Hmongtown Marketplace

Market and cultural hub in St. Paul, Minnesota

Hmongtown Marketplace

Hmongtown Marketplace East Building as seen from the parking lot, facing North

Location| Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
Coordinates| 44°57′41″N 93°06′34″W﻿ / ﻿44.96139°N 93.10944°W﻿ / 44.96139; -93.10944
Address| 217 Como Ave, St Paul, MN 55103
Opening date| 2004 (2004)[1]
Previous names| International Marketplace
Management| Jameson Liu[2][3]
Owner|

* Toua Xiong[1]
* Nou Xiong[4][5]

No. of stores and services| 200–300[6][1][7]
Total retail floor area| 6 acres (260,000 sq ft)[7]
No. of floors| 1
Parking| 600[8]
Public transit access|

* 3B, 67
* Green Line Capitol/Rice Street station[9][10]

Website| hmongtownmarketplace.com
Company
Revenue| 287,501 United States dollar (2024)

Hmongtown Marketplace is an indoor-outdoor marketplace focused on Hmong American products and culture in the Frogtown neighborhood of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Hmongtown was the first Hmong-owned and operated marketplace in the United States and is today noted for its cuisine and produce.

Locally it is variously referred to as the Hmong Farmers Market or Hmong Flea Market, or simply "Hmongtown" to emphasize its role as a cultural hub like a Chinatown, not just a retail location.

## Description

[edit]

Two buildings in north Frogtown at 217 Como Ave[11] contain more than 200 vendors who sell traditional food, clothing, and home goods especially from Hmong and Hmong American culture, including from Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Thailand.[12][13][14] The market is designed to simulate open-air markets in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and Vientiane, Laos. Produce vendors sell culturally specific fruits, vegetables, nuts, and other edible plants.[15] Hot and ready-made food vendors sell a variety of dishes such as roast meats, boba tea, papaya salad, and bánh mì.[1] Home goods include green market, electronics, religious supplies, and garden tools.[16][17] A bank branch staffed by Hmong-speaking employees was added in 2024.[18][19][20]

> It's easy to forget, when you're walking past the crowded indoor stalls or outdoor vegetable stands in Hmongtown Marketplace that you're in the American Midwest. The sounds, smells, voices on TV and faces proclaim, "Southeast Asia!"

— Why you should visit St. Paul, Washington Post[21]

Outdoor summer market booth selling potted vegetable plants

In the summer the market nearly doubles in size with an outdoor market in the surrounding paved lot that brings the number of vendors up to 300 or more.[6] The outdoor market is sometimes referred to as the Hmongtown Farmers Market and sells produce as well as meat, clothing and textiles, herbal medicine, live potted plants, and home products.[22][23]

The large size and foot traffic have led to the nickname "Hmong Mall of America". 600 people work inside, as many as 20,000 customers have been noted during events, and there is capacity for more than 300 stalls.[7] The interior footpath complexity due to the many stalls has been described as "labyrinthine" and "byzantine".[24][22] Because of the wide variety of products and services offered at Hmongtown, it is referred to as many different kinds of markets, such as a mall, a supermarket, a flea market, a farmers market, a marketplace, and a food hall.[25][26][27][10] Locally it is variously referred to as the Hmong Farmers Market or Hmong Flea Market, or simply "Hmongtown" to emphasize its role as a cultural hub like a Chinatown, not just a retail location.[6][26][28]

### Name

[edit]

The idea of a "Hmongtown", so named as a Chinatown, has been documented in the Hmong American community for some time. In the 1997 book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, which documents one Hmong refugee family's difficulty with the United States' healthcare system in the decade after Hmong began seeking refuge in the United States, author Anne Fadiman details a Hmong community leader in Merced, California named Blia Yao Moua who at one point pursued a Hmong American-oriented housing complex he called "Hmongtown" which would be designed to remind demoralized refugees of Laos.[29] Hmong American poet Bryan Thao Worra describes Fresno as a Hmong American city alongside other ethnicities, and entitles the poem (and Fresno) Hmongtown.[30]

Hmongtown founder Toua Xiong said in 2000, four years before Hmongtown was realized, that the goal of his neighborhood business ventures were to "turn Frogtown into Hmongtown".[31] His marketplace concept was opened as International Marketplace in 2004, and renamed Hmongtown Marketplace in 2009. Xiong has since encouraged leaving "Marketplace" out of the name to emphasize Hmongtown as "[n]ot just a bazaar but a community unto itself."[6]

## History

[edit]

See also: History of the Hmong in Minneapolis–Saint Paul

Soliel Ho for the upper Midwestern food magazine Heavy Table connects Hmongtown to wider Hmong American history and calls the marketplace "a manifestation of the Hmong community’s resilience in the face of persecution and displacement".[32] Hmongtown was the first Hmong-owned and operated marketplace in the United States.[33][34] The market was founded as International Marketplace[33][35] in 2004 by Saint Paul, Minnesota entrepreneurs and real estate developers Toua Xiong and Nou (Vang) Xiong.[1][36][5] Hmong people were persecuted in their homelands following the Laotian Civil War known as the Secret War and the Xiongs wanted a place for first generation immigrants such as themselves to gather as though they were at home. The marketplace originally had many video stores that sold footage of and movies set in Laos and Thailand as part of that nostalgia.[34] Hmongtown serves a similar role to the Minnesota Hmong community as Hmong villages and ethnic Hmong marketplaces in countries of origin such as Vietnam and Laos, which are cultural and social hubs.[37]

Toua Xiong spent his childhood in Laos before his family escaped to a refugee camp. He, a younger brother, and his parents joined his teenage brothers in an American-run refugee camp when he was twelve. In 1986 at seventeen years old, he and his wife Nou Vang immigrated to St. Paul, Minnesota and settled in Frogtown.[6] In three years he gained college degrees in business and accounting.[12][33] He has a master's degree in accounting.[38]

### Foodsmart

[edit]

External image

Minneapolis Institute of Art collections

Painted depiction of Foodsmart on a Hmong American business corridor Hmong American politician and artist Cy Thao includes Hmong businesses like Foodsmart in the upswing of Hmong American history: "After 25 years of being in America, our communities are beginning to take root. The children are getting a first rate education. Opportunities are beginning to open up. Hmong businesses are popping up everywhere. It’s a sign that we will make it here too."[39]

Prior to opening Hmongtown, the Xiongs owned and operated the Asian grocery store Foodsmart (now doing business as Sun Foods[40]), part of the Unidale Mall strip mall on University Avenue in Frogtown, with a second location in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota. Opened around 1996[38] with business loans, the grocery hosted an 80 stall farmers market in its parking lot, a ready-made hot food Thai and Hmong restaurant and buffet,[41] an event hall, and a Hmong sausage processing facility which sold 700 pounds of sausage daily.[42][43] Toua's goal was to "turn Frogtown into Hmongtown".[31][44][40][45][46][47] (From 1981 to 2005, the number of Asian businesses on University Avenue in Frogtown grew from one business to more than sixty businesses.[48])

Foodsmart was involved in community initiatives: hosting the Council on Asian-Pacific Minnesotans get-out-the-vote events and community engagement about the Metro Transit light rail Central Corridor construction in 2007. Representatives from Foodsmart served on the Central Corridor Business Advisory Council.[49][50][51] It hosted fundraisers for local Hmong institutions such as the Hmong Cultural Center Museum, which was founded during a meeting at Foodsmart.[52][53]

