wynette appearing at a Clinton fundraiser.
7. ^ Less than two months after the Wynette remarks, Clinton was facing questions about whether she could have avoided possible conflicts of interest between her governor husband and work given to the Rose Law Firm when she remarked, "I've done the best I can to lead my life ... You know, I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband was in public life."[130] The "cookies and teas" part of this statement prompted even more culture-based criticism of Clinton's apparent distaste for women who had chosen to be homemakers; the remark became a recurring campaign liability.[131] Clinton subsequently offered up some cookie recipes as a way of making amends and would later write of her chagrin: "Besides, I've done quite a lot of cookie baking in my life, and tea-pouring too!"[130]
8. ^ Clinton was referring to the Arkansas Project and its funder Richard Mellon Scaife, Kenneth Starr's connections to Scaife, Regnery Publishing and its connections to Lucianne Goldberg and Linda Tripp, Jerry Falwell, and others.[184]
9. ^ General Jack Keane, one of the architects of the surge, later related that he tried to convince Clinton of its merits at the time, but that she felt it would not succeed and that U.S. casualties would be too high. Keane said that sometime during 2008 she told him, "You were right, this really did work".[222] In 2014, Secretary of Defense Gates related that after Clinton had left the Senate and become Secretary of State, she told President Obama that her opposition to the 2007 Iraq surge had been political, due to her facing a strong challenge from the anti-Iraq War Obama in the upcoming Democratic presidential primary. Gates also quotes Clinton as saying, "The Iraq surge worked."[244] Clinton responded that Gates had misinterpreted her remark regarding the reason for her opposition.[222]
10. ^ When asked for her reaction to an Obama remark about the possibility that his campaign represented false hope, Clinton responded: "I would point to the fact that Dr. King's dream began to be realized when President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, when he was able to get through Congress something that President Kennedy was hopeful to do, the President before had not even tried, but it took a president to get it done. That dream became a reality, the power of that dream became real in people's lives because we had a president who said we are going to do it, and actually got it accomplished."[266]
11. ^ "2008 Democratic Popular Vote". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved July 8, 2008. The popular vote count for a nomination process is unofficial, and meaningless in determining the nominee. It is difficult to come up with precise totals due to some caucus states not reporting popular vote totals and thus having to be estimated. It is also difficult to compare Clinton and Obama's totals, due to only her name having been on the ballot in the Michigan primary.[277]
12. ^ While generally experiencing good health in her life, Clinton had previously had a potentially serious blood clot behind her knee (a deep vein thrombosis) while first lady in 1998, for which she had required anticoagulant treatment.[342] An elbow fracture and subsequent painful recuperation had caused Clinton to miss two foreign trips as Secretary of State in 2009.[343] It was also disclosed in 2015 that she had a second deep vein thrombosis in 2009.[344] The 2012 concussion and clot episode caused Clinton to postpone her congressional testimony on the Benghazi attack and to miss any foreign trips planned for the rest of her tenure.[340] After returning to public activity, she wore special glasses for two months, with a Fresnel lens for the left eye to compensate for double vision, a lingering effect of the concussion.[341][345] She remained on anticoagulant medication as a precaution.[341]
13. ^ Clinton's 112 countries visited broke Madeleine Albright's previous mark of 96.[352] Clinton's sum of 956,733 air miles traveled, however, fell short of Condoleezza Rice's record for mileage.[351] That total, 1,059,207, was bolstered late in her tenure by repeated trips to the Middle East.[353]
14. ^ a b During Clinton's tenure there were several cases where foreign governments continued making donations to the Clinton Foundation at the same level they had before Clinton became secretary of state, which was permissible under the agreement forged before she took office. There was one instance of a new donation, $500,000 from Algeria for earthquake relief in Haiti, that was outside the bounds of the continuation provision and should have received a special State Department ethics review but did not.[399] The foundation's new stance as of April 2015[update] and Clinton's presidential candidacy was to accept foreign governmental donations only from Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom.[400]
15. ^ The others were: Andrew Jackson who lost to John Quincy Adams; Samuel Tilden who lost by one electoral vote to Rutherford B Hayes; Grover Cleveland who lost to Benjamin Harrison; and Al Gore who lost to George W Bush.
16. ^ See Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. National Journal. p. 1126. And 2006 edition of same, 1152. The scores for individual years are [highest rating 100, format: liberal, (conservative)]: 2003: Economic = 90 (7), Social = 85 (0), Foreign = 79 (14). Average = 85 (7). 2004: Economic = 63 (36), Social = 82 (0), Foreign = 58 (41). Average = 68 (26). 2005: Economic = 84 (15), Social = 83 (10), Foreign = 66 (29). Average = 78 (18). 2006: Economic = 63 (35), Social = 80 (14), Foreign = 62 (35). Average = 68 (28).

