History of the Germans in Baltimore

Part of a series on

Ethnicity in Baltimore

* African Americans
* Africans
* Appalachians
* Caribbeans
* Chinese
* Czechs
* Ethiopians
* French
* Germans
* Greeks
* Hispanics and Latinos
* Irish
* Italians
* Jews
* Koreans
* Lithuanians
* Native Americans
* Poles
* Russians
* Syrians
* Ukrainians
* White Americans

* * *

* Ethnic press

* v
* t
* e

The history of the Germans in Baltimore began in the 17th century. During the 19th century, the Port of Baltimore was the second-leading port of entry for immigrants, after Ellis Island in New York City. Many Germans immigrated to Baltimore during this time.[1]

## Demographics

[edit]

In 1880, Germans made up the majority of the foreign-born population of Baltimore at 58% of all foreign born residents. 16.9% (56,354) of Baltimore residents were foreign born, 32,685 of them Germans (including Prussians, Swabians, and Bavarians).[2]

In 1920, 19,813 foreign-born White people in Baltimore spoke the German language as their mother tongue.[3]

In 1940, 9,744 immigrants from Germany lived in Baltimore. These immigrants comprised 16% of the city's foreign-born white population.[4] In total, 23,889 people of German birth or descent lived in the city, comprising 17.1% of the foreign-stock white population.[5]

As of 2000, 18.7%, or 478,646, of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population were of German descent, making it the largest European ancestral group.[6] In the same year Baltimore city's German population was 48,423, 7.4% of the city's population.[7]

As of 2011, immigrants from Germany were the seventeenth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore and the German language was the sixteenth most common language of those who spoke English "less than very well".[8]

## History

[edit]

### 18th century

[edit]

Zion Lutheran Church in December 2009.

German immigrants began to settle along the Chesapeake Bay by 1723, living in the area that became Baltimore when the city was established in 1729.[9] German Lutheran immigrants established Zion Lutheran Church in 1755, which also attracted Pennsylvania Dutch settlers to the region. Early German settlers also established the German Society of Maryland in 1783 in order to assist German immigrants.[10]

### 19th century

[edit]

A January 15, 1869 advertisement in the Baltimore Sun: "No German need apply." Eutaw Place Temple in December 2011. The Raine Building, publishing location of Der Deutsche Correspondent, southwest corner of Baltimore Street and Post Office Avenue (now known as Customs House Avenue), Baltimore Maryland, circa 1869, prior to the great 1904 fire[11]

Following the War of 1812 in North America, a wave of German immigrants came from the Palatinate, Hesse, Bavaria, and Bohemia. Many fled from Germany between 1812 and 1814, during the War of the Sixth Coalition, (1812-1814), the last of the series of French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, in order to avoid military conscription into the Royal Prussian Army. The port of Baltimore was developed as a gateway for immigrants during the 1820s, and soon became the second largest gateway to America after New York City, (and Ellis Island), especially at the terminals of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad on Locust Point, Baltimore, which had made an agreement with the Norddeutscher Lloyd (North German Lloyd Line). By 1850, 20,000 German-born people lived in the city. Between 1820 and 1860, Germans were the largest group of immigrants to Baltimore.[12] This wave of immigrants created numerous German institutions, including banks, insurance companies, and newspapers.[13] German immigrants also created a thriving German-language press, including publications such as the Baltimore Wecker (Baltimore Alarm).