The New York Times recommended Foodsmart's daily Hmong food buffet in 2002.[54] Star Tribune recommended the Thai and Hmong food in 2001.[55] Toua Xiong received a minority business leader award for Foodsmart from Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal in 2002.[56]

The Xiongs moved on to develop the multi-vendor International Marketplace with a goal to provide Hmong with more economic opportunity.[45]

### International Marketplace

[edit]

The 6-acre[7] Hmongtown site was previously Shaw Stewart Lumber Co. on Como Avenue, north of the St. Paul Capitol building.[57] The two original buildings remain as the East Building and West Building. Toua Xiong didn't realize the obstacles to redeveloping the property for grocery and retail when he rented it from the lumber company, having only recently become a business owner and an English speaker. Renovations to meet regulations included a sprinkler system, more toilets, exhaust fans in restaurant spaces, and an upgraded larger sewer pipe to connect to the municipal system. Despite setbacks, he opened International Marketplace in 2004.[6][58][59][60] It was one of the biggest Hmong-owned businesses in Minnesota.[61]

On March 13, 2009 the Xiongs bought the property from the lumber company and renamed it Hmongtown Marketplace.[7][33][8][62]

### Impact

[edit]

Hmong people at a marketplace in Ha Giang province, Vietnam

Hmongtown aimed to provide a social and economic hub to newly-immigrated Hmong.[12] It has been credited with creating hundreds of jobs and other entrepreneurial opportunities for much of the Minnesota Hmong diaspora.[63] Most of the vendors speak only a Hmong dialect and not English, which Toua Xiong says has allowed them to maintain employment and start a business while still acclimating to America.[6][12][33]

In 2010 Toua Xiong was awarded the Immigrant of Distinction award for his work at Hmongtown from the Minnesota-Dakotas chapter of the American Immigration Lawyers Association.[33]

Hmongtown was featured in an Emmy Award-winning episode of CNN's United Shades of America with owner Toua Xiong and local Hmong American chef Yia Vang in 2019.[64][65] Andrew Zimmern featured papaya salad, fried intestines, and bitter bamboo soup from Hmongtown on Bizarre Foods America in 2012, and the popular Hmong sausage with purple sticky rice meal on Bizarre Foods: Delicious Destinations in 2016.[66][67]

## Culture

[edit]

Hand-forged traditional Hmong garden tools for sale at a stall inside Hmongtown

Hmong are the largest Asian diaspora in Minnesota, and Minnesota has the second-largest Hmong population in the United States.[68] Hmongtown is a staple of local Hmong life and creates a sense of community and belonging.[1][28][69] Less than four miles away is a similar Hmong American marketplace called Hmong Village. The markets and surrounding Asian businesses are in the Little Mekong Cultural District, a business district with a high concentration of Asian businesses and cultural sites.[58][70][13][71] A University of Minnesota study reported that marketplaces are part of the Hmong community's cultural capital which provide a range of unique economic and social benefits: marketplaces "not only provide cultural, socially familiar, and communal spaces for Hmong, but also economic opportunities for small-scale Hmong entrepreneurs."[72]

While the focus is Hmong culture, the marketplace contains shops and stalls with proprietors and products from any of the cultures that can be found in the surrounding neighborhood Frogtown, which in the 20th century became the most ethnically diverse neighborhood in Saint Paul.[73][74][75][20] Nepali, African American, and Mexican vendors have been noted.[76][77] More than half of Hmongtown's visitors are white. Owner Toua Xiong aims for the market to be welcoming to those new to Hmong culture.[78][12]

### Art and crafts

[edit]

Stalls selling woven wares at Hmongtown's East Building.

Vendors at Hmongtown sell traditional Hmong textile art such as kawm (woven baskets) and forms of Paj Ntaub (flower cloth) such as batik dyed cloth (Paj Ntaub nraj ciab/cab[79]) and story cloth, which depicts scenes from Hmong life and history.[80][77] Basketry includes Blue Hmong baby carriers.[81] Embroidery thread, coins, beads, metals, and other materials for making Hmong textiles are available from multiple vendors.[82] Some textiles are made by relatives abroad in countries such as Laos where labor is cheaper, and are later sold by family at Hmongtown. As with the worldwide Hmong diaspora, cheaper traditional clothing using polyester is machine-made in China and imported for sale. More expensive handmade textile art includes hemp skirts, batik, story cloth, and Paj Ntaub. There has been a decline in handmade textiles at Hmongtown, especially handwoven hemp and batik dyed cloth.[83][84]

Hmongtown provides a place to perpetuate Hmong culture such as textile art. A participant in a study on Hmong youth recalled how spending time at her mother's Hmongtown stall encouraged her to become a Hmong Paj Ntaub embroiderer: "Over winter break, my mom had a stall at Hmongtown Market so I went with her to help her. I was tired of not doing anything so I started embroidering again. That’s when I realized that if I did not continue to embroider then I would not know how to embroider in the future. And if I had children, they would not know as well, and if my sisters did not know how to embroider, there would be no one who would know."[86][28][85]

Ten story cloths by Hmongtown textile artisans Sy Vang Lo and Khang Vang Yang were exhibited at the Mathers Museum of World Cultures[87] and the Northern Illinois University Pick Museum.[88] Vang Lo led the Hmong Folk Art Center in Eagan, Minnesota[89] and the traditional work of her family is included in the Minneapolis Institute of Art collection.[90]

Light boxes of photography from Hmong American artist Pao Houa Her, whose work was selected for the Whitney Biennial, decorate the West Building food court seating area.[91][92][93] The exhibit is accompanied by text from Hmong American poet and playwright May Lee-Yang.[94] Her's artwork being displayed simultaneously at the renowned Walker Art Center and Hmongtown was praised by Walker's curatorial fellow in visual arts Matthew Miranda as a "break in the art world decorum" that "subverts the white view in museums."[95][96]

Other featured artists have included Tetsuya Yamada, HOTTEA,[97][98][96] and Ka Oskar Ly.[99]

### Cuisine

[edit]

See also: Hmong cuisine

Stalls selling fresh produce at Hmongtown Marketplace

Hmongtown is noted for its prepared food and quality produce, with the Star Tribune calling it "one of the state's top culinary gems"[17] and Saveur enthusing it is a "destination" for cooks.[58] Soliel Ho for the upper Midwestern food magazine Heavy Table describes Hmongtown as "cavernous warehouses and outdoor stalls [...] filled to bursting with the material objects of Hmong-American culture, from traditional dress to buffalo-fighting DVDs to — inevitably — the food court".[32] Italian travel outlet Latitudes dubbed Hmongtown imperdibili: "unmissable".[100] Five-time James Beard Award-nominee Diane Moua recommends the prepared food.[101] Food critic Andrew Zimmern says it is "the country’s best little-known ethnic market."[102] Minnesota Monthly included Hmongtown in their "'culinary canon' of essential local eats"[103] list the "Foodie 40", saying Hmongtown is "one of the great, affordable flavor adventures in the Twin Cities" and calling it "ground zero" for good chicken wings.[104][105]

