History of architectural engineering

Eiffel Tower (photographer Anthony Ludwar)

Architecture has been closely associated with engineering in the history of the building construction. The engineering for buildings was determined empirically in the early periods; later, scientific calculations for structures were developed in the 17th century, and engineering was taught as a separate course in the 18th century. Architectural engineering was established as a discipline in the formal realm of engineering in the late 19th century when the University of Illinois became the first of many universities to offer an architectural engineering program.[1] The university with the longest ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc.) accreditation is Pennsylvania State University, which received theirs in 1935.[1]

## Early periods

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In the early periods, there was no clear separation between architecture and engineering. The Roman author Vitruvius wrote in The Ten Books on Architecture the aesthetic principles of architecture as well as aspects of Roman engineering and construction materials such as concrete.[2] Medieval master builders who were involved in the construction of cathedrals relied on their knowledge deduced empirically and codified into rules rather than on the science of statics.[3] In the 17th century, Galileo was the first to introduce some elements of modern science into the structural calculation of building by determining the breaking strength of beams, and this was followed by the work of Robert Hooke.[4]

The two disciplines of architecture and engineering began to separate in the mid-18th century when engineering schools were established.[5]

## Modern era

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Many modern architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright were trained as engineers rather than architects, while engineers such as Gustave Eiffel produced well-known structures. Architecture and engineering came together as a field of study in the United States when architectural Engineering was established as a university program in the late 19th century. It has now developed into a field that is closely associated with all aspects of the built environment, from the planning and design to the construction and operation of structures.[6] Notable modern figures in engineering involved in architecture include Santiago Calatrava and Ove Arup. Recent advances in computing have allowed for complex structural calculations and produce more adventurous architectural designs.

On October 1, 1998 NSAE (National Society of Architectural Engineers) and AED (Architectural Engineering Division) joined together to form AEI (Architectural Engineering Institute), which is a branch of ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers).[1]

## Architectural engineering in the curriculum

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The first known architectural engineering program at a university was established in 1891 at the University of Illinois. This program was created within the College of Engineering in conjunction with a school of architecture. MIT started an architectural engineering program in 1897 for the training of engineers on architecture, and by 1912, there were 11 architectural engineering programs.[7] These would become ABET(Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc.) accredited architectural engineering programs. Since then, other schools have also been ABET accredited for their architectural engineering program, such as the University of Wyoming.[8]

Modern architectural engineering courses are given primarily in engineering schools. Around 60 institutions now offer courses and degrees on the subject around the world,[5] some of which are listed below.

### Institutions

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Institution (In Order Accredited)  | Degrees  | ABET Accredited Date

|
|

The Pennsylvania State University | B.A.E., M.A.E, M.Eng, M.S., PhD.[9] | 10/01/1936-Present[10]
Kansas State University | B.S., M.S.[11] | 10/01/1936-09/30/1961,10/01/1980-Present[12]
The University of Kansas (formerly University of Kansas)  | B.S., M.S.[13] | 10/01/1936-Present[14]
University of Colorado Boulder (formerly University of Colorado at Boulder)  | B.S., M.S., PhD.[15] | 10/01/1936-Present[16]
University of Texas at Austin | B.S., M.S.[17] | 10/01/1938-Present[18]
University of Oklahoma | B.S.[19] | 10/01/1960-Present[20]
University of Miami | B.S., M.S.[21] | 10/01/1962-Present[22]
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University | B.S.[23] | 10/01/1969-Present[24]
California Polytechnic State University | B.S., M.S.[25] | 10/01/1975-Present[26]
Tennessee State University | B.S.[27] | 10/01/1977-Present[28]
Oklahoma State University | B.S.[29] | 10/01/1986-Present[30]
University of Wyoming | B.S., M.S.[31] | 10/01/1986-Present[32]
Milwaukee School of Engineering | B.S., M.S.[33] | 10/01/1988-Present[34]
Drexel University | B.S.[35] | 10/01/1989-Present[36]
Illinois Institute of Technology | B.S., M.S.[37] | 10/01/2001-Present[38]
University of Nebraska–Lincoln | B.S., M.S., PhD.[39] | 10/01/2002-Present[40]
Missouri University of Science and Technology (formerly University of Missouri-Rolla)  | B.S.[41] | 10/01/2004-Present[42]
Texas A&M University Kingsville (formerly Texas A&I University)  | B.S.[43] | 10/01/2009-Present[44]
University of Detroit Mercy | B.S.[45] | 07/01/2013-Present[46]
Worcester Polytechnic Institute | B.S.[47] | 10/01/2013-Present[48]
Lawrence Technological University | B.S, M.S.[49] | 10/01/2014-Present[50]
University of Alabama | B.S.[51] | 10/01/2015-Present[52]
University of Cincinnati | B.S.[53] | 10/01/2015-Present[54]
University of Arkansas at Little Rock | B.S.[55] | 10/01/2016-Present[56]

