History of education in Missouri

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The history of education in Missouri deals with schooling over two centuries, from the settlements In the early 19th century to the present. It covers students, teachers, schools, and educational policies.

## Early days

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The small historically French settlements that became part of the United States in 1803 had limited schooling. Schools were established in several Missouri towns; by 1821, they existed in the towns of St. Louis, St. Charles, Ste. Genevieve, Florissant, Cape Girardeau, Franklin, Potosi, Jackson, and Herculaneum, and in rural areas in both Cooper and Howard counties. They were proprietary schools run by itinerant teachers who catered to boys of families who could pay small stipends, and usually provide room and board for the teacher. A few coeducational schools existed in some rural areas by the 1830s. Eleven schools for girls also operated during the territorial period, but these focused on basic literacy and homemaking practices.[1]

In the 1830s to 1850s the legislature passed several ambitious laws, but they were too complex, too expensive and too centralized; none were put in effect.[2]

When Louis William Valentine Dubourg became the Catholic bishop of St Louis in 1818 he began numerous projects. A Catholic academy, St. Louis Academy (later Saint Louis University), was established in 1818 as the first college west of the Mississippi River.[3] According to William Barnaby Faherty, Rev. Peter Verhaegen, SJ., was a key leader in building Catholicism in the West from his arrival 1823 to his death in 1853. As the first Jesuit president of St. Louis College, he Americanized the Jesuits, created a curriculum to fit frontier needs, integrated the school into Catholic life, moved the school to a bigger campus, and established a medical department.[4]

Before the Civil War, Missouri followed the southern pattern that downplayed public schooling, as well-to-do families patronized local private academies. Ambitious but poor parents pooled their resources to hire part-time teachers for their children. Public high schools opened in St Louis and St. Joseph in the 1850s.

## 1860–1900

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During Reconstruction in the 1860s, the Radical Republicans in power strongly favored modernization through the rapid growth in public schools. Their 1865 Constitution, and numerous state laws, called for a large network of public schools, including ones for black children. The plan was to require four months terms of schooling every year for children. Under the aggressive leadership of state superintendent of schools Thomas A. Parker, the number of public schools jumped from 48,000 in 1867 to 75,000 in 1870, as enrollment grew from 169,000 to 280,000. The 1870 totals included 9100 black students. About 59 percent of the eligible white children attended school annually in 1870, along with 21 percent of the eligible black children.[5] Parker built up organizations of teachers at the county level, as well as the state level, holding numerous clinics to provide the pedagogical education the teachers lacked. New normal schools, to train teachers, were opened at Kirksville[6] and Warrensburg in 1870. A new state university was founded in Columbia, with land-grant federal aid. However it had to share some of that aid with the new school of mines at Rolla.[7]

The public school system across the state was heavily oriented toward providing the three Rs of elementary education. High schools were rare outside the major cities. Families that could afford to have children attend school rather than hold a paying job patronized 45 academies in 1870, most of which were attached to the 37 small private colleges. Most were run by religious denominations. St. Louis, under the leadership of William Torrey Harris as superintendent of schools 1868–1880, developed one of the nation's outstanding public school systems, complete with the first public kindergartens. Once the conservatives returned to power in 1872, however, public schooling became again a low priority matter in rural Missouri.[8]

In 1863, Anna Brackett, educated in Massachusetts, was appointed principal of the St. Louis Normal School (now Harris–Stowe State University). She became the first female principal of secondary school in the United States. During her tenure, Brackett worked to ensure female students had access to higher education and liberal studies as preparation for professional teaching. She made two proposals to the Board of Education that were eventually adopted. The first proposal was an age requirement for entrance to the school. Second, there should be an entrance exam for admission to the St. Louis Normal School. In 1872, Brackett resigned as principal after there were changes in the curriculum that went against her beliefs.[9]

### Schools for African Americans

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Further information: Lincoln University (Missouri)

James Milton Turner (1840–1915) later in life

Education for enslaved people was practically nonexistent in Missouri, the small free black population in St. Louis provided small-scale schooling. During and after the Civil War, a private religious group, the American Missionary Association, based in New England, worked to advance black education in Missouri. They funded Colonel F. A. Seely of the Freedmen's Bureau, and black leader James Milton Turner. They criss-crossed the state after 1864 and opened 32 black schools.[10]