## References

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### Citations

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496. ^ "Hillary Clinton had the chance to make gay rights history. She refused". The Washington Post. August 29, 2016. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
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498. ^ "PGN Exclusive: Hillary Clinton addresses LGBT equality". Epgn.com. 2016. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
499. ^ Chozick, Amy (May 5, 2015). "A Path to Citizenship, Clinton Says, 'Is at Its Heart a Family Issue'". The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
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501. ^ Foley, Elise (July 14, 2016). "Hillary Clinton Promises Deportation Relief, Despite Supreme Court Ruling". HuffPost. Archived from the original on December 5, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
502. ^ Price, Greg (September 8, 2017). "Hillary Clinton Said Children of Illegal Immigrants Should Be Sent Back in 2014 CNN Interview". Newsweek. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
503. ^ a b Yilek, Caitlin (May 19, 2016). "Trump fires back at Clinton over Muslim ban: 'Ask Hillary who blew up the plane last night'". The Hill.
504. ^ "Roll Call Vote 107th Congress – 2nd Session On the Joint Resolution (H.J.Res. 114 )". senate.gov. October 11, 2002. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
505. ^ Kranish, Michael (September 15, 2016). "Hillary Clinton regrets her Iraq vote. But opting for intervention was a pattern". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
506. ^ "Was Clinton right about arming Syrian rebels?". CNN. January 17, 2016.
507. ^ Chapman, Steve (July 26, 2007). "Clinton unlikely to change course on intervention". Chicago Tribune.
508. ^ Becker, Jo; Shane, Scott (February 27, 2016). "Hillary Clinton, 'Smart Power' and a Dictator's Fall". The New York Times.
509. ^ "Hillary Clinton to AIPAC: Donald Trump's foreign policy 'dangerously wrong.'". Jewish Journal. March 21, 2016. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016.
510. ^ Healy, Patrick (July 18, 2006). "Clinton Vows to Back Israel in Latest Mideast Conflict". The New York Times.
511. ^ "Hillary Clinton blasts 'unfair' world reaction over Gaza, cites anti-Semitism as factor". The Times of Israel. August 10, 2016.
512. ^ Barbara Goldberg (April 7, 2017). "Hillary Clinton calls for U.S. to bomb Syrian air fields". Reuters.
513. ^ "Hillary Clinton rebuts calls for ceasefire, says Hamas rule in Gaza must end". Politico. November 14, 2023.
514. ^ "Hillary Clinton: 'There was a ceasefire on October 6. Hamas chose to break it'". Times of Israel. November 9, 2023.
515. ^ a b Chozick, Amy (January 29, 2016). "Some in Iowa Surprised by Hillary Clinton's Ease With Faith". The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
516. ^ Chozick, Amy (January 25, 2016). "Hillary Clinton Gets Personal on Christ and Her Faith". The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
517. ^ Smith, Ben (March 12, 2006). "Da Hillary Code". The New York Observer.
518. ^ Levy, Clifford J. (October 27, 2000). "Clinton Rivals Raise Little Besides Rage". The New York Times.
519. ^ Van Natta, Don Jr. (July 10, 1999). "Hillary Clinton's Campaign Spurs A Wave of G.O.P. Fund-Raising". The New York Times.
520. ^ Purdum, Todd S. (July 24, 1995). "The First Lady's Newest Role: Newspaper Columnist". The New York Times.
521. ^ Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (1995). "Hillary Clinton as Rorschach Test". Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 978-0-19-508940-0.
522. ^ Raftery, Liz (April 30, 2015). "Who Did the Best Hillary Clinton Impression on SNL? (Video)". TV Guide.
523. ^ Murray, Elizabeth (October 4, 2015). "Hillary Clinton tends bar on 'Saturday Night Live' in political season premiere (Video)". Today. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
524. ^ For sources describing her as a polarizing figure, see Purdum, "The First Lady's Newest Role", op. cit.; Dowd, Maureen (May 18, 1992). "Hillary Clinton as Aspiring First Lady: Role Model, or a 'Hall Monitor' Type?". The New York Times.; Sullivan, Amy (July–August 2005). "Hillary in 2008?". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on July 14, 2005.; "Hillary Clinton's Polarizing Force as a Candidate". NPR. July 16, 2006.; Cox, Ana Marie (August 19, 2006). "How Americans View Hillary: Popular but Polarizing". Time. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2014.; and those referenced in Davis, Lanny (October 10, 2007). "Hillary Clinton: Not Polarizing and Highly Electable". The Hill.. For sources arguing against the notion, see the same Davis piece; and Estrich, Susan (2005). The Case for Hillary Clinton. HarperCollins. pp. 66–68. ISBN 978-0-06-083988-8.
525. ^ "The Presidential Ambitions of Hillary Clinton". Time. August 26, 2006. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
526. ^ Hitt, Jack (January–February 2007). "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary". Mother Jones. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
527. ^ Kantor, Jodi (January 10, 2008). "Women's Support for Clinton Rises in Wake of Perceived Sexism". The New York Times.
528. ^ a b Meacham, Jon (January 21, 2008). "Letting Hillary Be Hillary". Newsweek.
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530. ^ "Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton Extend Run as Most Admired" (Press release). Gallup Organization. December 29, 2014.
531. ^ Dugan, Andrew; McCarthy, Justin (September 4, 2015). "Hillary Clinton's Favorable Rating One of Her Worst". Gallup Organization.
532. ^ "Hillary Clinton: 'I am not a natural politician'". The Week. March 9, 2016.
533. ^ Chozick, Amy (October 17, 2013). "Hillary Rodham Clinton Meets Her TV Counterparts". ArtsBeat. Retrieved July 5, 2025.
534. ^ Goren, Lilly J. (May 6, 2016). "'The Good Wife' transformed how political women are shown on TV. Here's how". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved July 5, 2025.
535. ^ Moraes, Lisa de (July 17, 2014). "TCA: CBS' 'Madam Secretary' Sprang From Hillary Clinton And Benghazi, Exec Producer Says". Deadline. Retrieved July 5, 2025.
536. ^ "Hillary Clinton Misses 'The Good Wife' But Still Loves 'Madam Secretary'". EW.com. Retrieved July 5, 2025.
537. ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (September 21, 2018). "Behind the scenes of 'Madam Secretary' during a day of historic cameos". CNN. Retrieved July 5, 2025.
538. ^ Semini, Llazar (June 30, 2016). "Albanian southern town erects bust of Hillary Clinton". The San Diego Union-Tribune. AP. Archived from the original on June 16, 2025. Retrieved June 16, 2025.
539. ^ Montague, Zach (January 4, 2025). "Who Are the Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2025.
540. ^ Reitwiesner, William Addams. "Ancestry of Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton". William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services. Retrieved October 12, 2018.

### Works cited

[edit]

* Allen, Jonathan; Parnes, Amie (2014). HRC: State Secrets and the Rebirth of Hillary Clinton. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8041-3675-4.
* Allen, Jonathan; Parnes, Amie (April 18, 2017). Shattered: Inside Hillary Clinton's Doomed Campaign. Crown. ISBN 978-0-553-44709-5.
* Balz, Dan; Johnson, Haynes (2009). The Battle for America, 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election. New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-02111-6.
* Bernstein, Carl (2007). A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40766-6.
* Brock, David (1996). The Seduction of Hillary Rodham. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-83451-1.
* Brower, Kate Andersen (2015). The Residence: Inside the Private World of The White House. New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-230519-0.
* Burns, Lisa M. (2008). First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-391-3.
* Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2003). Living History. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2224-2.
* Dobbs, Michael (December 31, 2007). "Hillary and Martin Luther King Jr". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
* Gerth, Jeff; Van Natta, Don Jr. (2007). Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-01742-8.
* Ghattas, Kim (2013). The Secretary: A Journey with Hillary Clinton from Beirut to the Heart of American Power. New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-9511-1.
* Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-173363-5.
* Hudson, Valerie M.; Leidl, Patricia (2015). The Hillary Doctrine: Sex & American Foreign Policy. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-16492-4.
* Kornblut, Anne (2009). Notes from the Cracked Ceiling: Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win. New York: Crown Books. ISBN 978-0-307-46425-5.
* Maraniss, David (1995). First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-87109-3.
* Morris, Roger (1996). Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-2804-1.
* Olson, Barbara (1999). Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-197-7.
* Troy, Gil (2006). Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1488-2.

## External links

[edit]

Library resources about
Hillary Clinton

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

By Hillary Clinton

* Online books
* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

### Official

[edit]

* Official website
* Clinton Foundation
* State Department Biography
*   * United States Congress. "Hillary Clinton (id: C001041)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* White House biography of former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton
* Archived White House website
* Office of University Chancellor

### Media coverage

[edit]

* Hillary Clinton collected news and commentary at The Guardian
* Hillary Rodham Clinton collected news and commentary at The New York Times

### Other

[edit]

* Appearances on C-SPAN
* Hillary Clinton's file at PolitiFact

* v
* t
* e

Hillary Clinton

* 11th Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast (2020–present)
* 67th United States Secretary of State (2009–2013)
* US Senator from New York (2001–2009)
* First Lady of the United States (1993–2001)
* First Lady of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992)

Secretary
of State|

* Tenure as Secretary
* Foreign trips
* Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review
* Foreign policy of the Obama administration
* Hillary Doctrine
* Email controversy
* UN Security Council Resolution 1888
* UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict

US senator|

* Senate career
* Family Entertainment Protection Act
* Flag Protection Act of 2005

First Lady|

* Tenure as First Lady
* 1993 health care reform
* Hillaryland
* Travel office controversy
* FBI files controversy
* "Vast right-wing conspiracy"
* Vital Voices
* Save America's Treasures
* State Children's Health Insurance Program
* Adoption and Safe Families Act
* Foster Care Independence Act
* White House Millennium Council

Arkansas|

* Legal career
* Career in corporate governance
* Tenures as First Lady of Arkansas
* Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families
* Rose Law Firm
* Legal Services Corporation
* Whitewater controversy
* Cattle futures controversy

Philanthropic|

* Clinton Foundation
* State Department controversy
* Onward Together

Speeches
and policies|

* Political positions
* "Women's Rights Are Human Rights" (1995)
* "Basket of deplorables" (2016)

Writings|

* Bibliography
* Senior thesis (1969)
* It Takes a Village  (1996)
* Dear Socks, Dear Buddy (1998)
* An Invitation to the White House (2000)
* Living History (2003)
* Hard Choices (2014)
* Stronger Together (2016)
* What Happened (2017)
* The Book of Gutsy Women (2019)
* State of Terror (2021)

Electoral
history|

| Senatorial elections|

* 2000 US Senate election in New York
* 2006 US Senate election in New York

|

2008 Democratic
presidential primaries|

* Campaign
* Endorsements
* Debates
* Convention

2016 US presidential election|

* Campaign
* Endorsements
* political
* non-political
* screen and stage performers
* other celebrities
* Democratic primaries
* debates
* running mate selection
* convention
* Democratic opposition
* General election debates
* Hillary Victory Fund