Immigration from Germany increased again after the various Revolutions of 1848 flaring up throughout Europe, bringing thousands of "Forty-Eighters" to Baltimore. By the time of the American Civil War, there were 32,613 German-born residents of Baltimore, not counting their American-born descendants of first generation along with the earlier wave of colonial and pre-revolutionary era settlers. Many German immigrants were politically active in opposing slavery, and German newspapers that editorialized against it were targets of attacks by nativists and Confederate sympathizers.[14] During the Baltimore riot of 1861, the office of the Baltimore Wecker was destroyed by mobs; the publisher, William Schnauffer, and the editor, Wilhelm Rapp, left the city due to the violence. The population continued to surge after the Civil War, due in large part to the agreement signed on January 21, 1867 between the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Norddeutscher Lloyd, a German steamship line which brought tobacco along with further German immigrants to the port of Baltimore from Bremen, Germany. German immigrants disembarked from the steamships at B&O's pier, which was located in Locust Point.[15] By 1868, one-fourth of Baltimore's 160,000 white inhabitants were German-born and half of the remainder were of full or partial German descent.[16]

Many of the German immigrants who arrived during the latter half of the 19th century were affluent German Jews[17] who created a number of cultural institutions, including Yiddish theatres such as the Concordia Hall and the Convention Hall Theater. Beginning in the 1870s, many wealthy German Jews built lavish homes in the northwest area of the growing city along North Eutaw Street and Eutaw Place towards the new Druid Hill Park of 1860. They also built several synagogues, such as the Eutaw Place Temple. By 1880, there were around 10,000 German Jews living in Baltimore, most of whom were of Bavarian and Hessian descent.[18]

The German-born immigrant population in Baltimore peaked in 1890, when German-born Baltimoreans numbered 41,930 out of the total population of 365,863.[19]

Holy Cross Church on West Street off Light Street in old South Baltimore near Federal Hill was founded in 1860 to serve the growing numbers of Germans moving onto the peninsula south of "The Basin" of the Patapsco River's Northwest Branch and the Baltimore Harbor, which had been annexed into the city in 1816. St. Elizabeth of Hungary Roman Catholic was later founded in 1895 in Highlandtown in east Baltimore to serve the German immigrant community in that part of the city.[20]

### 20th century

[edit]

In the year 1900, the city's German population was 34,000, according to the United States Census. Around 1900 there were over 30 congregations in Baltimore that were holding Sunday services in German.[21] By 1914, the number had risen to 94,000, 20% of city's population. During the 19th Century, many of the city's public schools were known as "German-English". By the 1920s, one third of Baltimore's public schools still offered German-language curricula and a quarter of Baltimoreans could still speak German fluently.[9] Up until World War I the notes from the Baltimore City Council were published in both German and English.

Before and during World War II, many Jewish refugees fled from Germany to Baltimore. By the end of the War they numbered 3,000.[22]

Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church, in the Federal Hill neighborhood, was listed as a German parish until 1959. The church had historically played an important institutional role for South Baltimore's large German community.[23]

The last German-language publication in Baltimore, the Baltimore Correspondent (formerly Der Deutsche Correspondent), finally ceased publication in 1976.[24]

### 21st century

[edit]

Aspects of Baltimore's German heritage remain, such as the Zion Lutheran Church. The church has held services in both English and German for over 250 years. There is also an annual Maryland German Festival held in the Baltimore area, which is sponsored by the German-American Citizens Association of Maryland.

## Culture

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)

|

Berger Cookies. Eichenkranz Restaurant, December 2014.

### German-American cuisine

[edit]

The German immigrants influenced the cuisine of Baltimore, introducing food items such as Berger Cookies. The Schmidt Baking Company was established by Elizabeth and Peter Schmidt, immigrants from Germany who used German recipes for their products.

Baltimore used to have a number of German restaurants, though by 2014 Eichenkranz was the sole remaining restaurant that served German cuisine.[25] That restaurant, in turn, closed down in 2015.[26]

## Notable German-Americans in Baltimore

[edit]

H. L. Mencken, an American journalist, satirist, cultural critic and scholar of American English. Known as the "Sage of Baltimore", he is regarded as one of the most influential American writers and prose stylists of the first half of the twentieth century. Babe Ruth, an American baseball player who spent 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed "The Bambino" and "The Sultan of Swat", he began his MLB career as a stellar left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees.