During the war, the 62nd Colored Infantry regiment of the U.S. Army, largely recruited in Missouri, set up educational program for its soldiers. At the end of the war it raised $6300 To set up a black school, to be headed by a white abolitionist officer, Richard Foster (1826–1901). Foster opened Lincoln Institute in Jefferson City in 1866. Lincoln had a black student body, both black and white teachers, and outside support from religious groups. The state government was supportive and provided $5000 a year to train teachers for the new black school system. It was later renamed Lincoln University.[11]

### Engineering and agriculture

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Engineering and agricultural education was a rarity in American higher education in 1860, but that changed dramatically in 1862, The Morrill Land-Grant Acts passed Congress, giving generous deeds of public land to states that created schools with programs in engineering and scientific agriculture. Debates over the Civil War and reconstruction slowed progress in Missouri, but finally in 1870 the obvious importance of mining in the state, as well as agriculture, forced the legislature to create the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy in Rolla and a new agricultural school at the University of Missouri in Columbia.[12]

## 20th century

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Older farmers had long been dubious about the benefits of schooling for their sons because it took them away from learning at home what they needed to know about farming. Reformers set up educational trains across the state around 1902, bringing displays of scientific advances regarding farm techniques and new technology, with an appeal to farmers of all ages. after 1914, the federal government expanded the extension service in the county agent system, which produced permanent support in each county to keep Farmers up to speed on new technology.[13] The 4-H movement grew in the 1920s to help educate and motivate farm youth .[14]

### School integration

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In the early 1950s, legal challenges led to the admission of black students to the University of Missouri, which had heretofore been a white-only institution. From 1950 to 1954, four attempts were made by black families to enroll their students in white schools in Kansas City, St. Louis County, and St. Louis City. In Kansas City, 150 black students attempted to enroll at a white school; despite their schools not offering gymnasiums or auditoriums, their attempt was rejected.[15]

After the United States Supreme Court declared school segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Missouri Attorney General announced that Missouri's school segregation laws were void. Despite this, several Missouri districts refused to comply with the ruling; schools in Charleston avoided integration until the mid-1960s, along with several other Bootheel districts. In many cases, black students were assigned to schools more than 30 miles from their homes, beyond white schools, and many libraries and parks remained off limits to black students. Many black teachers were laid off after integration. In Moberly, eleven black teachers were laid off in 1955, and more than 125 teachers lost their jobs in mid-Missouri.[16]

By 1970 the Kansas City school district had experienced massive white and middle-class black flight that left it with a smaller tax base and a severe money shortage. The district increasingly depended on federal funding and could not afford to turn down large federal grants that required it to integrate faster. Ultimately, the desegregation that was accomplished in Kansas City was far too little and came far too late, after the district had lost most of its white students to the suburbs, says historian Peter Moran.[17]

In the 1970s, a lawsuit challenged segregation in St Louis city and suburban schools led to a 1983 settlement agreement in which St. Louis County school districts agreed to accept black students from the city on a voluntary basis. State funds were used to transport students to provide an integrated education. The agreement also called for white students from the county to voluntarily attend city magnet schools, in an effort to desegregate the City's remaining schools. Despite opposition from state and local political leaders, the plan significantly desegregated St. Louis schools; in 1980, 82 percent of black students in the city attended all-black schools, while in 1995, only 41 percent did so. During the late 1990s, the St. Louis voluntary transfer program was the largest such program in the United States, with more than 14,000 enrolled students. The program is shrinking every year and will end after the 2030-2031 school year.[18][19]

## See also

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* Education in Missouri
* Education in St. Louis
* Education in Greater St. Louis
* History of the University of Missouri
* History of Missouri
* History of education in the United States
* History of St. Louis
* Normal schools in the United States