Legacy|

* Awards and honors
* Books about
* Public image
* Clinton National Airport
* Official White House portrait

Popular culture|

* Hillary 1984
* Saturday Night Live parodies
* Hillary Clinton: The Power of Women (2015 documentary)
* Hillary and Clinton (2016 play)
* Hillary (2020 documentary)

Family|

* Bill Clinton (husband
* presidency)
* Chelsea Clinton (daughter)
* Hugh E. Rodham (father)
* Dorothy Howell Rodham (mother)
* Hugh Rodham (brother)
* Tony Rodham (brother)
* Socks (cat)
* Buddy (dog)
* Whitehaven (residence)

Other|

* Situation Room (2011 photograph)
* Activities after 2016

Offices and distinctions

| Legal offices

Preceded by

Roger Cramton

|  Chair of the Legal Services Corporation
1978–1980  | Succeeded by

F. William McCalpin

Honorary titles
Preceded by

Barbara Pryor

|  First Lady of Arkansas
1979–1981  | Succeeded by

Gay Daniels White

Preceded by

Gay Daniels White

|  First Lady of Arkansas
1983–1992  | Succeeded by

Betty Tucker

Preceded by

Barbara Bush

|  First Lady of the United States
1993–2001  | Succeeded by

Laura Bush

Honorary Chair of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities
1993–2001
Party political offices
Preceded by

Daniel Patrick Moynihan

|  Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from New York
(Class 1)
2000, 2006 | Succeeded by

Kirsten Gillibrand

New office |  Chair of the Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee
2005–2007  | Succeeded by

Debbie Stabenow

Preceded by

Barack Obama

|  Democratic nominee for President of the United States
2016 | Succeeded by

Joe Biden

U.S. Senate
Preceded by

Daniel Patrick Moynihan

|  United States Senator (Class 1) from New York
2001–2009
Served alongside: Chuck Schumer | Succeeded by

Kirsten Gillibrand

Political offices
Preceded by

Condoleezza Rice

|  United States Secretary of State
2009–2013  | Succeeded by

John Kerry

Academic offices
Preceded by

Thomas Moran

|  Chancellor of the Queen's University, Belfast
2020–present  | Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by

Condoleezza Rice

as Former US Secretary of State  |  Order of precedence of the United States
as Former US Secretary of State | Succeeded by

John Kerry

as Former US Secretary of State

* v
* t
* e

First ladies of the United States

* Martha Washington
* Abigail Adams
* Martha Jefferson Randolph
* Dolley Madison
* Elizabeth Monroe
* Louisa Adams
* Emily Donelson
* Sarah Jackson
* Angelica Van Buren
* Anna Harrison
* Jane Harrison
* Letitia Tyler
* Priscilla Tyler
* Julia Tyler
* Sarah Polk
* Margaret Taylor
* Abigail Fillmore
* Jane Pierce
* Harriet Lane
* Mary Todd Lincoln
* Eliza Johnson
* Julia Grant
* Lucy Hayes
* Lucretia Garfield
* Mary McElroy
* Rose Cleveland
* Frances Cleveland
* Caroline Harrison
* Mary Harrison
* Frances Cleveland
* Ida McKinley
* Edith Roosevelt
* Helen Taft
* Ellen Wilson
* Margaret Wilson
* Edith Wilson
* Florence Harding
* Grace Coolidge
* Lou Hoover
* Eleanor Roosevelt
* Bess Truman
* Mamie Eisenhower
* Jacqueline Kennedy
* Lady Bird Johnson
* Pat Nixon
* Betty Ford
* Rosalynn Carter
* Nancy Reagan
* Barbara Bush
* Hillary Clinton
* tenure
* Laura Bush
* Michelle Obama
* Melania Trump
* Jill Biden
* Melania Trump

* First Lady of the United States
* bibliographies
* families
* firsts
* memoirs
* National Historic Site
* Category

* v
* t
* e

United States secretaries of state

Foreign affairs
1781–1789|

* R. Livingston
* Jay

State
1789–present|

* Jefferson
* Randolph
* Pickering
* J. Marshall
* Madison
* Smith
* Monroe
* Adams
* Clay
* Van Buren
* E. Livingston
* McLane
* Forsyth
* Webster
* Upshur
* Calhoun
* Buchanan
* Clayton
* Webster
* Everett
* Marcy
* Cass
* Black
* Seward
* Washburne
* Fish
* Evarts
* Blaine
* Frelinghuysen
* Bayard
* Blaine
* Foster
* Gresham
* Olney
* Sherman
* Day
* Hay
* Root
* Bacon
* Knox
* Bryan
* Lansing
* Colby
* Hughes
* Kellogg
* Stimson
* Hull
* Stettinius
* Byrnes
* G. Marshall
* Acheson
* Dulles
* Herter
* Rusk
* Rogers
* Kissinger
* Vance
* Muskie
* Haig
* Shultz
* Baker
* Eagleburger
* Christopher
* trips
* Albright
* trips
* Powell
* trips
* Rice
* tenure
* trips
* Clinton
* tenure
* trips
* Kerry
* trips
* Tillerson
* trips
* Pompeo
* trips
* Blinken
* trips
* Rubio
* trips

List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States • Air Force Three

* v
* t
* e

Bill Clinton

* 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001)
* 40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992)

Presidency
(timeline)|

* Transition
* Inaugurations
* 1993
* 1997
* Timeline
* 1993
* 1994
* 1995
* 1996
* 1997
* 1998
* 1999
* 2000
* January 2001
* Economic policy
* AmeriCorps
* Health care plan
* North American Free Trade Agreement
* Balanced Budget
* Foreign policy
* International trips
* Clinton Doctrine
* Oslo I Accord
* Israel–Jordan peace treaty
* Dayton Agreement
* 2000 Camp David Summit
* Cruise missile strikes on Iraq
* 1993
* 1996
* Operation Infinite Reach
* Bombing of Yugoslavia
* Bombing of Iraq (1998)
* National Highway System Designation Act of 1995
* Transportation Equity Act
* One America Initiative
* Riegle-Neal Act
* Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
* Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation
* Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996
* Telecommunications Act of 1996
* Communications Decency Act
* Section 230
* Nannygate
* Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy
* Commerce Department trade mission controversy
* 1996 United States campaign finance controversy
* Clinton–Lewinsky scandal
* Starr Report
* Impeachment
* efforts
* inquiry
* trial
* White House Millennium Council
* Pardons
* list
* Cabinet
* Gore vice presidency
* Judicial appointments
* Supreme Court
* controversies
* Executive Orders
* Presidential Proclamations
* Presidential transition of George W. Bush

Life and
legacy|

* Childhood home
* Early life and career
* Governorships of Arkansas
* Presidential Library
* Post-presidency
* Official White House portrait
* Clinton Foundation
* Clinton School of Public Service
* Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
* Chairman, National Constitution Center
* Honors and awards
* Public image
* Troopergate
* Sexual misconduct allegations
* Whitewater controversy

Speeches|

* Joint session of Congress (1993)
* Joint session of Congress (health care reform) (1993)
* State of the Union addresses
* 1994
* 1995
* 1996
* 1997
* 1998
* 1999
* 2000

Elections|

| U.S. House|

* 1974

|

Gubernatorial|

* 1978
* 1980
* 1982
* 1984
* 1986
* 1990

Presidential|

* 1992 campaign
* "Make America Great Again"
* primaries
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election
* theme song
* 1996 campaign
* primaries
* convention
* debates
* election

Books|

* Between Hope and History (1996)
* My Life (2004)
* Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World (2007)
* Back to Work (2011)
* The President Is Missing (2018)
* The President's Daughter (2021)
* Citizen: My Life After the White House (2024)