The average price of a meal is less than $15 and restaurants are open all day for breakfast, lunch, and dinner.[106] Individual restaurant stalls and a food court serve traditional Hmong and Southeast Asian meals, snacks, and street food.[107] Because Hmong are a diaspora, Hmong cuisine is a fusion, so dishes at Hmongtown come from Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and even China, Japan, South Korea, and Mexico. Difficult to find outside of Minnesota, Hmong-style barbecue is prominent, including traditionally prepared and cold Hmong sausage (nyhuv ntxwm hmoob), which is a pork sausage flavored with Thai chili and herbs like lemongrass, and sai krok, a traditional fermented pork sausage.[58][108][109][110][111] Dishes popular among Hmong such as pho (or the Hmong version of pho called fawm[112][113]), khaub poob (red curry noodle soup),[114][115] larb (minced meat salad), nab vam (tapioca dessert), purple rice,[25] boba tea, mangonada,[116] and papaya salad are widely available from multiple restaurants.[117][118][119]

Hmong sausage meal from a food court vendor inside Hmongtown Marketplace's West Building

Notable vendors and dishes include:

* 5-Star Deli: fried chicken wings with egg roll stuffing (kooj tis qaib nitim[120]); chicken meatball skewer; nab vam (colorful jelly and fruit dessert)[32][17][58][104]
* Golden Cuisine: whole roast chicken larb[104]
* Her Kitchen: beef pho[17]
* Hmong Express Cuisine: papaya salad[102]
* Hmobb Kitchen: mok pa (banana leaf steamed catfish)[17]
* Hmoob Cafe: shellacked beef ribs; mustard greens with pork; mok pa; papaya salad[104]
* Kad's Deli: jian dui (filled Chinese donut)[17]
* Mr. Papaya: crispy pork belly, spiced green mango[32][17]
* Mai's Kitchen: sai krok (fermented pork sausage)[109]
* Sida Kitchen: foot-long Thai or Lao style Hmong sausage[17]
* Twin Tropic Cafe: chocolate and blackberry smooth bubble teas; meatball soup (fawm[112])[104]
* Xieng Khoung Kitchen: spring rolls[17]

Hmongtown is recommended for its cuisine in many travel guides such as Lonely Planet, Condé Nast Traveler,[121][122][123][124] and Camping World publication Wildsam Field Guides.[125]

An outdoor market that sells much of the same merchandise as the indoor market operates from May to October. It has an emphasis on fresh produce and starter plants for gardening vegetables.[126][127]

Longan such as those sold at Hmongtown

Produce commonly available at Hmongtown has Southeast Asian origins and is difficult to find in mainstream groceries. A large portion of the produce is locally grown by Hmong farmers.[22][110]

Produce includes rambutan,[128][58] Hmong yellow and red cucumbers,[58] bitter melon,[58][25] purple lemongrass,[58][25][22] sugar cane,[58] Thai chili,[58] pea eggplant,[58][25] dried imported bamboo,[58][22] winter melon,[58] radish greens,[58] bok choy[58] varieties such as Shanghai bok choy,[129] Chinese broccoli,[25] Thai basil,[22] longan,[22][110] lychee,[22] pomelo,[33] mangosteen,[33] persimmon,[110] okra,[130] and jackfruit.[129]

### Events

[edit]

In June 2016 Hmongtown held the first Hmongtown Festival, a two-day music and cultural festival focusing on Hmong history and culture. The festival is held annually.[12] Owner Toua Xiong who learned to sing and play guitar in a refugee camp played at the first festival.[6] Minnesota Governor Tim Walz and Lieutenant Governor Peggy Flanagan took part in the festival in 2019.[131]

### Health

[edit]

Hmongtown vendors sell traditional Hmong and Southeast Asian medicine such as herbs and imported over the counter drugs.[58] Traditional Hmong herbal medicine is difficult to find, so vendors at Hmongtown attract customers from all over the world and play a role in preserving Hmong culture.[2] Local hospitals such as M Health Fairview and Regions Hospital purchase post-partum Hmong herbs from Hmongtown as part of an effort to improve birth outcomes with culturally competent care.[132]

Because of its reputation as a Hmong community hub, Hmongtown is often targeted for public health initiatives. Hmongtown participates in outreach around testing for breast cancer and reducing consumption of heavy metals from skin lightening products and fish.[133][134][135][136] The market also held vaccine clinics during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.[137][3]

#### 2013 federal drug raid

[edit]

In June 2013, law enforcement raided Hmongtown and confiscated hundreds of pounds of illegal medication, including penicillin, opiates, and mislabeled over the counter medication. Vendors were subjected to full body searches. Cultural differences and language barriers were blamed, although Ramsey County Sheriff's office spokesperson Randy Gustafson said that vendors had been previously warned against selling the products confiscated. Fourteen vendors were ultimately charged with "selling misbranded drugs, possessing and selling drugs that require a license, selling syringes, and unlawfully possessing poison."[138]

Local Hmong commentators criticized how the raid was executed by authorities and disagreed about the speculated causes. Tiffany Vang in an op-ed for Twin Cities Daily Planet claimed that Hmongtown vendors knew the products were illegal and that modern pharmaceuticals can't be excused as traditional medicine. Instead, vendors continued to sell the illegal products because they made money off the Hmong customers who were unable to afford mainstream medical care and were wary of it besides. "It's not cultural, and it’s not a communication problem; this is an issue of unethical business practices, lack of strict enforcement of regulation and guidelines, and poverty."[139] Sia Her, then-executive director of the Minnesota state Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans, concurred that many Hmong lack the income for health expenses, but said that vendors were selling drugs the way they were used by elder Hmong when they lived in Laos or Thailand, as part of traditional medicine.[140]

The Minnesota Department of Health started an educational series with Hmongtown vendors to explain drug safety and American regulations in response.[140][138] A similar incident occurred at the nearby Hmong Village shopping center in 2018.[141]

## Expansion

[edit]

Hmong Cultural Center Museum

Hmongtown plans to expand to Hmong senior daycare and senior housing, and include more Hmong cultural activities such as an art gallery, music performance, and permanent history exhibits.[6] Underground parking and an office building are also planned.[7] In 2018 a joint state grant was issued to Hmongtown and the Saint Paul Port Authority to investigate the rehabilitation potential of a contaminated lot for future residential and commercial mixed use.[142]

Off-site expansion includes nonprofits and museums. Through Hi Hi LLC, Toua Xiong and his wife Nou Xiong founded a Hmong and Karen cultural center and museum a few blocks from Hmongtown. He also runs Hmongtown Connections, a cultural exchange program that runs Hmongtown Festival.[33][143][144]

### Pan Asian Center

[edit]

In 2025, Xiong plans to open a second Hmongtown location in the former Sears space at the Maplewood Mall.[145][146] The 14 acre space would be developed into a marketplace and additional services aimed at younger customers than the original Hmongtown targets.[147] The sale of the Sears site was finalized December 2024.[148] According to a February 2025 interview with Ben Hamd, who is the managing director of Brookwood Capital Advisors, which owns the center parcel of Maplewood Mall, the opening is delayed by "financial hurdles".[149]

Originally branded "Hmongtown 2", developers presented a revised concept called Pan Asian Center to the City of Maplewood and proposed a phased approach to development in February 2025.[150] The mall's Macy's, which closed earlier in the year, was purchased by a joint group including Hmongtown on March 21, 2025.[151]