## Notes

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1. ^ Duane G. Meyer, The Heritage of Missouri (3 ed. 1982) pp 138-42.
2. ^ McCandless, (1971) p. 190-194.
3. ^ Founded in 1818, SLU was the first university west of the Mississippi River Archived 2013-02-17 at the Wayback Machine date=February 20, 2013.
4. ^ William Barnaby Faherty, “Peter Verhaegen: Pioneer Missouri Educator and Church Administrator,” Missouri Historical Review (1966) 60#4 pp 407-415.
5. ^ John W. Hunt and Linda C. Morice. "Caught in the crossfire: factors influencing the closing of Missouri's black schools, 1865-1905." American Educational History Journal 35.1/2 (2008): 233.
6. ^ David Clifford Nichols, Founding the Future: A History of Truman State University (2007).
7. ^ J. Michael Hoey, "Missouri Education at the Crossroads: The Phelan Miscalculation and the Education Amendment of 1870." Missouri Historical Review 95 (July 2001): 372-393. online
8. ^ Parrish, Missouri: The Heart of the Nation (1980) pp 202-5
9. ^ Norma Kidd Green, "Brackett, Anna Calender," in Edward T. James et al eds. Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary (Harvard UP, 1971) 1:217-218. online
10. ^ Lawrence O. Christensen, "Schools for Blacks: J. Milton Turner" Missouri Historical Review (1982) 76#2 pp. 121-135..
11. ^ Lawrence O. Christensen et al. eds. (1999). Dictionary of Missouri Biography. U of Missouri Press. p. 312\. ISBN 9780826260161. `{{cite book}}`: `|author=` has generic name (help)
12. ^ Harry J. Eisenman, “Origins of engineering education in Missouri,” ‘’Missouri Historical Review’’ (1969) 63#4 pp 451-460.
13. ^ Roy V. Scott, "Railroads and farmers: educational trains in Missouri, 1902-1914." Agricultural History 36.1 (1962): 3-15. online
14. ^ Clarence R. Keathley, and Donna M. Ham, "4-H Club Work in Missouri", Missouri Historical Review (1977) 71#2 pp. 193-203.
15. ^ Lorenzo J. Greene, et al. Missouri's Black Heritage (1980) pp 167-69
16. ^ Greene, et al. Missouri's Black Heritage (1980) pp 174
17. ^ Peter Moran, "Too little, too late: The illusive goal of school desegregation in Kansas City, Missouri, and the role of the federal government." The Teachers College Record 107.9 (2005): pp 1933-1955.
18. ^ William Freivogel, "St. Louis: Desegregation and School Choice in the Land of Dred Scott" (Century Foundation Press, September 17, 2002 online pp 209-35
19. ^ Justin D. Smith, "Hostile Takeover: The State of Missouri, the St. Louis School District, and the Struggle for Quality Education in the Inner-City: Board of Education of the City of St. Louis V. Missouri State Board of Education" Missouri Law Review 74#4 (2009)