Namesakes|

* William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building
* Bill Clinton Boulevard
* Clinton National Airport
* USS William J. Clinton

Popular
culture|

* Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton
* The War Room (1993 documentary)
* The Silence of the Hams (1994 film)
* Primary Colors (1998 film)
* The Final Days (2000 short film)
* The Hunting of the President (2004 film)
* The Special Relationship (2010 film)
* Clinton (2012 film)
* Hillary and Clinton (2016 play)
* Impeachment: American Crime Story (2021 miniseries)
* The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (2022 documentary series)

Family|

* Hillary Rodham Clinton (wife)
* Chelsea Clinton (daughter)
* William Jefferson Blythe Jr. (father)
* Virginia Clinton Kelley (mother)
* Roger Clinton Sr. (first stepfather)
* Roger Clinton Jr. (brother)
* Jeff Dwire (second stepfather)
* Socks (cat)
* Buddy (dog)
* Whitehaven (residence)

* ← George H. W. Bush
* George W. Bush →

* Category

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

(← 2004) 2008 United States presidential election (2012 →)

* 2008 United States elections
* Candidates
* Comparison
* Debates
* Congressional endorsements
* Fundraising
* Ballot access
* Timeline
* Super Tuesday
* Potomac primary
* Super Tuesday II
* Polls
* national
* statewide
* international

Democratic Party
▌WFP|

* Convention
* superdelegates
* Polls
* statewide
* national
* Debates
* Primaries
* Primary results
* VP candidate selection

Candidates|

* Nominee: Barack Obama
* campaign
* positions
* endorsements
* cross-party
* VP nominee: Joe Biden
* positions

* Other candidates: Evan Bayh
* campaign
* Joe Biden
* campaign
* positions
* Hillary Clinton
* campaign
* positions
* endorsements
* Chris Dodd
* campaign
* John Edwards
* campaign
* positions
* Mike Gravel
* campaign
* Dennis Kucinich
* campaign
* Bill Richardson
* campaign
* Tom Vilsack
* campaign

Republican Party
▌CPNY · ▌IPNY|

* Convention
* Polls
* statewide
* national
* Debates
* Political positions
* Primaries
* Primary results
* VP candidate selection

Candidates|

* Nominee: John McCain
* campaign
* positions
* endorsements
* cross-party
* VP nominee: Sarah Palin
* candidacy
* positions

* Other candidates: Sam Brownback
* campaign
* John H. Cox
* Jim Gilmore
* campaign
* Rudy Giuliani
* campaign
* positions
* Mike Huckabee
* campaign
* positions
* Duncan L. Hunter
* campaign
* Alan Keyes
* campaign
* Ray McKinney
* Ron Paul
* campaign
* positions
* Mitt Romney
* campaign
* positions
* Tom Tancredo
* campaign
* Fred Thompson
* campaign
* Tommy Thompson
* campaign

Draft movements|

* Democratic: Al Gore
* Mark Warner
* Republican: Newt Gingrich
* Condoleezza Rice
* movement
* Independent: Michael Bloomberg
* movement

Third party and independent candidates

Constitution Party
(convention)|

* Nominee: Chuck Baldwin
* campaign
* VP nominee: Darrell Castle

* Other candidates: Daniel Imperato
* Alan Keyes
* campaign

Green Party
(convention)|

* Nominee: Cynthia McKinney
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Rosa Clemente

* Other candidates: Elaine Brown

Libertarian Party
(convention)|

* Nominee: Bob Barr
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Wayne Allyn Root

* Other candidates: Mike Gravel
* campaign
* Steve Kubby
* Wayne Allyn Root
* Mary Ruwart
* Doug Stanhope

America's Independent Party|

* Nominee: Alan Keyes
* campaign
* VP nominee: Brian Rohrbough

Boston Tea Party|

* Nominee: Charles Jay

Objectivist Party|

* Nominee: Tom Stevens

Peace and Freedom Party|

* Nominee: Ralph Nader
* campaign
* VP nominee: Matt Gonzalez

* Other candidates: Gloria La Riva
* Cynthia McKinney
* campaign
* Brian Moore
* campaign

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Gene Amondson

Reform Party|

* Nominee: Ted Weill
* VP nominee: Frank McEnulty

Socialism and Liberation Party|

* Nominee: Gloria La Riva
* VP nominee: Eugene Puryear

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Brian Moore
* campaign
* VP nominee: Stewart Alexander

* Other candidates: Eric Chester

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: Róger Calero
* Alternate nominee: James Harris
* VP nominee: Alyson Kennedy

Independent / Other|

* Jeff Boss
* Stephen Colbert
* campaign
* Earl Dodge
* Bradford Lyttle
* Frank Moore
* Joe Schriner
* Jonathon Sharkey

* Other 2008 elections: House
* Senate
* Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

(← 2012) 2016 United States presidential election (2020 →)

Donald Trump, Mike Pence (R), 304 electoral votes; Hillary Clinton, Tim Kaine (D), 227 electoral votes

* Fundraising
* Positions
* Polls
* national
* by demo.
* statewide
* pre-2016
* early 2016
* international
* Social media
* Timeline
* Debates
* Newspaper endorsements
* primary
* Vote pairing
* Recounts
* Russian interference
* Faithless electors
* Electoral College vote count
* Transition
* inauguration

| Republican Party
▌AIP · ▌CPNY · ▌RTLP|

* Debates and forums
* Endorsements
* Primaries
* Polls (national · statewide · straw)
* Results
* Convention
* VP candidate selection

Candidates|

Nominee
Donald Trump

campaign
endorsements
positions
protests
GOP opposition
VP nominee: Mike Pence

Other candidates
Jeb Bush

campaign
positions
Ben Carson

campaign
Chris Christie

campaign
Ted Cruz

campaign
endorsements
positions
Mark Everson
Carly Fiorina

campaign
Jim Gilmore

campaign
Lindsey Graham

campaign
Mike Huckabee

campaign
positions
Bobby Jindal

campaign
John Kasich

campaign
endorsements
Jimmy McMillan
George Pataki

campaign
Rand Paul

campaign
positions
Rick Perry

campaign
positions
Marco Rubio

campaign
positions
Rick Santorum

campaign
Scott Walker

campaign

Democratic Party
▌WEP · ▌WFP|

* Political positions
* Endorsements
* Debates and forums
* Primaries
* Polls
* national
* statewide
* straw
* Results
* Convention
* superdelegates
* VP candidate selection

Candidates|

Nominee
Hillary Clinton

campaign
endorsements

political
non-political
celebrities
performers
positions
Democratic opposition
VP nominee: Tim Kaine

Other candidates
Lincoln Chafee

campaign
Rocky De La Fuente

campaign
Paul T. Farrell Jr.
Lawrence Lessig

campaign
Martin O'Malley

campaign
Bernie Sanders

campaign
endorsements
positions
Jim Webb

campaign
Willie Wilson

Libertarian Party
▌IPNY|

* Debates and forums
* Primaries
* Convention

Candidates|

Nominee
Gary Johnson

campaign
endorsements
positions
VP nominee: Bill Weld
Other candidates
John McAfee
Austin Petersen

Green Party|

* Debates and forums
* Primaries
* Convention

Candidates|

Nominee
Jill Stein

campaign
endorsements
VP nominee: Ajamu Baraka
Other candidates
Darryl Cherney

Independents
▌ IPMN|

* Better for America
* Candidate: Evan McMullin
* campaign
* endorsements
* Running mate: Mindy Finn

Other third-party and independent candidates

| American Delta Party
▌Reform|

* Nominee: Rocky De La Fuente
* campaign
* VP nominee: Michael Steinberg

|

American Party (South Carolina)|

* Nominee: Peter Skewes

American Solidarity Party|

* Nominee: Mike Maturen

America's Party|

* Nominee: Tom Hoefling

Constitution Party|

* Primaries
* Convention

Nominee
Darrell Castle

campaign
VP nominee: Scott Bradley
Other candidates
Tom Hoefling

Nutrition Party|

* Nominee: Rod Silva

Peace and Freedom Party
▌PSL|

* Nominee: Gloria La Riva
* VP nominee: Dennis Banks
* PSL VP nominee: Eugene Puryear*

* Other candidates: Monica Moorehead
* Jill Stein

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: James Hedges

Socialist Action|

* Nominee: Jeff Mackler

Socialist Equality Party|

* Nominee: Jerry White

Socialist Party USA|

* Nominee: Mimi Soltysik
* campaign
* VP nominee: Angela Nicole Walker

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: Alyson Kennedy
* VP nominee: Osborne Hart

Pacifist Party|

* Nominee: Bradford Lyttle

Workers World Party|

* Nominee: Monica Moorehead

Other Independent candidates|

* Laurence Kotlikoff

* : These candidates were constitutionally ineligible to serve as President or Vice President.

