Hispaniola monkey

Extinct species of monkey

Hispaniola monkey

Temporal range: Quaternary

Conservation status

Extinct (early 1500s)

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Mammalia
Order:  | Primates
Suborder:  | Haplorhini
Infraorder:  | Simiiformes
Family:  | Pitheciidae
Subfamily:  | Pitheciinae
Tribe:  | †Xenotrichini
Genus:  | †Antillothrix
MacPhee, Horovitz, Arredondo, & Jimenez Vasquez, 1995
Species:  |

†A. bernensis

Binomial name
†Antillothrix bernensis

Rímoli, 1977

Synonyms

* Saimiri bernensis

The Hispaniola monkey (Antillothrix bernensis) is an extinct primate that was endemic on the island of Hispaniola, in the present-day Dominican Republic. The species is thought to have gone extinct around the 16th century. The exact timing and cause of the extinction are unclear, but it is likely related to the settlement of Hispaniola by Europeans after 1492.

## Description

[edit]

Horovitz and MacPhee[1] developed the hypothesis, first proposed by MacPhee et al.,[2] that all the Antillean monkeys (the others being the two Cuban monkey species of genus Paralouatta, and the Jamaican monkey, Xenothrix mcgregori) belonged to a monophyletic group linked most closely with the modern genus Callicebus. They later assigned the Antillean monkeys to the tribe Xenotrichini[3] – the sister group of the tribe Callicebini with extensive anatomical comparisons and by extending their parsimony analysis using PAUP*.[4] They maintained that the monophyly of the Antillean monkeys was still supported in the most parsimonious trees, but in slightly less parsimonious trees, Aotus appeared to be linked with Xenothrix.

### Skull discovery

[edit]

In July 2009, Walter Pickel found a A. bernensis skull while diving in underwater caves. The skull was found in the La Jeringa Cave of Cotubanamá National Park. The skull, long bones and ribs were recovered by Walter Pickel and Curt Bowen in October 2009 under the supervision of the Dominican Republic and Alfred L. Rosenberger from Brooklyn College. The discovery supported the MacPhee et al. hypothesis of a monophyletic origin of the Antilles monkeys.[5] This 2009 discovery of the skull suggested that these primates were diurnal, due to their relatively smaller ocular orbits.[6]

### New specimens published in 2024

[edit]

New specimens recovered in 2018 from Cueva Macho included four crania and three mandibles. Both a cranium and mandible exhibited absent wisdom teeth, which is rare in most primates. Though previously, hypotheses regarding smaller relative brain size than normal and sexual dimorphism had been posited, these new specimens evidence neither of these claims. Instead, the authors posit that Hispaniolan monkeys were "a morphologically variable but monomorphic species."[7]

## See also

[edit]

* Paleontology portal
* Primates portal
* Prehistoric mammals portal

* Fossil primates of Central and South America and the Caribbean

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Horovitz, I.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (1999). "The quaternary Cuban platyrrhine Paralouatta varonai and the origin of the Antillean monkeys". Journal of Human Evolution. 36 (1): 33–68\. Bibcode:1999JHumE..36...33H. doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0259. PMID 9924133.
2. ^ MacPhee, R.D.E.; et al. (1995). "A New Genus for the Extinct Hispaniolan Monkey Saimiri bernensis Rímoli, 1977, with Notes on Its Systematic Position". 3134. American Museum Novitates: 21. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
3. ^ MacPhee, R. D. E.; Horovitz, I. (May 14, 2004). "New craniodental remains of the quaternary Jamaican monkey Xenothrix mcgregori (Xenotrichini, Callicebinae, Pitheciidae), with a reconsideration of the Aotus hypothesis". American Museum Novitates (3434). New York: American Museum of Natural History: 1–51\. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2004)434<0001:NCROTQ>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86051925.
4. ^ Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods) Version 4. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA
5. ^ Rosenberger, A. L.; Cooke, S. B.; Rimoli, R.; Ni, X.; Cardoso, L. (2010). "First skull of Antillothrix bernensis, an extinct relict monkey from the Dominican Republic". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1702): 67–74\. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1249. PMC 2992729. PMID 20659936.
6. ^ Kay, R.; Hunt, K.; Beeker, C.; Conrad, G.; Johnson, C.; Keller, J. (2010). "Preliminary notes on a newly discovered skull of the extinct monkey Antillothrix from Hispaniola and the origin of the Greater Antillean monkeys". Journal of Human Evolution. 60 (1): 124–128\. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.003. hdl:10161/10794. PMID 21074827.
7. ^ Halenar-Price, Lauren B.; Klukkert, Zachary S.; Almonte-Milán, Juan N.; Lehman, Phillip; Sims, Zana R.; Cooke, Siobhán B. (2024-11-01). "Craniomandibular variation in the endemic Hispaniolan primate, Antillothrix bernensis". Journal of Human Evolution. 196: 103589. Bibcode:2024JHumE.19603589H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103589. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 39353263.