## Further reading

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* Bellamy, Donnie D. "The education of Blacks in Missouri prior to 1861." Journal of Negro History 59.2 (1974): 143–157. online
* Benton, Edwin Joseph. “A History of Public Education in Missouri, 1760–1964” (PhD dissertation, Saint Louis University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1965. 6514633)., 127pp.
* Billington, Monroe. "Public School Integration in Missouri, 1954-64," Journal of Negro Education (1966) 35#3 pp 252-262. online
* Brigham, Robert I. "Negro Education in Ante Bellum Missouri." Journal of Negro History 30.4 (1945): 405-420.
* Brigham, Robert Irving. "The Education of the Negro in Missouri" (PhD dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1946. 0001274).
* Christensen, Lawrence O. and Gary R. Kremer. A History of Missouri: vol IV 1875 to 1919 (U of Missouri Press, 1997) pp 53-62.
* Christensen, Lawrence O. et al. eds. Dictionary of Missouri Biography (University of Missouri press, 1999); 700 short biographies by experts; 848pp.
* Eurich, Alvin C. Looking Ahead To Better Education In Missouri, A Report On Organization, Structure, And Financing Of Schools And Junior Colleges. (Academy for Educational Development: 1966). online, 119pp
* Gersman, Elinor Mondale. "Education in St. Louis, 1880–1900: a case study of schools in society" (PhD dissertation, Washington University in St. Louis, 1969; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1969. 7010952).
* Gersman, Elinor Mondale. "The Development of Public Education for Blacks in Nineteenth Century St. Louis, Missouri." Journal of Negro Education 41.1 (1972): 35-47. onlne
* Gersman, Elinor Mondale. "Progressive reform of the St. Louis school board, 1897." History of Education Quarterly 10.1 (1970): 3-21. online
* Glauert, Ralph E. "Stereotypes and Cliches: The pioneer teacher in Missouri" Missouri Historical Review (1978) 72#2 pp. 136–153.
* Houck, Louis. History of Missouri, Vol. 1.: From the Earliest Explorations and Settlements until the Admission of the State into the Union (3 vol 1908) online v 1; online v2; online v 3
* Howren, Gary Allen. "The history of school finance in Missouri" (PhD dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1993. 9404979.
* Hunt, John W., and Linda C. Morice. "Caught in the crossfire: Factors influencing the closing of Missouri's Black schools, 1865–1905." American Educational History Journal 35.1/2 (2008): 233-250. online
* Kirkendall, Richard S. (2004). A History of Missouri: 1919 to 1953. Vol. V. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0826204945.; pp 99–114, 452-454.
* Kremer, Gary R. Race and Meaning: The African American Experience in Missouri (University of Missouri Press, 2014). xiv, 269 pp.
* Larsen, Lawrence H. (2004). A History of Missouri: 1953 to 2003. Vol. VI. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0826215467.
* McCandless, Perry. A History of Missouri: Volume II, 1820–1860 (U of Missouri Press, 1971) pp 190-205.
* McKee, H.I. "The school law of 1853, its origin and authors. Missouri Historical Review (1941) 25, pp.539-561.
* McMillan, Margaret, and Morris, Monia Cook "Educational Opportunities in Early Missouri." Part I: Missouri Historical Review 33 (April 1939): 307-325, deals with boys. online
* Part II: Missouri Historical Review 33 (July 1939): 477-498. deals with girls. online
* Morris, Monia Cook "Teacher Training in Missouri before 1871." Missouri Historical Review 43 (October 1948): 18-37. online
* Olson, Audrey Louise. "St. Louis Germans, 1850–1920: The nature of an immigrant community and its relation to the assimilation process" (PhD dissertation, University of Kansas; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7025388).
* Parrish, William E. (1973). A History of Missouri: 1860 to 1875. Vol. III. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0826201482. pp 170–189.
* Parrish, William Earl; Jones, Charles T.; Christensen, Lawrence O. (2004). Missouri, the Heart of the Nation (3 ed.). H. Davidson. ISBN 9780882958873.; university textbook
* Phillips, Claude Anderson. A history of education in Missouri (1911) online; a standard scholarly history.
* Phillips, C. A. "A Century of Education in Missouri." Missouri Historical Review 15 (January 1921): 298-314, a shorter summary; online
* Nelson, Lynn R., and Frederick D. Drake. "The Eclipse of Progressive, Democratic Education in the United States: A Case Study of Springfield, Missouri Schools, 1924–1952." (ERIC, 1998) online.
* Primm, James Neal. Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764–1980 (1998) a major scholarly history online.
* Richardson, Joe M. "The American Missionary Association and Black Education in Civil War Missouri." Missouri Historical Review 69 (July 1975): 433-448 online
* Stone, Jeffrey C. Slavery, southern culture, and education in Little Dixie, Missouri, 1820–1860 (Routledge, 2013).
* Thomas, Sue. A Second Home: Missouri's Early Schools (U of Missouri Press, 2006) online; a scholarly history
* Troen, Selwyn K. "Popular education in nineteenth century St. Louis." History of Education Quarterly 13.1 (1973): 23-40.
* Troen, Selwyn K. The Public and the Schools: Shaping the St. Louis System, 1838–1920 (1975), a major scholarly study online
* Wiberg, Ella Lydia. The History of the Development of Public Education in Kansas City, Missouri (University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1925) online.
* Williams, Henry Sullivan. “The Development of the Negro Public School System in Missouri.” Journal of Negro History 5#2 (1920), pp. 137–65. online

### Primary sources

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* Keith, E. In retrospect: a narrative on Missouri education 1938–1973 ( Missouri State Teachers Association., 1991)
* Mott, Frank Luther. ed. Missouri Reader (1964) pp . 277-301.
* Nelson, Joseph. Backwoods Teacher (1949) online; recollections from the Missouri Ozarks in 1930s.
* Learned, William S. et al. The Professional Preparation Of Teachers For American Public Schools (Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1920), long, in-depth study of Missouri online

## External links

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* "Education research guide" Full text of scholarly articles on education published in Missouri Historical Review and Missouri Times

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