* Other 2016 elections: Senate
* House

* v
* t
* e

Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States

1. Thomas Jefferson (1796)
2. John Adams (1800)
3. Charles C. Pinckney (1804, 1808)
4. DeWitt Clinton (1812)
5. Rufus King (1816)
6. Andrew Jackson (1824)
7. William H. Crawford (1824)
8. Henry Clay (1824, 1832, 1844)
9. John Quincy Adams (1828)
10. William Henry Harrison (1836)
11. Hugh Lawson White (1836)
12. Martin Van Buren (1840)
13. Lewis Cass (1848)
14. Winfield Scott (1852)
15. John C. Frémont (1856)
16. Stephen A. Douglas (1860)
17. George B. McClellan (1864)
18. Horatio Seymour (1868)
19. Horace Greeley (1872)
20. Samuel J. Tilden (1876)
21. Winfield Scott Hancock (1880)
22. James G. Blaine (1884)
23. Grover Cleveland (1888)
24. Benjamin Harrison (1892)
25. William J. Bryan (1896, 1900, 1908)
26. Alton B. Parker (1904)
27. William Howard Taft (1912)
28. Charles Evans Hughes (1916)
29. James M. Cox (1920)
30. John W. Davis (1924)
31. Al Smith (1928)
32. Herbert Hoover (1932)
33. Alf Landon (1936)
34. Wendell Willkie (1940)
35. Thomas E. Dewey (1944, 1948)
36. Adlai Stevenson (1952, 1956)
37. Richard Nixon (1960)
38. Barry Goldwater (1964)
39. Hubert Humphrey (1968)
40. George McGovern (1972)
41. Gerald Ford (1976)
42. Jimmy Carter (1980)
43. Walter Mondale (1984)
44. Michael Dukakis (1988)
45. George H. W. Bush (1992)
46. Bob Dole (1996)
47. Al Gore (2000)
48. John Kerry (2004)
49. John McCain (2008)
50. Mitt Romney (2012)
51. Hillary Clinton (2016)
52. Donald Trump (2020)
53. Kamala Harris (2024)

* All presidential candidates
* Presidents
* Third-party candidates

* v
* t
* e

Cabinet of President Barack Obama (2009–2017)

Cabinet

Vice President|

* Joe Biden (2009–2017)

Secretary of State|

* Hillary Clinton (2009–2013)
* John Kerry (2013–2017)

Secretary of the Treasury|

* Timothy Geithner (2009–2013)
* Jack Lew (2013–2017)

Secretary of Defense|

* Robert Gates (2009–2011)
* Leon Panetta (2011–2013)
* Chuck Hagel (2013–2015)
* Ash Carter (2015–2017)

Attorney General|

* Eric Holder (2009–2015)
* Loretta Lynch (2015–2017)

Secretary of the Interior|

* Ken Salazar (2009–2013)
* Sally Jewell (2013–2017)

Secretary of Agriculture|

* Tom Vilsack (2009–2017)

Secretary of Commerce|

* Gary Locke (2009–2011)
* John Bryson (2011–2012)
* Penny Pritzker (2013–2017)

Secretary of Labor|

* Hilda Solis (2009–2013)
* Tom Perez (2013–2017)

Secretary of Health and Human Services|

* Kathleen Sebelius (2009–2014)
* Sylvia Mathews Burwell (2014–2017)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|

* Shaun Donovan (2009–2014)
* Julian Castro (2014–2017)

Secretary of Transportation|

* Ray LaHood (2009–2013)
* Anthony Foxx (2013–2017)

Secretary of Energy|

* Steven Chu (2009–2013)
* Ernest Moniz (2013–2017)

Secretary of Education|

* Arne Duncan (2009–2016)
* John King Jr. (2016–2017)

Secretary of Veterans Affairs|

* Eric Shinseki (2009–2014)
* Bob McDonald (2014–2017)

Secretary of Homeland Security|

* Janet Napolitano (2009–2013)
* Jeh Johnson (2013–2017)

Cabinet-level

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency|

* Lisa P. Jackson (2009–2013)
* Gina McCarthy (2013–2017)

Director of the Office of Management and Budget|

* Peter R. Orszag (2009–2010)
* Jack Lew (2010–2012)
* Sylvia Mathews Burwell (2013–2014)
* Shaun Donovan (2014–2017)

Trade Representative|

* Ron Kirk (2009–2013)
* Michael Froman (2013–2017)

Ambassador to the United Nations|

* Susan Rice (2009–2013)
* Samantha Power (2013–2017)

Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers|

* Christina Romer (2009–2010)
* Austan Goolsbee (2010–2011)
* Alan Krueger (2011–2013)
* Jason Furman (2013–2017)

Administrator of the Small Business Administration|

* Karen Mills (2012–2013)*
* Maria Contreras-Sweet (2014–2017)

White House Chief of Staff|

* Rahm Emanuel (2009–2010)
* William M. Daley (2011–2012)
* Jack Lew (2012–2013)
* Denis McDonough (2013–2017)

* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012

See also: Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet

* v
* t
* e

United States senators from New York

Class 1|

* Schuyler
* Burr
* Schuyler
* Hobart
* North
* Watson
* Morris
* Bailey
* Armstrong
* Mitchill
* German
* Sanford
* Van Buren
* Dudley
* Tallmadge
* Dickinson
* Fish
* P. King
* Morgan
* Fenton
* Kernan
* Platt
* Miller
* Hiscock
* Murphy
* Depew
* O'Gorman
* Calder
* Copeland
* Mead
* Ives
* Keating
* Kennedy
* Goodell
* Buckley
* Moynihan
* H. Clinton
* Gillibrand

Class 3|

* R. King
* Laurance
* Armstrong
* D. Clinton
* Armstrong
* Smith
* R. King
* Sanford
* Marcy
* Wright
* Foster
* Dix
* Seward
* Harris
* Conkling
* Lapham
* Evarts
* Hill
* Platt
* Root
* Wadsworth
* Wagner
* Dulles
* Lehman
* Javits
* D'Amato
* Schumer

* v
* t
* e

Democratic Party

* History
* Second Party System
* Third Party System
* Fourth Party System
* Fifth Party System
* Sixth Party System

