History of Barda

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History of Barda includes the history of the Azerbaijani city of Barda from the medieval period to the present day.

In ancient written sources, Barda is mentioned in different ways: Partav, Bakura (in the works of Claudius Ptolemy), Parda, Berda ("Kitabi Dede Gorgud"), Harum (in the poem "Iskender-Name" by Nizami Ganjavi), Firuzabad (in the works of Hamdallah Kazwini), etc.[1]

The city was first mentioned in written sources dating back to the 5th century. Azerbaijani historian Mirza Jamal Javanshir Karabaghi in his work "History of Karabakh" notes that Barda was the first city founded on the territory of Karabakh.[2]

For the first time the city was studied by the Azerbaijani writer of the XX century Abdurahim-bek Ahverdiev.[3]

## Medieval period[edit]

According to the Albanian historian Moisey Kalankatuisky, the city was founded during the reign of the Albanian king Vache II (459-484).[1][4]

Barda flourished in the IV-V centuries. Starting from 552, Barda had been a religious center of Caucasian Albania.[5][6]

In the first half of the XVII century, Barda became a battleground of the Arab-Khazar wars. In 628, the city was captured by the Khazars.[7] Attacks of Sasanian feudal lords on Barda in 639 were repelled by the Albanian king Javanshir. During the reign of the Caliph Uthman (644-656), Barda was taken by the Arabs. In 752, the city became the capital of the Arran region.[8]

In 748–752, anti-Arab protests took place in Barda.[9]

Parts of the city that were destroyed during the Arab-Khazar wars were restored during the reign of Caliph Muawiyah (VII century). There were fortress walls built around the city. The city itself was divided into two parts: the central part – Shahristan and the craft center - Rabat with caravanserais and merchant quarters. In the VIII-IX centuries, the famous al-Kurkiy Bazaar was located here.[10] According to the Arab authors al-Muqaddasi and al-Istakhri, the city's population was about 100 thousand people.[11]

With the collapse of the Caliphate and the emergence of feudal independent states on the territory of Azerbaijan, Barda became a part of the Sajid state and the Salarid state until the end of the 10th century.[12]

In 944, the detachments of Prince Igor of Kiev attacked and captured Barda - the "Mother of Arran". However, the resistance of the local population and infectious diseases forced the Slavs to leave the city.[11]

In 982, Barda was taken by the Shirvanshahs.[13]

In the XII century, the city was ravaged by the Mongols. According to the Arab historian Yagut al-Hamawi (1179-1229), the city was heavily destroyed.[14]

## Early modern period[edit]

In the XV century, Barda was attacked by the army of Emir Timur. In 1736, the city was sacked by Nader Shah.[15]

Barda became a part of the Karabakh khanate as a small settlement, the population of which did not exceed 200-300 people.[16]

## Contemporary period[edit]

To suppress the Karabakh uprising that broke out in the summer of 1920, a number of Azerbaijani cities-Barda, Terter, Aghdam, Khankendi, and Shusha were shelled and captured by Bolshevik forces.[17]

The first machine-tractor stations (MTS) in the Azerbaijan SSR appeared in Barda and Goranboy.[18]

In 1990, Barda became a haven for residents of Aghdam, Keldbajar, Lachin, and later Khojaly who lost their native lands in the First Karabakh war.[19]

On March 24, 2006, President Ilham Aliyev issued an order "On additional measures to accelerate the socio-economic development of Agdam, Barda and Terter districts".[20]

On October 8, 2020, the territory of Barda was shelled by the Armenian armed forces from the Tochka-U tactical missile system.[21][22]

On October 28, 2020, Barda was subjected to repeated shelling by the Armenian armed forces from prohibited cluster shells. As a result, 21 civilians were killed and more than 70 wounded.[23][24]

## Sightseeing places[edit]

* Bathhouse in the village of Shirvanli (XII century);[25]
* mausoleum "Allah-Allah" (XIV century);[1]
* Akhsadan Baba crypts (XIV century);[25]
* tower mausoleum of Ahmad Nakhchivani (1322 year);
* Juma mosque (1324);
* Medieval domed mausoleum in Garagoyunlu;[1]
* mausoleum in the village of Guloglular (18th-century);[1]
* tomb of Bahman Mirza (1880);[1]
* Imamzadeh mausoleum-mosque with four minarets (XVII-XIX centuries):
* Ugurbeyli Mosque;[26]
* remains of two bridges on the Terterchay river.[27]

## See also[edit]

Barda

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f "Азербайджанский город Барда и его древняя история (ФОТО)". История Азербайджана (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-01-07.
2. ^ "History of Barda".`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
3. ^ "First historical studies of Barda" (PDF).`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
4. ^ Тревер К.В. (1959). Очерки по истории и культуре Кавказской Албании. М.-Л.: Издательство Академии Наук СССР.
5. ^ "История Барды". www.anl.az. Retrieved 2021-01-07.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
6. ^ "Барда - столица амазонок". KASPIY.AZ. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
7. ^ Артамонов М.И. (1962). История хазар. Л: Изд-во Государственного Эрмитажа.
8. ^ Бартольд, В. В. Сочинения (in Russian). Рипол Классик. ISBN 978-5-88533-124-1.
9. ^ Буниядов З. (1965). Азербайджан в VII-IX вв. Издательство АН Азербайджанской ССР.
10. ^ "IRS" (PDF).`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
11. ^ a b "Золотой век" городов Азербайджана". cyberleninka.ru. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
12. ^ "СБОРНИК МАТЕРИАЛОВ". www.vostlit.info. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
13. ^ Ашурбейли С. (2006). Государство Ширваншахов. Баку.
14. ^ Мамедов И. (2009). История Азербайджана (с древнейших времен до наших дней. «Маариф».
15. ^ История Азербайджана. Краткий очерк (С древнейших времен до XIX века). Баку. 1941. pp. 76–77.
16. ^ В. Н. Левиатов (1948). Очерки из истории Азербайджана в XVIII веке. Баку: Издательство АН Азербайджанской ССР. pp. 82–83.
17. ^ "Карабахская хроника: реконструкция этнической истории Карабаха по архивным материалам (1920-1924 гг.)". 1905.az (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-01-07.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
18. ^ "Azerbaijani SSR" (PDF).`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
19. ^ Azerbaijan: Azerbaijani mugam. Human Rights Watch. 2015.
20. ^ "Официальный сайт президента Азербайджанской Республики - НОВОСТИ » Мероприятия". ru.president.az (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-01-07.
21. ^ "Территория Барды подвергся обстрелу из тактического ракетного комплекса "Точка-У"". МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБОРОНЫ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-01-07.
22. ^ "Обстрелы городов и тактическое отступление. Девятый день войны в Карабахе. Главное". BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 2020-10-05. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
23. ^ Агеев, Алексей (2020-10-28). "Число погибших при обстреле азербайджанского города Барда выросло до 14". Известия (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-01-07.
24. ^ Узел, Кавказский. "Выросло число погибших в результате обстрела Барды". Кавказский Узел. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
25. ^ a b Fly. "Барда". Путешествия Без Наценок (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-01-07.
26. ^ Усейнов М. А. (1963). История архитектуры Азербайджана. М: Государственное издательство литературы по строительству, архитектуре и строительным материалам. p. 39.
27. ^ "Древний мост в Барде остается одним из последних свидетелей истории города". bakuinform.az (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-01-07.