The announcement for the second Hmongtown location was one of 2024's top stories in the Hmong community newspaper Hmong Times.[152]

## Similar markets

[edit]

Large marketplace-style businesses catering to Hmong vendors exist in the three major hubs of Hmong American population in the US: Saint Paul, Fresno, and Milwaukee. Hmong Village Shopping Center opened four miles from Hmongtown in Saint Paul in 2009. With more than 200 permanent vendor stalls, it became the largest Hmong marketplace in the US. A group of Hmong American entrepreneurs designed it to offer a similar experience, with a large warehouse renting individual stalls to vendors to sell goods and services. It is also known for its food and produce.[13][70][58][153]

Milwaukee Hmong entrepreneurs founded Asian Market Phongsavan (also known as 5XEN Super Asian Market) in 2009, which hosts 70[154] vendor stalls and restaurants.[155][156] In 2014 the Pacific Produce grocery store in Milwaukee, Wisconsin renovated part of their warehouse store into Hmong Town Market, which hosted ready-made food stands run by Wisconsin Hmong American entrepreneurs.[157][158][159]

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hmongtown Marketplace.

* Supermarkets portal

* History of the Hmong in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
* Hmong customs and culture
* Hmong cuisine

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f "What's at Hmongtown Marketplace?". Meet Minneapolis. Explore Minnesota. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
2. ^ a b Williams, Nick (July 18, 2023). "For this Minnesota family, medicinal plant business preserves Hmong history". Star Tribune. ISSN 0895-2825. ProQuest 2839533448. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
3. ^ a b "Minnesota Repurposes Transit Buses to Give COVID-19 Vaccines to Communities That Need Them Most". Building Better Cities. June 10, 2021. ProQuest 2539920805. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
4. ^ "Starter Plants at HmongTown Marketplace". YouTube. HmongTown Marketplace. June 9, 2023. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
5. ^ a b "Business Increasing for Largest Refugee Group in Minnesota". Voice of America News / FIND. Federal Information & News Dispatch, LLC. April 23, 2007. ProQuest 190540931. Archived from the original on December 2, 2024. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Moskowitz Grumdahl, Dara (November 30, 2018). "Meet the King of St. Paul's HmongTown". Mpls.St.Paul Magazine. Key Enterprises LLC. ISSN 0162-6655. ProQuest 2130281108. Archived from the original on November 25, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2023. Also available in The Essential Dear Dara: Writings on Local Characters and Memorable Places ISBN 9781681342757.
7. ^ a b c d e f Burger, Kevyn (September 2017). "Immigrant Success Stories: Tales of Four Minnesota Entrepreneurs from India, Nicaragua, Laos and Nigeria – and a Visit with the Head of Global Minnesota". MinnesotaBusiness. Vol. 27, no. 9\. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Tiger Oak Media. pp. 18–24\. ISSN 1539-6452. EBSCOhost 125122002. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2024..
8. ^ a b Doeun, Amy (July 1, 2009). "Toua Xiong Purchases Hmongtown Market". Hmong Times. Vol. 12, no. 13\. Saint Paul, Minnesota. p. 1\. ProQuest 388960563. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
9. ^ Rhodes, Kim (March 11, 2016). "Mastering the Market: Hmongtown Marketplace". The Mac Weekly. Macalester College. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
10. ^ a b "Explore the Vibrant Hmong Culture at Hmong Town Marketplace in Saint Paul, Minnesota". Wassup Minnesota. September 17, 2023. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
11. ^ Tillotson, Kristin (July 21, 2012). "Afternoon idyll, Hmong-style". Star Tribune. ISSN 0895-2825. Gale A297325092. ProQuest 1027442728.
12. ^ a b c d e f "Finding Minnesota: Hmongtown Marketplace". CBS News Minnesota. WCCO News. June 5, 2016. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
13. ^ a b c Atoigua, Zeta (February 2, 2024). "DAY 39: Hmongtown Marketplace, Saint Paul, Minnesota". Asian & Pacific Islander Americans in Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
14. ^ "Hmongtown Marketplace". Twin Cities Daily Planet. June 29, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2025 - via Archive-It Wayback Machine.
15. ^ Lee, Mai Na M. (December 7, 2021). "Hmong and Hmong Americans in Minnesota". MNopedia. Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
16. ^ Johnson, Cecilia (November 8, 2022). "These 16 Twin Cities Grocery Stores Have Really Great Cafes Inside Them". Eater. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
17. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rayno, Amelia (May 2, 2018). "10 must-eat foods at St. Paul's two massive Hmong markets". Star Tribune. ISSN 0895-2825. ProQuest 2033979140. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
18. ^ Niepow, Dan (September 27, 2024). "HmongTown Marketplace Gets a Stearns Bank Office". Twin Cities Business. Archived from the original on September 27, 2024. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
19. ^ Thamer, Sarah (October 18, 2024). "New office brings much-needed banking resources to HmongTown Marketplace". MPR News. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
20. ^ a b KFAI (July 23, 2012). "St. Paul's Frogtown Neighborhood". AMPERS. Retrieved October 30, 2024. "This is now the most diverse neighborhood in the most diverse county in the state of Minnesota."
21. ^ Kaplan, Melanie D.G. (October 9, 2019). "Why you should visit St. Paul". Washington Post. EBSCOhost wapo.a9126bb0-da3f-11e9-ac63-3016711543fe. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
22. ^ a b c d e f g h Ross, Jason (June 11, 2012). "A Chef's Guide to Shopping the Hmongtown Marketplace". Minnesota Monthly. Greenspring Media, LLC. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
23. ^ Vang, Pa Der, ed. (February 25, 2020). Staring Down the Tiger: Stories of Hmong American Women. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 58\. ISBN 978-1-68134-150-7. OCLC 1142813312. Project MUSE 89648.
24. ^ Halpern, Ashlea (June–July 2019). "The Twin Cities...Where You Can Take a World Food Tour without Leaving Minnesota". Bon Appetit. Vol. 64, no. 5\. Conde Nast Publications. pp. 43–46\. ISSN 0006-6990. EBSCOhost 136476278. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2024..
25. ^ a b c d e f Summers, Joy. "The First Five Dishes to Try Inside Saint Paul's Hmong Food Halls". Visit Saint Paul. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
26. ^ a b "Hmong Food and Culture in Saint Paul MN". LTH Forum. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
27. ^ Writer, Lori (May 19, 2009). "A Day In the Kitchen of a Hmong Family". The Heavy Table. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
28. ^ a b c Bodenner, Zachary Jay (2014). ""Knowing Who You Are": The Role of Ethnic Spaces in the Construction of Hmong Identities in the Twin Cities". OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations (ETD) Center. Archived from the original on September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
29. ^ Clapsaddle, Diane (2008). "PinkMonkey Literature Notes on... The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down" (PDF). PinkMonkey. p. 32. Retrieved October 30, 2024. "Two of these included Blia Yao Moua and Jonas Vangay. Both had studied in France and had been offered jobs there. However, they believed if they stayed there, they would feel guilty, because of their obligation to the Hmong community. They had earned leadership roles in Merced, but little money and little peace of mind. They helped the community negotiate the public assistance labyrinth and were part of a group of four or five people who had no private life whatsoever. Blia had an ambitious housing scheme – called Hmongtown – that involved the purchase of land and the building of houses that would remind the people of Laos. He thought it would boost their morale, and they would take good care of it. But when the author returned to Merced a year later, no one had heard of Hmongtown and Blia had left. He had burned out and stopped working for the community."
30. ^ Thao Worra, Bryan (2018). "Hmongtown". In Lewis, J. Patrick (ed.). The Poetry of Us: With Favorites from Maya Angelou, Walt Whitman, Gwendolyn Brooks, and More: More Than 200 Poems that Celebrate the People, Places, and Passions of the United States. Washington, D.C: National Geographic. p. 160\. ISBN 978-1-4263-3185-5.