* Otto Eugene Adams, an architect.
* Lisa Aukland, a professional female bodybuilder and amateur powerlifter.
* Louis Bamberger, was Newark, New Jersey's leading citizen from the early 1900s until his death in 1944.
* Clara Beranger, a screenwriter of the silent film era.
* Philip Berrigan, a peace activist and former Roman Catholic priest.
* Wendel Bollman, a self-taught civil engineer best known for his iron railway bridges.
* David Bachrach, a commercial photographer.
* Elsbeth Levy Bothe, an attorney and judge.
* Gustav Brunn, inventor of Old Bay Seasoning
* Jacob I. Cohen Jr., a banker, railroad executive, and civic leader who helped win for Jews the right to hold public office in Maryland.
* Moses H. Cone, a textile entrepreneur, conservationist, and philanthropist of the Gilded Age.
* Cone sisters, wealthy socialites who gathered one of the finest collections of modern French art in the United States.
* David Einhorn, a rabbi and leader of the Jewish reform movement in the United States who was chosen in 1855 as the first rabbi of the Har Sinai Congregation in Baltimore.
* Walter M. Elsasser, a physicist considered a "father" of the presently accepted dynamo theory as an explanation of the Earth's magnetism.
* Solomon Etting, a German-Jewish merchant and politician.
* Joseph Fels, a soap manufacturer, millionaire, and philanthropist.
* George A. Frederick, an architect whose most prominent commission was the Baltimore City Hall.
* George Fruits, claimed to be the last known surviving soldier of the American Revolutionary War.
* Louise Glaum, an actress known for her role as a femme fatale in silent era motion picture dramas.
* Brian Gottfried, a retired tennis player from the United States who won 25 singles titles and 54 doubles titles during his professional career.
* William Hickley Gross, a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.
* Henry Gunther, the last soldier killed during World War I.
* Hilary Hahn, a violinist.
* David Hasselhoff, an actor, singer, producer, and businessman.
* August Hoen, founder of A. Hoen & Company, Lithographers, one of the most prominent printing establishments of its time.
* John Christian Keener \- a Confederate Chaplain and Methodist Episcopal Church, South bishop in New Orleans.
* Nick Kisner, Professional Boxer.
* Isaac Leucht, a Reform Rabbi and communal leader in New Orleans.
* Margo Lion, a producer for plays and musicals both on Broadway and off-Broadway.
* August Mencken, Sr., the father of writer H. L. Mencken and founder of the "Aug. Mencken & Bro." cigar factory.
* H. L. Mencken (Henry Louis Mencken), a journalist, satirist, cultural critic and scholar of American English known as the "Sage of Baltimore".
* Ottmar Mergenthaler, an inventor who has been called a second Gutenberg because of his invention of the Linotype machine.
* Abbie Mitchell, a soprano opera singer.
* Herman N. Neuberger, an Orthodox rabbi and leader.
* John Neumann, a German Bohemian immigrant who became a Catholic priest of the Redemptorist order.
* Hermann Oelrichs, a businessman, multimillionaire, and agent of Norddeutsche Lloyd shipping.
* Gustav Oelwein, the founder of the city of Oelwein, Iowa.
* Wilhelm Rapp, abolitionist and editor of the Baltimore Wecker.
* Isidor Rayner, a Democratic member of the United States Senate representing the State of Maryland from 1905 to 1912.
* Abraham Rice, the first ordained rabbi to serve in a rabbinical position in the United States.
* Dutch Ruppersberger, the U.S. representative for Maryland's 2nd congressional district, serving since 2003.
* George Herman ("Babe") Ruth, a baseball outfielder and pitcher who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1914 to 1935.
* Julius Sachs, an educator who founded Sachs Collegiate Institute.
* William Donald Schaefer, a politician who served in public office for 50 years at both the state and local level in Maryland.
* Carl Heinrich Schnauffer, a poet, soldier and editor.
* Kurt Hugo Schneider, a video editor, musician, singer and songwriter, whose primary medium is YouTube music videos.
* Hans Schuler, a German-born American sculptor and monument maker.
* Dwight Schultz, a stage, television, film actor and voice artist.
* Barry Sless, a musician who is skilled at both traditional six-string guitar and the pedal steel guitar.
* Rose Sommerfield, a teacher, activist, and social worker.
* Gertrude Stein, a writer of novels, poetry and plays.
* Charles Stieff, an industrialist and piano manufacturer.
* Louis J. Weichmann, one of the chief witnesses for the prosecution in the trial of the alleged conspirators involved in the Abraham Lincoln assassination.