## See also

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* Architecture portal
* Engineering portal

* HVAC
* History of structural engineering
* History of architecture

## References

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1. ^ a b c Brown, Patricia S. & Seaburg, Paul A. (June 1999). "The Architectural Engineering Institute - A Professional Society for Architectural Engineers". Conference Proceedings. American Society for Engineering Education.
2. ^ Delatte, Norbert J. (2001). "Lessons from Roman Cement and Concrete". Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. 127 (3): 109–115. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2001)127:3(109).
3. ^ Huerta, Santiago. "Technical Challenges in the Construction of Gothic Vaults: The Gothic Theory of Structural Design" (PDF).
4. ^ Heyman, Jacques (November 18, 1999). The Science Of Structural Engineering. World Scientific. ISBN 978-1-78326-192-5.
5. ^ a b Parasonis, Josifas & Jodko, Andrej (October 2013). "Architectural engineering as a profession: Report on research leading to a curriculum revision". Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. 19 (5): 738–748. doi:10.3846/13923730.2013.812980.
6. ^ "Architectural Engineering: A Marriage of Art and Science". Nevada Business Magazine. November 1, 2001.
7. ^ Uihlein, Marci S. "Architectural Engineering in the Curriculum: The Case Study on AE and its Relationship to Architecture" (PDF). Building Technology Educators Society (BTES) Conference 2013: Tectonics of Teaching.
8. ^ "ABET Accreditation". University of Wyoming College of Engineering and Applied Science. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
9. ^ "Engineering Majors, Minors, and Certificates". Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
10. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
11. ^ "Architectural Engineering and Construction Science". Kansas State University. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
12. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
13. ^ "Bachelor of Science in Architectural Engineering". University of Kansas. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
14. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
15. ^ "Academics Programs & Resources". University of Colorado Boulder. 23 May 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
16. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
17. ^ "Architectural Engineering". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
18. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
19. ^ "Architectural Engineering". University of Oklahoma. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
20. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
21. ^ "B.S./M.S. In Architectural Engineering". University of Miami. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
22. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
23. ^ "Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering". North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
24. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
25. ^ "Architectural Engineering". California Polytechnic State University. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
26. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
27. ^ "Architectural Engineering". Tennessee State University. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
28. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
29. ^ "Architectural Engineering Program". Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
30. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
31. ^ "Architectural Engineering FAQ". University of Wyoming. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
32. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
33. ^ "Architectural Engineering". Milwaukee School of Engineering. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
34. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
35. ^ "B.S. Architectural Engineering". Drexel University. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
36. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
37. ^ "B.S. Architectural Engineering". Illinois Institute of Technology. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
38. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
39. ^ "Architectural Engineering". Durham School of Architectural Engineering & Construction. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
40. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
41. ^ "Architectural Engineering". Missouri University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
42. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
43. ^ "Undergraduate Degree in Architectural Engineering". Texas A&M University Kingsville. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
44. ^ "Find an ABET-Accredited Program". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
45. ^ "Architectural Engineering". University of Detroit Mercy. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
46. ^ "Find an ABET-Accredited Program". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
47. ^ "Architectural Engineering". Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
48. ^ "Find an ABET-Accredited Program". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
49. ^ "Architectural Engineering". Lawrence Technological University. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
50. ^ "Find an ABET-Accredited Program". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
51. ^ "Architectural Engineering, BS". University of Alabama. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
52. ^ "Find an ABET-Accredited Program". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
53. ^ "Architectural Engineering". University of Cincinnati. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
54. ^ "APS". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
55. ^ "B.S in Architectural and Construction Engineering". University of Arkansas at Little Rock. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
56. ^ "Find an ABET-Accredited Program". ABET. Retrieved 13 November 2018.