National
conventions,
presidential
tickets,
and
presidential
primaries|

* 1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun
* 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren
* 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. Johnson
* 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None
* 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas
* 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler
* 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King
* 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge
* 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD)
* 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton
* 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair
* 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown
* 1876 (St. Louis): Tilden/Hendricks
* 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English
* 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks
* 1888 (St. Louis): Cleveland/Thurman
* 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I
* 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall
* 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I
* 1904 (St. Louis): Parker/H. Davis
* 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern
* 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall
* primaries
* 1916 (St. Louis): Wilson/Marshall
* primaries
* 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt
* primaries
* 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan
* primaries
* 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson
* primaries
* 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner
* primaries
* 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner
* primaries
* 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace
* primaries
* 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman
* primaries
* 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley
* primaries
* 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman
* primaries
* 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver
* primaries
* 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. Johnson
* primaries
* 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey
* primaries
* 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie
* primaries
* 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
* primaries
* 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* primaries
* 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* primaries
* 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro
* primaries
* 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen
* primaries
* 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore
* primaries
* 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore
* primaries
* 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman
* primaries
* 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards
* primaries
* 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden
* primaries
* 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden
* primaries
* 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine
* primaries
* 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris
* primaries
* 2024 (Chicago): Harris/Walz
* primaries

Presidential
administrations|

* Jackson (1829–1837)
* Van Buren (1837–1841)
* Polk (1845–1849)
* Pierce (1853–1857)
* Buchanan (1857–1861)
* A. Johnson (1868–1869)
* Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897)
* Wilson (1913–1921)
* Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945)
* Truman (1945–1953)
* Kennedy (1961–1963)
* L. B. Johnson (1963–1969)
* Carter (1977–1981)
* Clinton (1993–2001)
* Obama (2009–2017)
* Biden (2021–2025)

U.S. House
leaders,
Speakers,
and
Caucus
chairs|

* A. Stevenson (1827–1834)
* Bell (1834–1835)
* Polk (1835–1839)
* J. W. Jones (1843–1845)
* Davis (1845–1847)
* Cobb (1849–1851)
* Boyd (1851–1855)
* G. W. Jones (1855–1857)
* Orr (1857–1859)
* Houston (1859–1861)
* Niblack/Randall (1869–1871)
* Niblack (1873–1875)
* Kerr (1875–1876)
* Randall (1876–1881)
* Carlisle (1883–1889)
* Holman (1889–1891)
* Crisp (1891–1895)
* D. B. Culberson (1895–1897)
* Richardson (1897–1903)
* Williams (1903–1909)
* Clark (1909–1921)
* Kitchin (1921–1923)
* Garrett (1923–1929)
* Garner (1929–1933)
* Rainey (1933–1934)
* Byrns (1935–1936)
* Bankhead (1936–1940)
* Rayburn (1940–1961)
* McCormack (1962–1971)
* Albert (1971–1977)
* O'Neill (1977–1987)
* Wright (1987–1989)
* Foley (1989–1995)
* Gephardt (1995–2003)
* Pelosi (2003–2023)
* Jeffries (2023–present)

U.S. Senate
leaders
and
Caucus
chairs|

* J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877)
* Wallace (1877–1881)
* Pendleton (1881–1885)
* Beck (1885–1890)
* Gorman (1890–1898)
* Turpie (1898–1899)
* J. K. Jones (1899–1903)
* Gorman (1903–1906)
* Blackburn (1906–1907)
* C. A. Culberson (1907–1909)
* Money (1909–1911)
* Martin (1911–1913)
* Kern (1913–1917)
* Martin (1917–1919)
* Hitchcock (1919–1920)
* Underwood (1920–1923)
* Robinson (1923–1937)
* Barkley (1937–1949)
* Lucas (1949–1951)
* McFarland (1951–1953)
* Johnson (1953–1961)
* Mansfield (1961–1977)
* Byrd (1977–1989)
* Mitchell (1989–1995)
* Daschle (1995–2005)
* Reid (2005–2017)
* Schumer (2017–present)

Chairs of
the DNC|

* Hallett
* McLane
* Smalley
* Belmont
* Schell
* Hewitt
* Barnum
* Brice
* Harrity
* Jones
* Taggart
* Mack
* McCombs
* McCormick
* Cummings
* G. White
* Hull
* Shaver
* Raskob
* Farley
* Flynn
* Walker
* Hannegan
* McGrath
* Boyle
* McKinney
* Mitchell
* Butler
* Jackson
* Bailey
* O'Brien
* Harris
* O'Brien
* Westwood
* Strauss
* Curtis
* J. White
* Manatt
* Kirk
* Brown
* Wilhelm
* DeLee
* Dodd/Fowler
* Romer/Grossman
* Rendell/Andrew
* McAuliffe
* Dean
* Kaine
* Wasserman Schultz
* Perez
* Harrison
* Martin

State and
territorial
parties|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming
* American Samoa
* District of Columbia Democratic State Committee
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* Virgin Islands
* Democrats Abroad

Affiliated
groups|

| Congress|

* Senate Caucus
* Policy Committee
* Steering and Outreach Committee
* House Caucus
* Factions
* Blue Dog Coalition
* Congressional Progressive Caucus
* Squad
* Justice Democrats
* New Democrat Coalition
* Problem Solvers Caucus

|

Campaign
committees|

* Democratic Attorneys General Association
* Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
* Democratic Governors Association
* Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
* Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
* National Conference of Democratic Mayors

Constituency
groups|

* College Democrats of America
* Democrats Abroad
* National Federation of Democratic Women
* Stonewall Democrats
* Stonewall Young Democrats
* Young Democrats of America
* High School Democrats of America

Strategic
groups|

* National Democratic Redistricting Committee
* National Democratic Training Committee

Related|

* Primaries
* Presidential candidates
* Debates
* Superdelegate
* Chairmanship elections
* 2005
* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021
* 2025
* House caucus leadership elections
* 2006
* 2018
* Weekly Democratic Address

* v
* t
* e

Legal Services Corporation

Affiliates|

* Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation
* Colorado Legal Services
* Texas RioGrande Legal Aid, Inc.
* Wyoming Legal Services, Inc.
* Legal Aid Society of Louisville

National chairs|

* F. William McCalpin
* Hillary Rodham
* William F. Harvey

Other|

* Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez

* v
* t
* e

Rose Law Firm

Founders|

* Robert Crittenden
* Chester Ashley

Prominent partners|

* Hillary Rodham Clinton
* Webster Hubbell
* Vince Foster
* William H. Kennedy, III
* George C. Watkins
* U. M. Rose

Prominent clients|

* Walmart
* Tyson Foods
* Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
* Bank of America
* WEHCO Media
* Stephens Inc.

* v
* t
* e

Arkansas Women's Hall of Fame

2015|

* Mary Ann Arnold
* Daisy Bates
* Betty Bumpers
* Hattie Caraway
* Hillary Clinton
* Hester A. Davis
* Roberta Fulbright
* Mary L. Good
* Johnelle Hunt
* Edith Irby Jones
* Alice Walton
* Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools

2016|

* Kay Kelley Arnold
* Bettye Caldwell
* Cathy Cunningham
* Joycelyn Elders
* Betty Ann Lowe
* Religious Sisters of Mercy of the Americas
* Lottie Shackelford
* Patti Upton
* Pat Walker

2017|

* Maya Angelou
* Bernice Jones
* June B. Freeman
* Ruth Hawkins
* Brinda J. Jackson
* Pat Lile
* Elsijane Trimble Roy
* Joanna Seibert
* Dorothy Stuck
* Olivetan Benedictine Sisters

2018|

* Carolyn F. Blakely
* Karen Flake
* Sue Griffin
* Raye Montague
* Bessie Grace Boehm Moore
* Florence Beatrice Smith Price
* Mary Steenburgen
* Annabelle Clinton Imber Tuck
* Women’s Foundation of Arkansas

2019|

* Alice Andrews
* Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority’s Beta Pi Omega Chapter
* Diane Frances Divers Kincaid Blair
* Olivia Farrell
* Jo Luck
* Charlotte Tillar Schexnayder
* Louise McPhetridge Thaden
* Carolyn Witherspoon