31. ^ a b Harris, Phyllis Louise (November 22, 2007). "The elusive Hmong cuisine". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Archived from the original on October 25, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
32. ^ a b c d Ho, Soliel. "Five Tastes from Hmongtown in Saint Paul". Heavy Table. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
33. ^ a b c d e f g h i Treacy, Mary (July 4, 2010). "Toua Xiong, Immigrant of the Year". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Twin Cities Enterprise. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
34. ^ a b "Hmongtown Marketplace". Religions in Minnesota. Carleton University. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
35. ^ Harris, Phyllis Louise (November 22, 2007). "The elusive Hmong cuisine". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Archived from the original on October 25, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
36. ^ Marks, Joseph (January 26, 2008). "Hmong business leaders tour UND on Friday". McClatchy – Tribune Business News. Tribune Content Agency LLC. ProQuest 462594294. Archived from the original on December 4, 2024. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
37. ^ Yangh, Saulkdi (August 11, 2023). "Agriculture & Land Relations in Hmong Culture". Learn Uake. Hmong Museum. Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2024. "Bustling Hmong farmers markets such as Hmong Village (MN), Hmong Town (MN), or those in Brooklyn Park, MN would become social hubs where family, friends, and Hmong kin connected. These spaces would quasi act as a mini-Hmong village at the heart of a foreign country."
38. ^ a b Jean, Sheryl (March 25, 2003). "Southeast Asian Small-Business Owners Get Financing in St. Paul, Minn., Area". Pioneer Press / Knight Ridder Tribune Business News. Tribune Content Agency LLC. ProQuest 464314000. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
39. ^ "#49, Cy Thao". Minneapolis Institute of Art. 1993–2001. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
40. ^ a b Melo, Frederick (September 5, 2013). "Farmers markets: Not all follow same rules". Twin Cities. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
41. ^ Nelson, Rick (September 20, 2002). "Small spaces that cover all bases: [METRO Edition]". Star Tribune. ISSN 0895-2825. ProQuest 427509549. Archived from the original on December 3, 2024. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
42. ^ "Ethnic Consumers Propelling Category Growth". Supermarket News. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Penton Media, Inc., Penton Business Media, Inc. and their subsidiaries. September 17, 2001. Gale A79291243. Retrieved November 7, 2024 - via Gale General OneFile.
43. ^ Martyka, Jim (June 28, 2002). "A picture of diversity". Minneapolis St. Paul Business Journal. 20 (4): S38. ISSN 1540-1847. ProQuest 212248803. Archived from the original on December 7, 2024. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
44. ^ "Laos and the still mighty dollar". The Economist. September 7, 2000. ISSN 0013-0613. ProQuest 224062429. Archived from the original on July 26, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
45. ^ a b Share, John (April 4, 2004). "Companies position for Hmong influx". Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
46. ^ Baladad, Rita (February 1, 2016). "Hmong Archives Is Making the East Side Freedom Library Its Permanent Home". Minitex. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
47. ^ "How AURI Works Part II". AURI. January 21, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2024. Also available as Green, Cindy (April 2002). "How AURI works". Ag Innovation News. Vol. 11, no. 2\. Waseca, Minnesota: Agricultural Utilization Research Institute. pp. 8–10 - via Calaméo.
48. ^ Corrie, Bruce P; et al. "The Transformation of University Avenue by Asian Immigrant Business 1981–2005" (PDF). Saint Paul, Minnesota: Department of Business, Concordia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
49. ^ Council on Asian-Pacific Minnesotan (November 1, 2011). "Sunset Review Report" (PDF) (report). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 18, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
50. ^ "Washington Avenue bridge report expected in fall". Making Tracks (newsletter). Metropolitan Council. July–August 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
51. ^ "Loop proposal has serious drawbacks". Making Tracks (newsletter). Metropolitan Council. February 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
52. ^ "Hmong Cultural Center 2006 Annual Report" (PDF). 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
53. ^ Hartlep, Nicholas D; Xiong, Brian V (Fall–Winter 2018). "The Hmong Archives as a Community Resource for Social Studies Educators in Saint Paul, Minnesota". The Journal of Educational Foundations. 31 (3 & 4). Caddo Gap Press: 118–149\. ISSN 1047-8248. ERIC EJ1211797. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
54. ^ Mydans, Seth (April 5, 2002). "JOURNEYS; A Fallen Saigon Rises Again In the West". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 92240068. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
55. ^ Iggers, Jeremy (August 30, 2001). "RESTAURANT REVIEW Thai, Hmong dishes shine at Foodsmart: [METRO Edition]". Star Tribune. ISSN 0895-2825. ProQuest 427430004. Archived from the original on December 1, 2024. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
56. ^ "Business Journal honors 16 local minority business owners". Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder. Vol. 67, no. 48a. July 4–10, 2002. p. 1. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
57. ^ Bergin, Mary (November 30, 2014). "Twin Cities see new link: New light rail line turns St. Paul and Minneapolis into much closer siblings". ProQuest. Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 1628724884. Archived from the original on December 1, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Raposo, Jacqueline (December 11, 2015). "Taste Stuffed Chicken Wings and Magical Herbs at St. Paul's Hmongtown Marketplace". Saveur. Another Little Whisk LLC. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
59. ^ Larson, Susan R (September 7, 2007). "Abroad at Home: Report from a Southeast Asian Food Court". In Nightingale, Kimberly (ed.). 2008 Saint Paul Almanac. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Arcata Press. pp. 182–183\. ISBN 9780977265121.
60. ^ Macur, Juliet (July 29, 2021). "Sunisa Lee Seizes the Moment and Captures Gold". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 2556194286. Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
61. ^ Peterson, David; Marquez Estrada, Heron (September 27, 2007). "Immigrant groups on the way up: The census offers a look at the economic and educational fortunes of recent immigrants. Most indicators show progress". Star Tribune. ISSN 0895-2825. ProQuest 427910696. Archived from the original on December 4, 2024. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
62. ^ Ronnan, Ken (September 30, 2009). "Hmong market brings Southeast Asia cuisine and culture close to home year-round". City Pages. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
63. ^ Yang 2017, p. 88.
64. ^ Jackson, Sharyn (May 19, 2019). "CNN show 'United Shades of America' goes inside the home of Minnesota's rising star Hmong chef". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
65. ^ Bell, W. Kamau (May 10, 2019). "W. Kamau Bell: Hmong-Americans redefined patriotism before my eyes". CNN. ProQuest 2222795927. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
66. ^ "Twin Cities". Bizarre Foods America. Season 1. Episode 1. January 23, 2012. Cooking Channel. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
67. ^ "Twin Cities". Bizarre Foods: Delicious Destinations. Season 3. Episode 7. February 16, 2016. Cooking Channel. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
68. ^ Yang, Nancy (March 1, 2015). "10 things about Hmong culture, food and language you probably didn't know". MPR.org. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
69. ^ Yuen, Laura (June 27, 2005). "Asian market is meeting place". Pioneer Press / Knight Ridder Tribune Business News. Tribune Content Agency LLC. ProQuest 461699111. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
70. ^ a b Frank Jossi. 2023. "Building Blocks: Hmong Village Shopping Center.” Finance & Commerce (Minneapolis, MN). Accessed October 19. [1] Archived October 20, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.
71. ^ Webb, Tom (January 14, 2012). "Hmong Village: A success story on St. Paul's East Side (w/ VIDEO)". ProQuest. St Paul Pioneer Press. ISSN 2474-0721. ProQuest 916029168. Archived from the original on December 1, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