## See also

[edit]

* History of Baltimore
* Timeline of Baltimore history
* Baltimore portal
* Germany portal

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Point of Entry: Baltimore, the Other Ellis Island". baltimoremd.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
2. ^ "Baltimore East/South Clifton Park Historic District (B-5077)" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2016. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
3. ^ Carpenter, Niles (1927). Immigrants and their children, 1920. A study based on census statistics relative to the foreign born and the native white of foreign or mixed parentage. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 380. Retrieved 2014-11-25. "1920 Baltimore German."
4. ^ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 23. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
5. ^ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 142. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
6. ^ "Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000" (PDF). 2000 United States Census. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
7. ^ "Social Statistics Baltimore, Maryland". Infoplease. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
8. ^ "The Role of Immigrants in Growing Baltimore: Recommendations to Retain and Attract New Americans" (PDF). WBAL-TV. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
9. ^ a b "Preserving a part of the city's German past". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
10. ^ "Significant dates in Baltimore's immigration history". Baltimore Immigration Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
11. ^ Howard, George Washington (1873). The Monumental City: Its Past History and Present Resources. Baltimore, Md.: J.D. Ehlers & Co. Engravers and Steam Book Printers. p. 60. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
12. ^ Bergquist, James M. (2008). Daily Life in Immigrant America, 1820-1870. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 88–9\. ISBN 978-0-313-33698-0. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
13. ^ "German-American History - German Immigration to Baltimore" (PDF). Delaware Saengerbund and Library Association. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
14. ^ Nash, Betty Jane (2006). "Economic History: On the Waterfront: Two Million Immigrants Entered the United States via Baltimore in the 19th Century" (PDF). Region Focus (summer 2006): 42.
15. ^ Hayward, Mary Ellen (2004). The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 178\. ISBN 0-8018-7806-3. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
16. ^ Keith, Robert C. (2005). Baltimore Harbor: A Pictorial History. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 94–5\. ISBN 0-8018-7980-9. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
17. ^ Gilbert, Sandler (2000). Jewish Baltimore: A Family Album. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 37–40\. ISBN 0-8018-6427-5. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
18. ^ "Baltimore Jews". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
19. ^ "Maryland at a Glance - Historical Chronology". Maryland Manual Online. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
20. ^ "St. Elizabeth of Hungary feast day Nov. 17". The Catholic Review. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
21. ^ "Forging Iron in Downtown Baltimore". The Atlantic Times. Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
22. ^ "A Timeline of Baltimore's Immigration". Urbanite Baltimore Magazine. Retrieved 2012-08-20.[permanent dead link]
23. ^ "Holy Cross Church Complex, Baltimore City". Maryland's National Register Properties. Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
24. ^ "German thread runs through fabric of city". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2014-07-18. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
25. ^ "Eichenkranz serves good German food". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2014-08-14.
26. ^ "In Brewers Hill, Eichenkranz end its 75-year run". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-05-24.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Edelweiss Club (Baltimore, Md.). Collection, 1974-.
* Fecher, Vincent John. A study of the movement for German national parishes in Philadelphia and Baltimore, 1787-1802, Romae, Apud Aedes Universitatis Gregorianae, 1955.
* German Beneficial Society of Homestead, Baltimore, Maryland. Constitution and by-laws of the German Beneficial Society of Homestead, Baltimore, MD, Baltimore, Md. : Wm. Sweiger, 1902.
* Hennighausen, Louis Paul. Reminiscences of the political life of the German-Americans in Baltimore during the years 1850-1860, [S.l., Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland, 1898?]
* Katsareas, Dimitri. The public and private English-German schools of Baltimore : 1836 to 1904, 1994.
* Kassof, Anita; Decter, Avi Y; Weiner, Deborah R; Jewish Museum of Maryland. Lives lost, lives found : Baltimore's German Jewish Refugees, 1933-1945, Jewish Museum of Maryland, 2004.
* Keidel, George C. The earliest German newspapers of Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Priv. Print., 1927.
* Nordöstlichen Sängerbund; Saengerfest Association of Baltimore. The 30th national Saengerfest of the Nordoestlicher Saengerbund of America, Baltimore : The Association, 1938.
* Prichett, Morgan H. German immigrants to Baltimore : the passenger list of 1854, Baltimore, Md. : Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland, 1982.
* Vill, Martha J. Land tenure, property ownership and home mortgages in the late nineteenth century : a case study of Baltimore's Germans, 1976.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to German diaspora in Baltimore.