2020|

* Margaret Louise Sirman Clark
* Cynthia L. Conger
* Hispanic Women's Organization of Arkansas
* Brownie Ledbetter
* Dorothy Morris
* Carolyn Pollan
* Amy Rossi
* Sister Rosetta Tharpe

2022|

* Sandra Keiser Edwards
* Dorothy McFadden Hoover
* Cathy Hastings Owen
* Pat Steele Qualls
* Nan Snow
* Adolphine Fletcher Terry
* Joyce Williams Warren
* Women's Giving Circle

* v
* t
* e

Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording

1950s|

* The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows – Stan Freberg (1959)

1960s|

* Lincoln Portrait – Carl Sandburg (1960)
* FDR Speaks – Robert Bialek (producer) (1961)
* Humor in Music – Leonard Bernstein (1962)
* The Story-Teller: A Session with Charles Laughton – Charles Laughton (1963)
* Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? – Edward Albee (playwright) (1964)
* BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy – That Was the Week That Was (1965)
* John F. Kennedy: As We Remember Him – Goddard Lieberson (producer) (1966)
* Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years – Edward R. Murrow (1967)
* Gallant Men – Everett Dirksen (1968)
* Lonesome Cities – Rod McKuen (1969)

1970s|

* We Love You Call Collect – Art Linkletter & Diane Linkletter (1970)
* Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam – Martin Luther King Jr. (1971)
* Desiderata – Les Crane (1972)
* Lenny – Bruce Botnick (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1973)
* Jonathan Livingston Seagull – Richard Harris (1974)
* Good Evening – Peter Cook and Dudley Moore (1975)
* Give 'em Hell, Harry! – James Whitmore (1976)
* Great American Documents – Henry Fonda, Helen Hayes, James Earl Jones, and Orson Welles (1977)
* The Belle of Amherst – Julie Harris (1978)
* Citizen Kane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Orson Welles (1979)

1980s|

* Ages of Man: Readings from Shakespeare – John Gielgud (1980)
* Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein – Pat Carroll (1981)
* Donovan's Brain – Orson Welles (1982)
* Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Movie on Record – Tom Voegeli (producer) and Various Artists (1983)
* Lincoln Portrait – William Warfield (1984)
* The Words of Gandhi – Ben Kingsley (1985)
* Ma Rainey's Black Bottom – Mike Berniker (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1986)
* Interviews from the Class of '55 Recording Sessions – Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chips Moman, Ricky Nelson, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins, and Sam Phillips (1987)
* Lake Wobegon Days – Garrison Keillor (1988)
* Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson – Jesse Jackson (1989)

1990s|

* It's Always Something – Gilda Radner (1990)
* Gracie: A Love Story – George Burns (1991)
* The Civil War – Ken Burns (1992)
* What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS – Earvin "Magic" Johnson and Robert O'Keefe (1993)
* On the Pulse of Morning – Maya Angelou (1994)
* Get in the Van – Henry Rollins (1995)
* Phenomenal Woman – Maya Angelou (1996)
* It Takes a Village – Hillary Clinton (1997)
* Charles Kuralt's Spring – Charles Kuralt (1998)
* Still Me – Christopher Reeve (1999)

2000s|

* The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. – LeVar Burton (2000)
* The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography – Sidney Poitier, Rick Harris, and John Runnette (producers) (2001)
* Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones – Quincy Jones, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers), and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2002)
* A Song Flung Up to Heaven – Maya Angelou and Charles B. Potter (producer) (2003)
* Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them – Al Franken and Paul Ruben (producer) (2004)
* My Life – Bill Clinton (2005)
* Dreams from My Father – Barack Obama (2006)
* Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis – Jimmy Carter / With Ossie and Ruby – Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee (2007)
* The Audacity of Hope – Barack Obama and Jacob Bronstein (producer) (2008)
* An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore – Beau Bridges, Cynthia Nixon, and Blair Underwood (2009)

2010s|

* Always Looking Up – Michael J. Fox (2010)
* The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook) – Jon Stewart (2011)
* If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won't) – Betty White (2012)
* Society's Child – Janis Ian (2013)
* America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't – Stephen Colbert (2014)
* Diary of a Mad Diva – Joan Rivers (2015)
* A Full Life: Reflections at 90 – Jimmy Carter (2016)
* In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox – Carol Burnett (2017)
* The Princess Diarist – Carrie Fisher (2018)
* Faith: A Journey for All – Jimmy Carter (2019)

2020s|

* Becoming – Michelle Obama (2020)
* Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth – Rachel Maddow (2021)
* Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis − Don Cheadle (2022)
* Finding Me – Viola Davis (2023)
* The Light We Carry: Overcoming in Uncertain Times – Michelle Obama (2024)
* Last Sunday in Plains: A Centennial Celebration – Jimmy Carter (2025)

* v
* t
* e

Inductees to the National Women's Hall of Fame

1970–1979

| 1973|

* Jane Addams
* Marian Anderson
* Susan B. Anthony
* Clara Barton
* Mary McLeod Bethune
* Elizabeth Blackwell
* Pearl S. Buck
* Rachel Carson
* Mary Cassatt
* Emily Dickinson
* Amelia Earhart
* Alice Hamilton
* Helen Hayes
* Helen Keller
* Eleanor Roosevelt
* Florence Sabin
* Margaret Chase Smith
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* Helen Brooke Taussig
* Harriet Tubman

|

1976|

* Abigail Adams
* Margaret Mead
* Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias

1979|

* Dorothea Dix
* Juliette Gordon Low
* Alice Paul
* Elizabeth Bayley Seton

1980–1989

| 1981|

* Margaret Sanger
* Sojourner Truth

|

1982|

* Carrie Chapman Catt
* Frances Perkins

1983|

* Belva Lockwood
* Lucretia Mott

1984|

* Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
* Bessie Smith

1986|

* Barbara McClintock
* Lucy Stone
* Harriet Beecher Stowe

1988|

* Gwendolyn Brooks
* Willa Cather
* Sally Ride
* Mary Risteau
* Ida B. Wells-Barnett

1990–1999

| 1990|

* Margaret Bourke-White
* Barbara Jordan
* Billie Jean King
* Florence B. Seibert

|

1991|

* Gertrude Belle Elion

1993|

* Ethel Percy Andrus
* Antoinette Blackwell
* Emily Blackwell
* Shirley Chisholm
* Jacqueline Cochran
* Ruth Colvin
* Marian Wright Edelman
* Alice Evans
* Betty Friedan
* Ella Grasso
* Martha Wright Griffiths
* Fannie Lou Hamer
* Dorothy Height
* Dolores Huerta
* Mary Putnam Jacobi
* Mae Jemison
* Mary Lyon
* Mary Mahoney
* Wilma Mankiller
* Constance Baker Motley
* Georgia O'Keeffe
* Annie Oakley
* Rosa Parks
* Esther Peterson
* Jeannette Rankin
* Ellen Swallow Richards
* Elaine Roulet
* Katherine Siva Saubel
* Gloria Steinem
* Helen Stephens
* Lillian Wald
* Madam C. J. Walker
* Faye Wattleton
* Rosalyn S. Yalow
* Gloria Yerkovich

1994|

* Bella Abzug
* Ella Baker
* Myra Bradwell
* Annie Jump Cannon
* Jane Cunningham Croly
* Catherine East
* Geraldine Ferraro
* Charlotte Perkins Gilman
* Grace Hopper
* Helen LaKelly Hunt
* Zora Neale Hurston
* Anne Hutchinson
* Frances Wisebart Jacobs
* Susette La Flesche
* Louise McManus
* Maria Mitchell
* Antonia Novello
* Linda Richards
* Wilma Rudolph
* Betty Bone Schiess
* Muriel Siebert
* Nettie Stevens
* Oprah Winfrey
* Sarah Winnemucca
* Fanny Wright