72. ^ Schermann, Michele; Schneider, Ingrid; Moua, Chou; Lee, Thai (2015). Exploring Travel Interests and Constraints among Minnesota Hmong. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Tourism Center. p. 3\. hdl:11299/170809. Retrieved March 21, 2025 - via University Digital Conservancy.
73. ^ Patronas, Ellie (August 29, 2022). "History of Frogtown". ArcGIS StoryMaps. University of St. Thomas. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2024. "According to St. Paul Historical, by the late 20th century Frogtown became the most ethnically diverse neighborhood in the city."
74. ^ Boyd, Cynthia (June 13, 2011). "Frogtown park and farm: An idea taking seed". MinnPost. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2024. "Frogtown, also called the Thomas-Dale neighborhood, is profiled on the city's website as the 'most racially and economically diverse ward', with a 'rich tapestry of people and history'."
75. ^ Naz, Sana (March 30, 2013). "Hmong Marketplace: Lively now, and looking to expansion in 2013". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Twin Cities Enterprise. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
76. ^ "Lekali Pasal: A Nepali Store in the Hmongtown Marketplace (St. Paul. MN)". My Annoying Opinions. September 11, 2018. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
77. ^ a b Vang, Diana (December 29, 2009). "St. Paul's Hmongtown Marketplace vendors use cultural skills to succeed". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
78. ^ Wu, Caroline (January 20, 2023). "Happy Lunar New Year: Asian Brands to Keep an Eye on for CRE". Placer.ai. Placer Labs, Inc. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
79. ^ Peterson, Sally Nina (1990). From the Heart and the Mind: Creating Paj Ntaub in the Context of Community (Doctor of Philosphy thesis). University of Pennsylvania. OCLC 25784967. ProQuest 9026627 Publication No. 9026627. Archived from the original on November 30, 2024.
80. ^ Craig, Geraldine (September 2012). "Neeg Tawg Rog (War-torn People): Linguistic Consciousness in the Hmong diaspora". Textiles and Politics: Textile Society of America 13th Biennial Symposium Proceedings. Textile Society of America Symposium. Washington, D.C.: University of Nebraska – Lincoln. OCLC 847843234. 671. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2023 - via DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska – Lincoln.
81. ^ Chaney, Mary Alice (July 2011). Hmong Baby Carriers in Minnesota: A material culture study (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of Minnesota. p. 90\. hdl:11299/115678. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
82. ^ "The Scene: Twin Cities Places and Spaces". American Craft Council. May 23, 2024. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
83. ^ Smalkoski, Kari Ann (August 2014). Performing Masculinities: The Impact of Racialization, Space, and Cultural Practices on Hmong Immigrant Youth (Doctor of Philosphy thesis). University of Minnesota. p. 124\. hdl:11299/182753. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
84. ^ Craig, Geraldine (2016). "Stitching Hmongness into Cloth: Pliable Identity and Cultural Agency". In Vang, Chia Youyee (ed.). Claiming Place: On the Agency of Hmong Women. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 207–208\. ISBN 9781452950068. JSTOR 10.5749/j.ctt1b4cx58.11. OCLC 944346999. Project MUSE 44989. Claiming Place: On the Agency of Hmong Women at Google Books
85. ^ a b Moua, Kao Nou (February 26, 2020). "Sib Piav Neej Neeg: Co-Constructing Young Hmong American Women's Narratives with Young Hmong American Women Storytellers". University Digital Conservancy. University of Minnesota: 56. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
86. ^ Quote originally in Hmong: "Over winter break, kuv mom mus ua tshav puam tim Hmongtown Market ces kuv mus nrog nws zov taj laj. Ces kuv laj laj nyob ces kuv rov ua paj ntaub dua. Ces thaum kuv ua ces xav tias yog kuv tsis ua tiag ces ntawm ntej no mus kuv yuav tsis paub. Thiab yog kuv muaj me nyuam, lawv yuav tsis paub thiab kuv cov viv ncaus yuav tsis paub ces peb yuav tsis muaj leeg twg paub ua lawm." Translated by the study's author.[85]
87. ^ "Picturing Change, Seeing Continuity: Hmong Story Cloths". Shreds and Patches. January 13, 2019. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
88. ^ "Highlighting New Paj Ntaub Acquisitions". Pick Museum of Anthropology Hmong Exhibit. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
89. ^ Smith, Frederick W, ed. (October 1993). A Directory of Nonprofit Organizations of Color in Minnesota (2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota. p. 22\. hdl:11299/207919. Publication number CURA 93-6.
90. ^ Maker: The Family of Sy Vang (1910–1920). "Pair of belts". Minneapolis Institute of Art. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
91. ^ Marsh, Steve (May 15, 2022). "Pao Houa Her's Photography Immortalizes Hmong Culture". Mpls.St.Paul Magazine. Key Enterprises LLC. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
92. ^ Fuller, Daniel (July 13, 2023). "The Art (and Food) Lovers' Guide to Minneapolis". ARTnews. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
93. ^ Artist: Pao Houa Her (2020). "Untitled, (real opium behind opium backdrop)". Minneapolis Institute of Art. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
94. ^ "Pao Houa Her Untitled". Midway Contemporary Art. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
95. ^ Lee-Yang, May (January 9, 2023). "Catch photographer Pao Houa Her's show at the Walker Art Center before it closes". Sahan Journal. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
96. ^ a b Eler, Alicia (November 13, 2020). "Art center takes its shows on the road: Closed by pandemic, Midway Contemporary Art launches an ambitious "Off-Site" series". ProQuest. Star Tribune. ISSN 0895-2825. ProQuest 2460167283. Archived from the original on December 3, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
97. ^ "Tetsuya Yamada Waiting". Midway Contemporary Art. 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
98. ^ "Wakpa Trienniel Art Festival". Public Art Saint Paul. 2023. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
99. ^ Annual Report FY22. Textile Center. 2023. p. 4.
100. ^ Laganà, Gabriele (February 15, 2025). "Sorprese nel piatto in Minnesota" [Surprises on the Plate in Minnesota]. Latitudes (in Italian). Retrieved March 24, 2025.
101. ^ Halpern, Ashlea (Summer 2023). "AFAR Summer 2023 Culture Issue". AFAR. Vol. 15, no. 3\. San Francisco, California. p. 91\. ISSN 1947-4377. Archived from the original on September 24, 2024. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
102. ^ a b Zimmern, Andrew (April 23, 2014). "Only in Minnesota #OnlyinMN". Andrew Zimmern. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
103. ^ "Appetites: A foodie's 40 best local eats". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. February 25, 2015. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
104. ^ a b c d e Derusha, Jason, and Joy Summers. 2018. "Hmongtown Marketplace: Sample Authentic Asian Flavors in St. Paul.” Minnesota Monthly 52 (4): 60. [2] Archived October 20, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.
105. ^ Hutton, Rachel (April 23, 2015). "Foodie 40: The Ultimate Checklist of Minnesota's Best Food". Minnesota Monthly. Greenspring Media, LLC. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
106. ^ "Hmongtown Marketplace". Explore Minnesota. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
107. ^ Green, Loren. "International Flavors Spice Up the Twin Cities". Explore Minnesota. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
108. ^ Bos, Mecca (March 8, 2018). "5 barbecue dishes you can (mostly) only get in Minnesota". Bring Me the News. The Arena Group. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
109. ^ a b Spratte Joyce, Katy (October 6, 2021). "Required Eating: 10 Foods Not to Miss in Minnesota". Afar. Afar Media. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
110. ^ a b c d Dunbar, Elizabeth (April 14, 2010). "Celebrating spring with a trip to the Hmong market". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
111. ^ Grumdahl, Dara Moskowitz (June 15, 2010). "Best Barbecue". Minnesota Monthly. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
112. ^ a b Grumdahl, Dara Moskowitz (May 25, 2010). "Foods of Home". Saveur. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
113. ^ Scripter, Sami; Yang, Sheng (2009). Cooking from the Heart: The Hmong Kitchen in America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 168\. ISBN 9781452914510. OCLC 286478281. Cooking from the Heart: The Hmong Kitchen in America at Google Books