* v
* t
* e

Haplorhini

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Mammalia
* Order: Primates

Haplorhini

†"Omomyidae"

* Altanius?
* Altiatlasius?
* Bownomomys
* Kohatius

Microchoerinae|

* Indusomys
* Melaneremia
* Microchoerus
* Nannopithex
* Necrolemur
* Paraloris
* Pseudoloris
* Quercyloris
* Vectipithex

"Anaptomorphinae"|

* Absarokius
* Anaptomorphus
* Anemorhysis
* Arapahovius
* Aycrossia
* Chlororhysis
* Gazinius
* Pseudotetonius
* Sphacorhysis
* Strigorhysis
* Tatmanius
* Teilhardina
* Tetonius
* Tetonoides
* Trogolemur
* Walshina

"Omomyinae"|

* Ageitodendron
* Asiomomys
* Brontomomys
* Chipetaia
* Chumashius
* Diablomomys
* Dyseolemur
* Ekwiiyemakius
* Gunnelltarsius
* Hemiacodon
* Jemezius
* Loveina
* Macrotarsius
* Nesomomys
* Omomys
* Ourayia
* Rooneyia
* Shoshonius
* Steinius
* Stockia
* Uintanius
* Utahia
* Washakius
* Wyomomys
* Yaquius

Tarkadectinae|

* Tarka
* Tarkadectes
* Tarkops

| Tarsiiformes|

* †Archicebus
* †Afrotarsiidae?
* †"Omomyidae"?

Tarsiidae|

* Carlito
* Cephalopachus
* †Hesperotarsius
* †Oligotarsius
* Tarsius
* †Xanthorhysis?

Simiiformes|

*     * see below↓

Simiiformes

Simiiformes

* †Altiatlasius?
* †Amamria
* †Aseanpithecus
* †Nosmips?
* †Phileosimias?

†Afrotarsiidae?|

* Afrasia
* Afrotarsius

†Eosimiidae|

* Bahinia
* Eosimias
* Phenacopithecus

†Amphipithecidae|

* Amphipithecus
* Bugtipithecus?
* Ganlea
* Krabia
* Myanmarpithecus
* Pondaungia
* Siamopithecus

†Parapithecoidea|

* Arsinoea
* Biretia

Proteopithecidae|

* Proteopithecus
* Serapia

Parapithecidae|

* Abuqatrania
* Apidium
* Parapithecus
* Qatrania
* Ucayalipithecus

Platyrrhini

* †Parvimico
* †Perupithecus
* †Szalatavus
* †Canaanimico
* †Branisella
* †Lagonimico

Aotidae|

* Aotus
* †Tremacebus

Pitheciidae|

* †Antillothrix
* Cacajao
* Callicebus
* †Carlocebus
* †Cebupithecia
* Cheracebus
* Chiropotes
* †Homunculus
* †Insulacebus
* †Mazzonicebus
* †Miocallicebus
* †Nuciruptor
* Pithecia
* Plecturocebus
* †Proteropithecia
* †Soriacebus
* †Xenothrix

Atelidae|

* Alouatta
* Ateles
* Brachyteles
* †Caipora
* †Cartelles
* †Chilecebus
* Lagothrix
* †Mohanamico
* Oreonax
* †Paralouatta
* †Protopithecus
* †Solimoea
* †Stirtonia