1995|

* Virginia Apgar
* Ann Bancroft
* Amelia Bloomer
* Mary Breckinridge
* Eileen Collins
* Elizabeth Hanford Dole
* Anne Dallas Dudley
* Mary Baker Eddy
* Ella Fitzgerald
* Margaret Fuller
* Matilda Joslyn Gage
* Lillian Moller Gilbreth
* Nannerl O. Keohane
* Maggie Kuhn
* Sandra Day O'Connor
* Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
* Pat Schroeder
* Hannah Greenebaum Solomon

1996|

* Louisa May Alcott
* Charlotte Anne Bunch
* Frances Xavier Cabrini
* Mary A. Hallaren
* Oveta Culp Hobby
* Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
* Anne Morrow Lindbergh
* Maria Goeppert Mayer
* Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
* Maria Tallchief
* Edith Wharton

1998|

* Madeleine Albright
* Maya Angelou
* Nellie Bly
* Lydia Moss Bradley
* Mary Steichen Calderone
* Mary Ann Shadd Cary
* Joan Ganz Cooney
* Gerty Cori
* Sarah Grimké
* Julia Ward Howe
* Shirley Ann Jackson
* Shannon Lucid
* Katharine Dexter McCormick
* Rozanne L. Ridgway
* Edith Nourse Rogers
* Felice Schwartz
* Eunice Kennedy Shriver
* Beverly Sills
* Florence Wald
* Angelina Grimké Weld
* Chien-Shiung Wu

2000–2009

| 2000|

* Faye Glenn Abdellah
* Emma Smith DeVoe
* Marjory Stoneman Douglas
* Mary Dyer
* Sylvia A. Earle
* Crystal Eastman
* Jeanne Holm
* Leontine T. Kelly
* Frances Oldham Kelsey
* Kate Mullany
* Janet Reno
* Anna Howard Shaw
* Sophia Smith
* Ida Tarbell
* Wilma L. Vaught
* Mary Edwards Walker
* Annie Dodge Wauneka
* Eudora Welty
* Frances E. Willard

|

2001|

* Dorothy H. Andersen
* Lucille Ball
* Rosalynn Carter
* Lydia Maria Child
* Bessie Coleman
* Dorothy Day
* Marian de Forest
* Althea Gibson
* Beatrice A. Hicks
* Barbara Holdridge
* Harriet Williams Russell Strong
* Emily Howell Warner
* Victoria Woodhull

2002|

* Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
* Ruth Bader Ginsburg
* Katharine Graham
* Bertha Holt
* Mary Engle Pennington
* Mercy Otis Warren

2003|

* Linda G. Alvarado
* Donna de Varona
* Gertrude Ederle
* Martha Matilda Harper
* Patricia Roberts Harris
* Stephanie L. Kwolek
* Dorothea Lange
* Mildred Robbins Leet
* Patsy Takemoto Mink
* Sacagawea
* Anne Sullivan
* Sheila E. Widnall

2005|

* Florence E. Allen
* Ruth Fulton Benedict
* Betty Bumpers
* Hillary Clinton
* Rita Rossi Colwell
* Mother Marianne Cope
* Maya Y. Lin
* Patricia A. Locke
* Blanche Stuart Scott
* Mary Burnett Talbert

2007|

* Eleanor K. Baum
* Julia Child
* Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
* Swanee Hunt
* Winona LaDuke
* Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
* Judith L. Pipher
* Catherine Filene Shouse
* Henrietta Szold

2009|

* Louise Bourgeois
* Mildred Cohn
* Karen DeCrow
* Susan Kelly-Dreiss
* Allie B. Latimer
* Emma Lazarus
* Ruth Patrick
* Rebecca Talbot Perkins
* Susan Solomon
* Kate Stoneman

2010–2019

| 2011|

* St. Katharine Drexel
* Dorothy Harrison Eustis
* Loretta C. Ford
* Abby Kelley Foster
* Helen Murray Free
* Billie Holiday
* Coretta Scott King
* Lilly Ledbetter
* Barbara A. Mikulski
* Donna E. Shalala
* Kathrine Switzer

|

2013|

* Betty Ford
* Ina May Gaskin
* Julie Krone
* Kate Millett
* Nancy Pelosi
* Mary Joseph Rogers
* Bernice Sandler
* Anna Schwartz
* Emma Willard

2015|

* Tenley Albright
* Nancy Brinker
* Martha Graham
* Marcia Greenberger
* Barbara Iglewski
* Jean Kilbourne
* Carlotta Walls LaNier
* Philippa Marrack
* Mary Harriman Rumsey
* Eleanor Smeal

2017|

* Matilda Cuomo
* Temple Grandin
* Lorraine Hansberry
* Victoria Jackson
* Sherry Lansing
* Clare Boothe Luce
* Aimee Mullins
* Carol Mutter
* Janet Rowley
* Alice Waters

2019|

* Gloria Allred
* Angela Davis
* Sarah Deer
* Jane Fonda
* Nicole Malachowski
* Rose O'Neill
* Louise Slaughter
* Sonia Sotomayor
* Laurie Spiegel
* Flossie Wong-Staal

2020–2029

| 2020|

* Aretha Franklin
* Barbara Hillary
* Barbara Rose Johns
* Henrietta Lacks
* Toni Morrison
* Mary Church Terrell

|

2022|

* Octavia E. Butler
* Judy Chicago
* Rebecca S. Halstead
* Mia Hamm
* Joy Harjo
* Emily Howland
* Katherine Johnson
* Indra Nooyi
* Michelle Obama

2024|

* Patricia Bath
* Ruby Bridges
* Elouise P. Cobell
* Kimberlé Crenshaw
* Peggy McIntosh
* Judith Plaskow
* Loretta Ross
* Sandy Stone
* Anna Wessels Williams
* Serena Williams

* v
* t
* e

Order of Lakandula recipients

Grand Collar (Supremo)|

* Juan Carlos I
* José W. Diokno
* Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa
* Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
* Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
* Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
* Richard Lugar
* Akihito, Emperor of Japan
* Thanat Khoman
* Adam Malik
* S. Rajaratnam
* Abdul Razak Hussein
* Narciso Ramos
* Rodolfo Severino Jr.

Grand Cross (Bayani)|

* Rolando Andaya Jr.
* Alfredo Benjamin Caguioa
* Hillary Clinton
* Agnes Devanadera
* Hermogenes Ebdane
* Eduardo Ermita
* Hermogenes Esperon
* Felipe VI
* Alex Frieder
* Gwendolyn Garcia
* Daniel Inouye
* Salvador Laurel
* Enrique Manalo
* Paul V. McNutt
* Blas Ople
* Manny Pangilinan
* Reynato Puno
* Cerge Remonde
* James B. Reuter
* Angelo Reyes
* Alberto Romulo
* Jaime Cardinal Sin
* Washington SyCip
* Amando Tetangco Jr.
* Shoichiro Toyoda
* George Ty
* Arthur C. Yap
* Alfonso Yuchengco

Grand Officer
(Marangal na Pinuno)|

* Thad Cochran
* Henry Lim Bon Liong
* Max Soliven

Commander (Komandante)|

* Efren Peñaflorida
* Lea Salonga

Officer (Pinuno)|

Domingo Lucenario Jr.

Champion for Life (Kampeon Habang Buhay)|

* Dale Abenojar
* Ronato Alcano
* Nonito Donaire
* Erwin Emata
* Leo Oracion
* Manny Pacquiao
* Precious Lara Quigaman
* Efren Reyes
* Jennifer Rosales

Portals:

* Biography
* Politics
* Illinois
* Arkansas
* New York (state)
* United States

Hillary Clinton at Wikipedia's sister projects:

* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Data from Wikidata

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Romania
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Chile
* Greece
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Finland
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN
* MusicBrainz
* Grammy Awards

People|

* US Congress
* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* SNAC
* Yale LUX

*[m.]: married
*[v]: View this template
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*[e]: Edit this template