* Binkert's German Meat Products website
* German Marylanders websiste
* German-American Organizations in Maryland
* Percentage of Germans in Baltimore, MD by Zip Code
* Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland

* v
* t
* e

German Americans by location

* Alabama
* Illinois (Chicago)
* Kentucky (Louisville)
* Louisiana (German Coast)
* Maryland (Baltimore)
* Massachusetts (Holyoke)
* Nebraska (Omaha)
* New York
* Syracuse
* New York City
* Puerto Rico
* Ohio
* Cincinnati
* Cleveland
* Texas
* Virginia (Shenandoah Valley)
* Wisconsin
* Milwaukee

* v
* t
* e

Ethnic history of Baltimore

Groups|

* African Americans
* Africans
* Appalachian Americans
* Asian Americans
* Caribbeans
* Czechs
* Ethiopians
* French
* Germans
* Greeks
* Hispanics and Latinos
* Irish
* Italians
* Jews
* Koreans
* Lithuanians
* Native Americans
* Poles
* Russians
* Syrians
* Ukrainians
* White Americans

Ethnic enclaves|

* Chinatown/Little Ethiopia
* Corned Beef Row
* French Town
* Greektown
* Koreatown
* Little Appalachia
* Little Bohemia
* Little Italy
* Little Lithuania
* Little Poland
* Little Ukrainian Village
* Otterbein
* Spanish Town

Institutions|

* Baltimore American Indian Center
* Baltimore Hebrew University
* Bohemian National Cemetery
* Christ United Church of Christ
* Concordia Hall
* Grand Lodge Č.S.P.S. of Baltimore
* Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Annunciation
* Hebrew Orphan Asylum
* Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church
* Holy Rosary Church
* Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church
* Jewish Museum of Maryland
* Lithuanian Hall
* National Great Blacks In Wax Museum
* National Slavic Museum
* Oblate Sisters of Providence
* Otterbein Church
* Our Lady of Pompeii Church
* Polish Home Hall
* Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture
* Royal Theatre
* Russian Night School
* St. Alphonsus Church
* St. Casimir Church
* St. Elizabeth of Hungary
* St. Francis Xavier Church
* St. Leo's Church
* St. Michael the Archangel Ukrainian Catholic Church
* St. Peter the Apostle Church
* Sts. Peter & Paul Ukrainian Catholic Church
* St. Vincent de Paul Church
* St. Wenceslaus in Baltimore
* Transfiguration of our Lord Russian Orthodox Church
* Young Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Association Building
* Zion Lutheran Church

Events|

* Baltimore riot of 1968
* 2015 Baltimore protests

Media|

* Ethnic press in Baltimore (Baltimore Afro-American
* Baltimore Jewish Times
* Baltimore Times
* Baltimore Wecker
* Czas Baltimorski
* Der Deutsche Correspondent
* Latin Opinion
* Telegraf
* Where What When)

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template