Cebidae|

* †Acrecebus
* Cebus
* †Dolichocebus
* †Killikaike
* †Panamacebus
* †Patasola
* Saimiri
* Sapajus

Callitrichidae|

* Callimico
* Callithrix
* Cebuella
* Leontocebus
* Leontopithecus
* Mico
* †Micodon
* Saguinus

| Catarrhini|

*     * see below↓

|

Catarrhini

Catarrhini

* †Micropithecus
* †Saadanius

†Oligopithecidae|

* Catopithecus
* Oligopithecus
* Talahpithecus

†Propliopithecidae|

* Aegyptopithecus
* Propliopithecus

†Pliopithecoidea|

* Krishnapithecus
* Paidopithex
* †Kapi

Pliopithecidae|

* Epipliopithecus
* Pliopithecus

Dionysopithecidae|

* Dionysopithecus
* Platodontopithecus

Crouzeliidae|

* Anapithecus
* Barberapithecus
* Crouzelia
* Egarapithecus
* Fanchangia
* Laccopithecus
* Plesiopliopithecus
* Pliobates

Cercopithecoidea

* †Alophe

†Victoriapithecidae|

* Noropithecus
* Nsungwepithecus?
* Prohylobates?
* Victoriapithecus
* Zaltanpithecus

Colobinae|

* †Cercopithecoides
* Colobus
* †Dolichopithecus
* †Kuseracolobus
* †Libypithecus
* †Mesopithecus
* †Microcolobus
* Nasalis
* †Paracolobus
* †Parapresbytis
* Piliocolobus
* Presbytis
* Procolobus
* Pygathrix
* †Rhinocolobus
* Rhinopithecus
* †Sawecolobus
* Semnopithecus
* Simias
* Trachypithecus

Cercopithecinae|

| Cercopithecini|

* Allenopithecus
* Allochrocebus
* Cercopithecus
* Chlorocebus
* Erythrocebus
* Miopithecus
* †Nanopithecus

|

Papionini|

* Cercocebus
* †Dinopithecus
* †Gorgopithecus
* Lophocebus
* Macaca
* Mandrillus
* Papio
* †Paradolichopithecus
* †Parapapio
* †Pliopapio
* †Procercocebus
* †Procynocephalus
* Rungwecebus
* †Soromandrillus
* Theropithecus

| Hominoidea|

*     * see below↓

|

Hominoidea

Hominoidea

* †Afropithecus
* †Ekembo
* †Equatorius
* †Griphopithecus
* †Kamoyapithecus?
* †Kenyapithecus
* †Morotopithecus
* †Nacholapithecus
* †Otavipithecus
* †Proconsul
* †Samburupithecus

†Dendropithecidae|

* Dendropithecus
* Micropithecus?
* Nyanzapithecus
* Oreopithecus?
* Rangwapithecus
* Rukwapithecus
* Simiolus
* Turkanapithecus

Hylobatidae|

* †Bunopithecus
* Hoolock
* Hylobates
* †Junzi
* Nomascus
* Symphalangus
* †Yuanmoupithecus

Hominidae

* †Buronius
* †Graecopithecus
* †Nakalipithecus
* †Ouranopithecus

Ponginae|

* †Ankarapithecus
* †Gigantopithecus
* †Indopithecus
* †Khoratpithecus
* †Lufengpithecus
* †Meganthropus
* Pongo
* †Sivapithecus

Homininae

| †Dryopithecini|

* Anoiapithecus
* Danuvius
* Dryopithecus
* Hispanopithecus?
* Pierolapithecus?
* Rudapithecus

|

Gorillini|

* †Chororapithecus?
* Gorilla
* †Nakalipithecus?

Hominini|

* Pan

Hominina|

* †Ardipithecus?
* †Australopithecus
* †Graecopithecus?
* Homo
* †Kenyanthropus
* †Orrorin?
* †Sahelanthropus?
* †Paranthropus

Taxon identifiers

Antillothrix bernensis|

* Wikidata: Q844989
* GBIF: 11365370
* Paleobiology Database: 384963

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[†]: Extinct