114. ^ Scripter, Sami; Yang, Sheng. Cooking from the Heart: The Hmong Kitchen in America. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-1451-0.
115. ^ Sen, Arijit (July 20, 2015). Picturing Milwaukee: Washington Park 2015. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-329-39898-6.
116. ^ "In Their Own Words: Oskar Ly's Favorite Restaurants". Visit Saint Paul. Visit Saint Paul Official Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
117. ^ "Hmong History and Saint Paul". Visit Saint Paul. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
118. ^ Browender, Wolfie (September 9, 2014). "Charles, Churches, and Culture – Part 2". Streets.mn. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
119. ^ "Spice, spice baby". The Minnesota Daily. February 2, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
120. ^ "Prix Fixe Hmong Dinner". Rose City Book Pub. May 20, 2023. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
121. ^ Walker, Benedict; Armstrong, Kate; Bain, Carolyn; Balfour, Amy C; Bartlett, Ray; Clark, Gregor; Grosberg, Michael; Karlin, Adam; Kluepfel, Brian (2018). Lonely Planet Eastern USA. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1787019584. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
122. ^ Anderson, Mark (December 10, 2012). "Twin Cites makes Lonely Planet's list". Finance & Commerce. BridgeTower Media. ISSN 8750-6149. ProQuest 1494081799. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
123. ^ Halpern, Ashlea (April 27, 2021). "Where to Eat, Stay, and Play in Minneapolis". Condé Nast Traveler. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
124. ^ The Chicago Tribune Guide to Midwest Travel. Chicago, Illinois: Agate Publishing. December 2015. pp. 130–131\. ISBN 9781572845015. Archived from the original on May 11, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
125. ^ Bruce, Taylor; Hayes, Hannah (2020). Wildsam Field Guides: Twin Cities. Austin, Texas: Wildsam. p. 7\. ISBN 978-1-4671-9906-3.
126. ^ "Your Guide to Farmers' Markets in Saint Paul". Visit St. Paul. Visit Saint Paul Official Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
127. ^ Crystal, Jen (July 24, 2023). "10 Must-Visit Farmers Markets Across the Midwest". MidwestLiving. Dotdash Meredith. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
128. ^ "Eating at Hmongtown Marketplace, November 2022 (St. Paul, MN)". My Annoying Opinions. November 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
129. ^ a b Peters, Joey (February 1, 2023). "Governor Tim Walz's proposed rebates and tax increases evoke relief, anxiety among Minnesotans". Sahan Journal. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
130. ^ Ward, Bill (September 5, 2019). "The 'new' vegetable on the plate: Okra makes a northern migration and has become a darling of local chefs". ProQuest. Star Tribune. ISSN 0895-2825. ProQuest 2284828206. Archived from the original on December 2, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
131. ^ "Governor Tim Walz visited Hmongtown Marketplace celebration in 2019". 3HMONGTV (in Hmong). August 28, 2024. Archived from the original on September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
132. ^ Crum, Alexandra Hazel (2024). Medicines, Metabolites, and Pigments in Caryophyllales and Beyond (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of Minnesota. ProQuest 31327584. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
133. ^ Zehn, Tarkor (February 11, 2020). "Redefining beauty: Advocates work to make skin lightening a public health issue". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
134. ^ "Fish Consumption Guidance for Southeast Asians: A Historical Summary of Fish Consumption Outreach to Southeast Asians in Minnesota" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Health. October 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 14, 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
135. ^ Friedenberg, Laura Michelle (April 22, 2016). "Promoting a cancer screening program to Hmong women in Minnesota:the role of source matching and acculturation". University Digital Conservancy. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
136. ^ Frasier, Krystal (October 12, 2022). "Mammogram bus makes breast cancer screenings more accessible across metro area". KSTP.com 5 Eyewitness News. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
137. ^ Cox, Peter (May 3, 2022). "Hmong health leaders stepped up as COVID ravaged community". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
138. ^ a b Yang, Mai Tong (August 14, 2014). "Hmong vendors learn the law on legal drug sales". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
139. ^ "COMMUNITY VOICES - Hmongtown Market drug raid: Not an issue of culture". Twin Cities Daily Planet. June 27, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
140. ^ a b Shenoy, Rupa (July 5, 2013). "Hmongtown Marketplace raid leaves businesses, patrons off balance". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
141. ^ Yuen, Laura (October 10, 2018). "Authorities investigate medications sold at St. Paul's Hmong Villiage". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
142. ^ "GOVERNOR DAYTON, METROPOLITAN COUNCIL ANNOUNCE MORE THAN $10 MILLION IN GRANTS TO STIMULATE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, EXPAND AFFORDABLE HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES AND LEVERAGE HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS IN OUTSIDE INVESTMENT." States News Service, January 11, 2018. Gale General OneFile Accessed October 20, 2024. https://link-gale-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/A522486572/ITOF?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=33fa22da.
143. ^ Melo, Frederick (October 14, 2020). "Hmongtown Marketplace founder plans cultural center at Klub Haus on Rice Street". Twin Cities.com/Pioneer Press. Media News Group. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
144. ^ Chaudhry, Zekriah (June 28, 2019). "What to know about HmongTown Festival 2019". ProQuest. St Paul Pioneer Press. ISSN 2474-0721. ProQuest 2248792225. Archived from the original on December 1, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
145. ^ "3HMONGTV Special Coverage (11/12/2023): Toua Xiong's vision for another HmongTown Marketplace". HMOOB.TV (in Hmong). November 12, 2023. Archived from the original on November 19, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
146. ^ Netter, Dan (November 21, 2023). "Hmongtown Marketplace buys former Sears store at Maplewood Mall". Finance & Commerce. BridgeTower Media. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
147. ^ Netter, Dan (December 6, 2023). "Second Hmongtown Marketplace to open early 2025". Finance & Commerce. BridgeTower Media. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
148. ^ "Blog • February 7, 2025". Maplewood, Minnesota. February 7, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
149. ^ Nguyen, Tina (February 7, 2025). "What Will Replace Macy's in Maplewood and Burnsville?". Twin Cities Business. Archived from the original on February 11, 2025. Retrieved February 10, 2025.
150. ^ "City Manager Blog • February 28, 2025". Maplewood, MN. February 28, 2025. Retrieved March 8, 2025.
151. ^ Duggan, J.D. (March 26, 2025). "Maplewood Macy's is sold; new owners plan Pan Asian Center". Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal. Retrieved March 31, 2025.
152. ^ Yang, Kim (January 12, 2025). "2024 – The Year In Review". Hmong Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2025. Retrieved January 16, 2025.
153. ^ Morrone, Theresa (June 28, 2016). Dishing Up® Minnesota: 150 Recipes from the Land of 10,000 Lakes. Storey Publishing, LLC. p. 223\. ISBN 9781612125855. Dishing Up® Minnesota: 150 Recipes from the Land of 10,000 Lakes at Google Books
154. ^ Bolich, Sophie (January 20, 2025). "Hmong Restaurant Joining Phongsavan Asian Market". Urban Milwaukee. Retrieved February 13, 2025.
155. ^ Yang 2017, p. 188–189.
156. ^ Daykin, Tom (February 10, 2023). "'It's all gone,' Asian market owner says about her ruined business". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
157. ^ "Food truck Bubble Tea Fusion opening permanent site as part of new Hmong Town Market". archive.jsonline.com. November 25, 2014. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
158. ^ Fahnrich, Helena Marie (December 1, 2014). "Now Serving: More Asian Food for Milwaukee". Urban Milwaukee. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
159. ^ Silver, Maayan (May 27, 2023). "'A double whammy:' Wisconsin's AAPI entrepreneurs emerge from pandemic, anti-Asian hate". WUWM 89.7 FM – Milwaukee's NPR. Archived from the original on July 4, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.

### Citations

[edit]

* Yang, Kou (2017). The Making of Hmong America: Forty Years after the Secret War. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1498546461. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Moskowitz Grumdahl, Dara (November 30, 2018). "Meet the King of St. Paul's HmongTown". Mpls.St.Paul Magazine. Key Enterprises LLC. Archived from the original on November 25, 2022.
* Ross, Theodore (April 25, 2022). "In Pursuit of Chicken Rice". Guernica. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
* Ueda, Reed, ed. (2017). "Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Twin Cities Hmong Community (Minnesota)". Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places. Vol. 3, Neighborhoods: M–Z. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 886–888\. ISBN 9781440846274 - via Internet Archive.
* Yang, Kevin (September 2013). "A Town Within A City, A World Within A Town". The Hamline Oracle. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Hamline University. pp. 7–10. Retrieved October 14, 2023 - via Hamline University Library and Archives.

Audio/visual

* "Hmong Americans and the Secret War". United Shades of America. Season 4. Episode 3. May 12, 2019. CNN.
* Kue, Qu (July 1, 2019). "How TOUA XIONG built HmongTown". HmongLife (in Hmong). Retrieved October 27, 2024 - via YouTube.
* Larson, Karen (November 9, 2019). "Frogtown Walking Tour Audio Story: Hmongtown Marketplace". WFNU-LP Frogtown Community Radio. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
* Xiong, Maikou (June 26, 2017). "XAV PAUB XAV POM: 2nd Annual Hmongtown Festival with Maikou Xiong". 3HMONGTV News (in Hmong). Hmong Broadcasting Company. HBCTV. Retrieved October 21, 2024 - via YouTube.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website
* Pan Asian Center
* Mornings at the Market: HmongTown Marketplace in St. Paul, KSTP-TV segments about Hmongtown Marketplace's outdoor produce market and food court
* 20 Years of Hmongtown Marketplace, retrospective and history with owner Toua Xiong

Art

* Photography exhibit by Pao Houa Her at Hmongtown Marketplace
* HOTTEA art installation at Hmongtown Marketplace
* Tetsuya Yamada art installation at Hmongtown Marketplace

Tours

* Video tour of Hmongtown in 2025 (in Hmong)
* Photo tour of Hmongtown in 2014
* Video tour of Hmongtown's hot foods by More Best Ever Food Review Show
* Video tour of merchants and hot food by Ethnic Neighborhoods

* v
* t
* e

Hmong topics in Minnesota

History|

* History of the Hmong in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
* Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act of 2000

Organizations|

| Nonprofits|

* Hmong Cultural Center Museum
* Center for Hmong Arts and Talent
* Lao Human Rights Council

|

Business|

* Hmongtown Marketplace
* Diane's Place
* Vinai

Schools|

* LEAP High School
* Hmong College Prep Academy
* Prairie Seeds Academy

Media|

* Kev Koom Siab
* The Song Poet
* Paj Ntaub Voice
* Bamboo Among the Oaks

| Outlets|

* Hmong Times
* Hmong Today
* KFXN (AM)
* WIXK

|

Places|

| Neighborhoods|

* Saint Paul
* Frogtown
* Greater East Side
* North End

|

Greater Minnesota|

* Mountain Lake
* Warroad
* Walnut Grove

People|

| Politicians|

* Susan Pha
* Cy Thao
* Mee Moua
* Foung Hawj
* Kaohly Her
* Fue Lee
* Samantha Vang
* Tou Xiong
* Jay Xiong
* Sophia Y. Vuelo
* Bo Thao-Urabe
* Kao Ly Ilean Her
* Ethan Cha

|

Other|

* Sunisa Lee
* Mai Neng Moua
* Bee Vang
* May Lee-Yang
* Yia Vang
* Mai Na Lee
* Kao Kalia Yang
* Pao Houa Her
* Ka Vang
* Fong Lee
* Cherzong Vang
* Chai Vang
* Doua Moua
* Katie Ka Vang
* Fong Lee
* Michael Vang
* Chia Youyee Vang
* Zha Blong Xiong

Category:Hmong-American culture in Minnesota

* v
* t
* e

Twin Cities shopping malls

North Metro|

* Northtown Mall
* Riverdale Village
* Silver Lake Village

East Metro|

* Har Mar Mall
* Maplewood Mall (Pan Asian Center)
* Rosedale Center
* Woodbury Lakes

South Metro|

* Burnsville Center
* The Galleria
* Mall of America
* Southdale Center
* Southtown Center

West Metro|

* Albertville Premium Outlets
* Arbor Lakes
* Eden Prairie Center
* Ridgedale Center
* Shingle Creek Crossing
* Shoppes at Knollwood

Twin Cities|

* City Center
* Cray Plaza
* Gaviidae Common
* Saint Anthony Main
* Seven Points
* Hmongtown Marketplace

Defunct|

* Apache Plaza
* Bandana Square
* Brookdale Center
* Four Seasons Mall
* Wayzata Bay Center

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template